Table of Contents

Mitemo yemari yehurumende inoumba mavambo eperero yehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu muUnited States, ichitanga gadziriro yakakwana inodzora nzira iyo nhimbe dzezvamatongerwe enyika dzinosimudzira nokushandisa nayo mari. Iyi mirau inobatira madonzo akawanda akakomba: kuvimbisa kuoneka mugadziriro yezvamatongerwe enyika, kudzivirira ushati nokuoneka kwoushati, kusimudzira makwikwi akarurama pakati pavada kutora rutivi, uye kuchengeta chivimbo chavose mumasangano ehurumende yehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu. Kunzwisisa gadziriro yakarongwa yemitemo yemari yenhimbe kunokosha nokuda kwavadaviri, vapi, matare ezvamatongerwe enyika, uye vagari vemo vanoda kutora rutivi nomutoo une revo.

Federal Envolution Commission (FEC) inomanikidzira Federal Econstruction Act ya 1971 (FECA), iyo inoganhurira mari yakawanda sei iyo vanhu namasangano ezvamatongerwe enyika vanogona kupa kubhadharwa nokuda kwebasa rehurumende. Iyi gadziriro yokutungamirira yakavapo nenzira inoshamisa mumakumi amakore apfuura kupfurikidza nokugadziridzwa kwemitemo, zvisarudzo zvedare, uye miraudzo yokutonga, kugadzira nzvimbo ine mativi ose ayo anodzikamisa kodzero dzeFirst Amendment nefariro yehurumende mukudzivisa ushatiso.

Hwaro Hwokudzorerwa Kwemari Kwemuitiro Wehondo

Nhau yemirairo yenhimbe yemari muUnited States inotambanudza shure rinopfuura zana ramakore. 1907 Tillman Act, yakasainwa mumutemo naPurezidhendi Theodore Roosevelt, inowanzorangarirwa semutemo mukuru wokutanga wezvemari uye masangano akaganhurirwa enyika kuita mipiro kunhimbe dzesarudzo dzehurumende. Uyu mutemo wenheyo wakabuda muitiro wepesvedzero yesangano mukusarudza purezidhendi ndokutanga nzvimbo nokuda kwemiraudzo yakakwana zvikuru yokutevera.

Muna 1910, Congress yakapfuudza Federal Poracy Practics Act, iyo sezvinofungidzirwa yakanga iri mutemo wokutanga wehurumende unobatanidza gadziriro dzakawanda dzemari, zvikurukuru zvinodikanwa zvokuzivisa mashoko, uye apo zvakagadziridzwa muna 1911, vaiungana vaida kuti vakuru vakuru vazivise mari yavo uye ganhuriro dzokushandisa nhimbe dzakatangwa. idzi dzapakuvamba dzakaratidzira kuzivikanwa kunowedzera kwokuti mari yenhimbe isingadzorwi yaigona kusekesa gadziriro yehurumende yehurumende.

Nhambo yazvino uno yemirairo yemari yakavamba neFederal Econstruction Act ya1971 negadziridzo dzayo dzinotevera. Congress yakapfuudza Bipartisan Champaignt Reform Act muna 2002, inozivikanwawo seMcCaine-Faingold Act, iyo yakarambidza masangano ezvematongerwezvamatongerwe enyika, vamiririri vehurumende kuti vakumbire mari yakaderera mukuvhota. Mutemo uyu wakamirira kugadziriswa kukuru kwenhau yezve yezvemari kunhimbe dzezve uye wakanatsazve nzvimbo yehurumende.

Kunzwisisa Miganhu Yezvinoita

Miganhu yezvirongwa izvi inoganhurira uwandu hwemari iyo vanhu, matare ezvamatongerwe enyika, uye mamwe masangano anogona kupa kumatare avanoda uye ezvematongerwe enyika, zvichibatsira kudzivisa vapi vapfumi kuti vasapesvedzera zvikuru zvematongerwe enyika.

