Ziviso: Mirayiro Yechiremera Sechishandiso Chesimba Rapurezidhendi

Mirairo yavakuru vakuru inobvumira Purezidhendi weUnited States kutungamirira kushanda kwehurumende yehurumende pasina kumirira kuti Congress ipedze mutemo. Kuvambira pamirairo yedhipatimendi guru yaGeorge Washington 1789 kusvikira kumirairo yazvino uno pamusoro pechinjo yokutama, mugariro wokunze, uye utano hwavanhu, iyi mirairo yakaumba mutemo weAmerica kwamazana maviri amakore. Nokuda kwavadzidzi, vadzidzi, uye munhu upi noupi anotevera zvinoitika zvazvino uno, kunzwisiswa kwemirairo yavakuru vakuru kunokosha kunzwisisa kuti chiremera chapurezidhendi chinoshanda sei mukati mamiriro ezvinhu ezvokunzvera neganhuriro zveU.S.

Vatarisiri vemisi ichangobva kupfuura iyi vakabudisa mazana emirairidzo yavakuru vakuru panhau dzinovambira payamuro yemari kusvikira kuchengeteko yenyika, kunyandura gakava pamusoro pomupimo wakafanira wechiito chapurezidhendi asina kuva purezidhendi. Iyi nyaya inogovera tsananguro yakakwana, yakavakirwa paidi yemirairo yavakuru vakuru: hwaro hwavo hwapamutemo, kushandiswa kwenhau, nhano dzemitemo, ganhuriro, uye basa mukudzora kwapanguva ino.

Chii Chiri Nhevedzo Yakananga?

murairo wavakuru vakuru inhungamiro yakarongwa yakapiwa naPurezidhendi kuti atarisire kushanda kwehurumende yehurumende. Nepo isina kurongwa zvakajeka muBumbiro remitemo, mirairo yavakuru vakuru ine simba romutemo nokuda kwamasangano ebazu makuru. Anobudiswa mu [ Féreral Register[[[FL:1]] uye kuva anoshanda nokukurumidza pakusaina, kutoti isati yadudza musi wapashure.

Mirairo yapamberi pedare yakasiana nezvinoitika zvapurezidhendiranda nezviziviso munzira dzinoverengeka. Metranda ishomanene yakarongwa uye kazhinji kazhinji inotaura nhau dzomukati; ziviso dzamagamuchidzanwa anozivikanwa navose (imo, kuzivisa zuva renyika rokurangaridza) asi inogona kuva netapuro yapamutemo apo inobatanidza kutengeserana kana kuti nyika dzavose. Mirairo yechiremera inoverengwa seyakatanhamara uye ichimiro chinooneka zvikurusa chechiito chapurezidhendi aniterate gare gare.

Chiremera chokupa mirairo yavakuru vakuru chinobva muChikamu II cheBumbiro reMitemo nemirau zvakapfuudzwa neDare.

National Archives inochengeta muunganidzwa wakakwana wemirairo yavakuru vakuru kuvambira muna 1789 kusvikira ku yazvino, ichigovera munyu unokosha nokuda kwavanzveri.

Hwaro Hwebumbiro reMitemo Nokuda Kwemirayiro Inodzora

Bumbiro reMitemo harishandisi shoko rokuti “murau wokuuraya.” Panzvimbo pezvo, simba rokupa nhungamiro dzakadaro rinotorwa mugadziriro mbiri dzinokosha:

Nyaya II, Chikamu 1: Chikamu cha1 Chinonyora Claus

“ Simba guru richapiwa kuna Purezidhendi weUnited States of America." Ichi chitsama chamashoko chinogadza Purezidhendi somusoro webazu guru uye chinopa chiremera chikuru chokutarisira kushanda kwaro. Kubva panheyo ino, purezidhendi vakasimbisa maruramiro okupa miraidzo inowirirana kuvashandi vomubatanidzwa namasangano.

Nyaya II, Chikamu 3: Cherekedzo yaClaus

“ Iye achangwarira kuti Mitemo ipetwe nenzira yakatendeka.” Iri basa rinoda Purezidhendi kuva nechokwadi chokuti mitemo yedare inoitwa nenzira inobudirira. Mirairo ine chiremera igadziriro huru yokutungamirira masangano kuita nayo mitemo iyoyo. Somuenzaniso, kana Congress ikapa mutemo pamusoro pemitemo yemhoteredzo, Purezidhendi angapa murayiro mukuru unorairidza Environmental Protection Agency kuturikira mutemo munzira yakati, kana kuti kudzika mitemo yemipimo munharaunda dzakati.