Miganhu Yenhamba Yazvino Yemipiro Yavanhu Vamwe Nevamwe

FEC yakawedzera chitsama icho munhu anogona kupa kuanosarudza kuvane $3,500 pasarudzo, kubva pa $3 300, uye nemhaka yokuti nhamba huru neyoruzhinji sarudzo dzakasiana, vanhu vangapa $7 000 panhambo imwe neimwe. Iyi ganhuriro inoshanda kunhambo yesarudzo 2025 - 2026 uye inoratidzira gadziridzo nokuda kwokukwira kwemitengo izvo FEC inoita nguva dzose.

Tsvaka, imwe neimwe yemaakaundi chaiwo ayo matare epapamu paanenge achichengeta inogona kugamuchira mipiro yakapetwa katatu inogona kupiwa kuakaundi huru yebato, kana kuti $132 900 paakaundi yegore.

Gadziriro yomupiro inoshanda kumipiro inobva kuvanhu kuPACIS yomubatanidzwa haisati ichiiswa mujere nokuda kwokukwira kwemitengo uye inosara pa $5 000 pagore, uye ganhuriro yomupiro yemipiro inobva mumaPACIDHINI ehurumende kuvadaviri vehurumende inorambawo iri pa $5 000 pasarudzo. Uyu musiyano pakati pemiganhu yedare neisine ganhuriro unoparira matenga omupiro akasiyana - siyana amarudzi akasiana amasangano ezvamatongerwe enyika.

Kushanda Kunoita Miganhu Yezvipo

Pakupa kuvadeti, ganhuriro yomupiro dzinoshanda pahwaro hwechisarudzo chimwe nechimwe, kureva kuti munhu angapa mubhadhari $3 500 nokuda kwesarudzo huru uye $3 500 nokuda kwesarudzo yavose. Ichi chimiro chomubatanidzwa chimwe nechimwe chinobvumira vapi kutsigira vapi mutezo wose wechisarudzo nepo vachichengeta ganhuriro dzine revo pamipiro yomunhu oga.

Pakupa kumatare ebato nePACI, ganhuriro yomupiro inoshanda pahwaro hwegore rekarenda, naizvozvo munhu angapa dare rebato rorudzi $44 300 muna 2025 uye mumwe $44 300 muna 2026. Kunzwisisa iyi misiyano yenguva inokosha nokuda kwavapi vanoda kuwedzera kutora rutivi kwavo kwezvamatongerwe enyika nepo anoramba achiwirirana nomutemo womubatanidzwa.

Chichitevera chisarudzo cheDare guru ra2014 muMcCcheon v.FEC, hapachina muganhu unobatanidza kuti munhu anogona kupa vose vose vose marii, PC namatare epapatunhu abatanidzwa. Chisarudzo ichi chechiratidzo chakabvisa chisero chose pamipiro yezvamatongerwe enyika asi achichengeta miganhu miganhu mivako yakavakirwa munhu mumwe nomumwe, inochinja nzvimbo nokuda kwavapi vakuru.

Kunyanya Kukoshesa Matare Emapoka

Dare rebato rorudzi nedare redare redare resangano rorudzi rinogoverana muganhu wakabatanidzwa 2025 - 2026 pagore rimwe nerimwe. Iyi ganhuriro yemupiro yakabatana inobvumira masangano ebato kugovera tsigiro huru kuvadaviriri veDare nepo ichidzivisa kupedzera mabato asina muganhu pamadzinza mamwe namamwe.

Dare reFY2015 rinobvumira matare ebato rorudzi kutanga maakaundi chaiwo, rimwe nerimwe rine mipiro yakaparadzana, kutsigira kokorodzano dzepabato, nzvimbo, uye dzimwe nhau dzemitemo, uye mukugadziridza kukwira kwemitengo kwakaziviswa muna January 2025, vanhu vamwe navamwe vangagona kugovera $163 200 kumatare ebato renyika gore negore muna 2025 - 2026. aya mikana yakawedzerwa yomupiro yematare ebato inoratidza nhamburiko dzokusimbisa masangano ane ukama nemapoka okunze kwenyika.