Tsananguro Yenhau Neyokutonga

Ukuru hwechiremera chokutungamirira hwakaumbwa nemitemo yeDare gurusa. Mu mure Neagle (1890), Dare rakaziva kuti Purezidhendi ane “simba risina kunyorwa muBumbiro reMitemo asi rairehwa nomugariro wehofisi.] Gare gare, mu [FLT:] Presidenti yepwere metaput & Tube Co. v. Sawer (1952), Dare rakaganhurira simba iro: Porofesitia redare rinoba mabhirimendi mukati me hondo yeKorea yakarova nemhaka yokuti Congress Convention akanga asina kubvumira. Mutongi Robert Jackson akaumba rutivi rutatu rwechiito rwekurangarira chiito chanhasi chinoshandiswa kuzivisa kana kuri kubvumira pamutemo.

Nokuda kworugwaro rwakazara rwenyaya dzinowirirana dzeBumbiro reMitemo, ona Cornell Law School’s Legal Information Institute[[FLT: 1].

Marudzi Emirayiro Yaitungamirira

Mitemo yose yevakuru vakuru yakafanana, inogona kurongwa mumapoka akavakirwa padonzo, vateereri, uye muuyo wapamutemo.

Kuzivisa KwaPurezidhendi

Zvirevo kazhinji kazhinji zvinobatira basa romutambo kana kuti rokufananidzira — zvakadai sokuzivisa National Women’s History Month – asi zvinogona kutakura uremu hwapamutemo apo zvinoshandiswa kuisa mapurisa, kuzivisa migariro yakakomba yorudzi, kana kuti kuzivisa nyika dzavose sezviyeuchidzo pasi poMutezo weAntiquities.

Mirayiro Yokutarisira

Mirayiridzo iyi inodzora mabasa ebazi rinotonga zuva nezuva. Vangarongazve masangano, kugadza mitemo yokupinza basa, kana kuti kugadza mitemo yetsika dzevashandi vehurumende. Mitemo yehurumende haionekwi nevoruzhinji asi ine zvayakajeka pamashandiro anoita hurumende.

Nhungamiro Dzechengeteko Yorudzi

Mapurezidhendi anoshandisa nhungamiro dzechengeteko yenyika (kazhinji kazhinji inonzi National Security Purezidential Mennanda or NSPMs) kutungamirira muitiro wokunze nokushanda kwehondo. Nemhaka yokuti anobatanidza mashoko okusasarudza, akawanda anoramba ari echipameso kana kuti anongosunungurwa bedzi muchimiro chakajeka. Iyi mirau inobvumira Purezidhendi kuita chiito nokukurumidza munjodzi pasina kumirira kurukurirano yemitemo.

Mirayiro Yokutungamirira

Iyi mirairo inoraidza masangano kubudisa, kuchinja, kana kuti kubvisa mitemo. Somuenzaniso, murayiro mukuru unoda masangano ehurumende kubvisa mitemo miviri iripo nokuda kweimwe itsva iri yose yakabudiswa (“ichikamu chimwe, zviviri” kutonga pasi paPrezidhendi Trump) iwirirano yomutemo. Vanoumba nzvimbo inodzorwa mumitemo yakadai sesimba, tarisiro youtano, uye mari.

Nhoroondo Yacho: Mirayiro Yakadzora Yakachinja America

Mirayiro yakananga yakashandiswa napurezidhendi ari wose, asi mimwe mirayiro yakatanhamara nokuda kwetapuro yayo isingagumi panzanga yeAmerica nehurumende.

Zviitiko Zvokutanga

George Washington akabudisa murayiro wokutanga wevakuru vakuru muna 1789, achirayira vakuru vemadhipatimendi kuti vashuma nezvemabasa avo. Thomas Jefferson akarayira Louisiana Purchase kuti aongororwe – kugadzirira zvinobudirira nhano nokuda kweboka reLewis naClark. Abraham Lincoln akabudisa Emancipeation Proclation (1863) semurayiro wevakuru vakuru, achisunungura varanda muKontederatendi uye kugadziridza chinangwa cheHondo yeChizvarwa cheNyika.

Zviratidzo Zvenyika Zvomuzana Ramakore rechi 20

  • Zvinoshanda Nhevedzano 906 (1942): Franklin D. Roosevelt yakabvumira kutama nokumanikidzwa kwevaJapan vanopfuura 110 000 munguva yeHondo Yenyika II. Makumi amakore gare gare, hurumende yakabvuma chiito ichi sekusaruramisira kwakakomba ndokubudisazve.
  • Executive Order 9981 (1198): Harry Truman dessegregive mauto eU.S., nhano inokosha kumaruramiro avagari vemo.
  • Executive Order 11246 (1965):[[FLT] Lyndon B. Johnson akatanga zvinodikanwa zvekubvuma nokuda kwezvirongwa zvokuvaka zvehurumende – muitiro unoramba uchimutsa nharo nhasi.
  • Zvinoshanda Nhevedzano 13233 (2001): George W. Bush yakaganhurirwa kusvika kumarekodhi echipurezidhendi, inonyandura kurukurirano pamusoro peropafadzo yechiremera nokujeka.

Mienzaniso Yenhau Yazvino Uno

  • Zvinoshanda Nhevedzano 13769 (2017): Donald Trump’s “Truvel Ban” yakaganhurirwa kupinda kwakabva kunyika dzinoverengeka dzechiMuslim. Pashure pedenho dzapamutemo, shanduro yakavandudzwa yakatsigirwa neDare Rapamusorosoro.
  • Executive Order 13985 (2021): murairo waJoe Biden pamusoro pokufambira mberi kwemitemo yedzinza wakaraira masangano ehurumende kunzvera nokupa mhinganidzo mumapurogiramu awo nemitemo.

Iyi mienzaniso inoratidzira kuti mirayiridzo yavakuru vakuru inogona sei kuita chinjo nokukurumidza asi inonyandurawo kupesana kwapamutemo nezvamatongerwe enyika. Ndaza ine udzame hwenhau inowanika kubva ku [[FLT: 0] shopu yeFederal Register yemuro yavakuru-guru ye[[FLT: 1].

Muitiro Wokubudisa Nhevedzo Yakatungamirira

Nepo Purezidhendi achingwarira zvikuru, kurayira kunotungamirira kunotevera nomutoo wakarongeka zvikurukuru wakarongedzerwa kuva nechokwadi chebvumirano yapamutemo nemitemo.

Kuhwirudzura

Murairo wacho unowanzorongwa navashandi veWhite House, kazhinji kazhinji uchitungamirirwa nePurezidhendi kana kuti Council Policy Council.Muitiro unobatanidza kutanga kutaura nezvechiremera chebumbiro remitemo kana kuti chomutemo, chinoteverwa nemirairo yakati. Zvirongwa zvingangotapurwa mukati mourwo rutivi.

Kuhwirudzura Kwepamutemo Nekuongorora Miitiro

Office of Management and Dhantrial (OMB) neBato reRuramisiro inohwirudzura magadzirirwo ewirirano nemutemo uripo, ganhuriro dzemari, uye kubatana kwemibatanidzwa. Iyi nhano inobetsera kudzivisa mirairo inopesana zvakajeka kana kuti inorwisana nezviito zvedare. Mirayiro yeConstantive inganzverwazve nehofisi yeWhite House Counser.

Kusaina Nokuzivisa

Kana apedzisa, Purezidhendi anoisa murairo mumutambo wetsika (kazhinji kazhinji wakanyorwa pafoni) kana kuti pachivande. Murairo wacho unosainwa ipapo unopfuudzirwa kuHofisi yeFederal Register, iyo inougovera nhamba ndokuubudisa mu Fédal Register uye pawebsite yeVhite House. Puresation inogadza rugwaro rwapamutemo ndokuruita runobatira pamutemo pamasangano ebazu makuru.

Kushandisa Nokuongorora

Mahofisi eWhite House angatevera mishumo yenguva yaanomirira kupera, mishumo yefambiro mberi, uye mirayiridzo inowirirana.Mimwe mirayiridzo inobatanidza kunyura kwezuva kunopera pashure penhambo yakatarwa kutoti kwamutsidzirwa.

Miganhu uye Nzvero Pamirayiridzo Yechiremera

Pasinei nesimba razvo, zvirairidzo zvevakuru vakuru hazvina kukwana.

Kuhwirudzura Kutonga

Dare reFederal rinogona kurova miraidzo yevakuru vakuru inoputsa Bumbiro reMitemo kana kuti kupfuura chiremera chomutemo. Mhaka yechiratidzo Proadch Comment Comment Comment / Tube Co. v. Sayer (1952) yakatanga kuti Purezidhendi haagoni kuita pasina mvumo yebumbiro remitemo kana kuti yedare. Nguva pfupi yapfuura, matare akavhara zvikamu zvechirango (pamberi peDare Rapamusoro rakabvumira shanduro yakadzokororwa) uye kumisa mirayiro yaizodaidzosera kubhinya mari kubva ku “maguta echikaro. Kuwanikwa kwekurukurirano kwedare kunoreva kuti murayiro upi neipi yedare inogona kudenhwa mudare nemasangano, maererano, kana kuti mitezo yeDare reHurumende.

Chiito Chedare

Hurumende inogona kukurira mirau yavakuru vakuru kupfurikidza nokupa mutemo unopesana. Nemhaka yokuti mirairo yavakuru vakuru inowana chiremera mumirairo kana kuti Bumbiro reMitemo, mutemo mutsva unogona kubvisa nenzira inobudirira nhevedzano – kugovera Purezidhendi zviratidzo zvayo kana kuti Congress kupfuudza . Mukuwedzera, Congress inodzora bhajeti rehurumende, naizvozvo inogona kudzivisa mari inodikanwa kushandisa murairo. Somuenzaniso, pashure pokunge Purezidhendi Obama apa zviito zvechiremera pakupinda munyika, Congress anoshandisa vatakuri vemi vemiparo kumisa gadziriro dzakati.

Mafungiro Evanhu Nedzvinyiriro Yezvamatongerwe Enyika

Mirayiro yavakuru vakuru inoratidza kuva isingafari inogona kuparira kupesana kwavose, kutsoropodza kwezvinobudisa nhau, uye kuunganidza kwezvamatongerwe enyika. Mapurezidhendi anotsamira zvikuru pachiito chimwe chete angatarisana nokuderera kwetsigiro yavose, iyo inozonetesawo simba ravo rokupa chibvumirano neDare uye pesvedzero muchisarudzo chomunguva yemberi. Mapoka anofarirwa namasangano ezvougandanga anowanzotanga nhimbe dzokushora kana kuti kudzivirira zviratidzo zvakati, zvichiumba mhoteredzo yakafara yezvamatongerwe enyika.

Kutsiva

Zvichida nzvero yakapfava zvikurusa: purezidhendi anotevera anogona kushandura kana kuti kugadziridza nhevedzano ipi neipi yavakuru vakuru pasina kuda tendero yemitemo. Ichi ndicho chikonzero nei mirairo yavakuru vakuru ichirondedzerwa se “kungonyora kwepeni” – inobviswa nyore nyore neutarisiri hunotevera. Purezidhendi Trump akabvisa mirairo yakawanda yeObama-era; Purezidhendi Biden akashandura mizhinji yeTrump. Ichi chidenderedzwa chinoratidzira rudzi rwechinguvana rwomuzvarirwo rwenhungamiro yapurezidhendi wemunhu anenge ari mumwe.

Miitiro Yemisi Ichangobva Kupfuura Nemakwikwi

Kushandiswa kwezvirongwa zvevakuru vakuru kwakawedzera mumakumi amakore achangobva kupfuura aya, kuchiratidza nhambo yokuwedzera kwemapoka okuparadza nokudzora.

Kudavidza kweCOVID - 19

Purezidhendi Trump akabudisa zvirango zvinoverengeka zvehurumende muna 2020 zvokukurukura kuderera kwemari kwedenda racho, kubatanidza mutero wechinguvana wemitero uye murairo unotambanudza betsero dzourovha. Purezidhendi Biden akatevera nemirairo inonangidzira zvinodikanwa zvokuvhara panzvimbo yehurumende, achitanga gadziriro yenyika yokuparadzira nhomba, uye achiraira vatsigiri vehurumende kuraira kudzivirira kudzivirira utachiona (kwakazodziva kwakavharwa nematare). Iyi mirairo yakaratidzira kuti purezidhendi vanogona kuita nokukurumidza sei munjodzi asi vanotarisanawo nezvirambidzo zvapamutemo.

Murairo Wemamiriro Ezvinhu Akapoteredza

Mapurezidhendi akashandisa mirairo yavakuru vakuru kuumba ganhuriro yemhoteredzo pasina kumirira mitemo mitsva. Purezidhendi Obama’s Cleenac Power Plan akatsigirwa nechiito chomukuru mukuru; Purezidhendi Trump akaichinja ndokukudza kukura kwezvinocherwa zvemafuta; Purezidhendi Biden akakumbanirazve Chibvumirano cheParis ndokuraira kudzokororwa kwezvikanganiso zvemhoteredzo. Uyu mutoo wedzorero neshure unoratidzira kuvandikano yemirairo yechiremera kukuchinja kwezvamatongerwe enyika.

Kutama uye Kuchengeteka Mumuganhu

Kutama kunoitwa nguva dzose nemitemo yevakuru vakuru nemhaka yokuti Congress yakakundikana kugadzirisa zvinhu zvakawanda kwemakumi emakore. Mapurezidhendi vana Obama, Trump, naBiden mumwe nomumwe akashandisa zvirango zvevakuru vakuru kuti vaise zvokutanga zvokuchengetedza, kuwedzera kana kuti kuganhurira zvirongwa zvezviito (DACA neDEPA), uye kudzoserazve pfuma kumuganhu. Zvinetso zvemitemo zvakaramba zvichiedza miganhu yechiremera chapurezidhendi munharaunda ino.

Kuedza Kudzora

Kuvimba kwakawedzerwa pamirayiridzo yavakuru vakuru kunomutsa mibvunzo pamusoro pedzikamo yesimba pakati pemapazu evakuru vakuru nemitemo.Vatsoropodzi vanotaura kuti mapurezidhendi ari kudarika basa ravo rebumbiro remitemo uye kuderedza kurangarira kwehurumende. Vatsigiri vanopa mhaka yokuti zvirango zvavakuru vakuru inzira yapamutemo yokutarisira nayo hurumende yehurumende ndokupindura kuzvinetso zvekurumidziro apo Congress inenge yafa. Kukakavadzana kwacho hakubviri kupedzwa, asi kunzwisisa miganhu nemiganhu yehurumende kunokosha nokuda kwomunhu upi noupi anobatanidzwa muupenyu hwehurumende.

Mupeto: Nhevedzo Yavatungamiriri Mugadziriro Yakadzikama

Mirairo yavakuru vakuru chishandiso chine simba nechinochinjika chinobvumira Purezidhendi kutungamirira hurumende yehurumende nenzira inobudirira. Yave ichishandiswa kufambisira mberi maruramiro avagari vemo, kuita chimwe chinhu kumigariro yakakomba yorudzi, uye kushandisa chinjo huru dzemiitiro pasina kumirira tendero yakagadzirwa yedare. Bva zvinouyawo nemvumo yedare yakavakwa – hwirudzuro yedare, tarisiro yavose, murangariro wavose, uye ngozi yokudzivisa purezidhendi upi noupi kutonga nomutemo.

Nokuda kwavadzidzisi navadzidzi, kunzvera mirairo yavakuru vakuru kunozivisa mugariro une simba wehurumende yeAmerica. Inoratidza kuti simba rimwe chetero rinogona sei kushandiswa nokuda kwemiuyo yakasiana - siana zvikuru zvichitsamira paanogara muOval Office, uye rinosimbisa kusagadzikana kunopfuurira pakati poutungamiriri hwakasimba nenheyo yokuparadzana kwemasimba. Kupfurikidza nokunzvera zvose zviri zviviri mienzaniso yenhau neyemisi ichangobva kupfuura iyi, tinowana kuonga kukuru nokuda kwechekedzo nedzikamo zvinorondedzera U.S.

Kunzverazve, [[FLT: 0] Group Guides permidications peji inobudisa rugwaro rwemirairo yose yazvino uno, nepo Rerald [ inogovera shopu inosechwa inodzokera shure anopfuura mazana maviri amakore.