Miganhu Yehurumende Neyavanopa Zvakawanda

Mipiro kuvanosada kubhadharwa, yakadai seiyo inoshandira gavhuna, gweta guru, kana kuti meya, inodzorwa nemitemo yenyika neyomunzvimbomo, uye iyi mitemo inogona kusiana zvikuru murutivi rumwe norumwe.uku kuita kwehurumende kunhimbe murairo wemari kunoreva kuti vapi navaipinda vanofanira kushandisa mitemo yakasiana - siana zvichitsamira pamwero yehofisi inodikanwa.

Miganhu yomupiro wehurumende yakasiana kuvambira paganhuriro dzinoganhurira zvikuru kusvikira kukusavapo. Dzimwe nyika dzinoisa ganhuriro dzorumano padziri dzoga dzoga dzakafanana nomutemo wehurumende, nepo dzimwe dzichibvumira mipiro isina kuganhurirwa inobva kuvanhu namasangano. Mitengo inoverengeka yakashandisa gadziriro dzemari dzavanhu dzinogovera mari inowirirana kana kuti zvipo kuvadaviri vanobvumirana kupfurikidza nokushandisa ganhuriro nedzimwe ganhuriro. Kunzwisisa miraudzo yakananga muhurumende imwe neimwe kunokosha nokuda kwomunhu upi noupi anobatanidzwa munhimbe dzomuhurumende kana kuti dzomunzvimbomo.

Zvinodikanwa Zvokuranga Zvinotsigira

Kuona zviri pachena kunoratidza nheyo yemitemo yemari yenhimbe.Zvinodikanwa zvokusainira mari zvinobatira mabasa akawanda anokosha: zvinozivisa vavhoti pamusoro pokuti ndiani ari kutsigira masangano ezvematongerwe enyika, zvinodzivisa uori nokufumura ukama hwemari, uye zvinoita kuti kuchengetwa kwemipiro uye ganhuriro dzamanyuko kuve nyore.

Inhimbe Dzinofanira Kushuma

Mirairo yeChibvumirano neDare inoda kuti matare ezvamatongerwe enyika ehurumende aronge mishumo yemari yenhambo nenhambo inozivisa marisiti avo neparadziro, uye sorutivi rwemishumo iyoyo, matare anofanira kuronga zita, kero, basa nemushandirwi nokuda kwomupi mumwe nomumwe anopa anopfuura $200 kunhimbe mukati mekusarudza. Ichi chinodikanwa chine udzame chinovimbisa kuti voruzhinji vanogona kuziva vapi vane revo ndokuwana rwisano dzinobvira dzefariro.

FECA inoda matare avapindi vebasa, matare ebato nePACI kuti zvinyorese mishumo yenhambo nenhambo inopa mishumo yavanosimudza nokushandisa, vada kuzivisa maPAC ose namatare ebato ayo anovapa mipiro navanhu vamwe navamwe vanoapa anopfuura $200 mugore, uye vanofanira kuzivisa ndyiko dzinopfuura $200 pagore kumunhu upi noupi kana kuti mutengesi upi noupi.

Kuwana Mashoko Anopindwa Pachena

Act inoda kuti FEC ipe mishumo yemari yenhimbe inowanika kuvanhu, kubatanidza panzvimbo yayo yepawebsite, mukati memaawa 48 okugamuchira risiti. iyi nguva yokukurumidza yokuzivisa inovimbisa kuti vavhoti vanogona kuwana mashoko azvino uno pamusoro penhimbe pamusoro pemari inotsigirwa mukati menhambo dzinotambudza dzegadziriro yesarudzo.

FEC ine mashoko akawanda anobatsira vatsvakurudzi, vatori venhau, vanoona masangano ezvipfuro zvematongerwe enyika, vanoona nzira dzokupa nadzo, uye vanoona kuti vanozoda kupiwa mari yavanowana. Kujeka kunopa zvinhu izvi kunoshanda sechenjedzo yakasimba pakugona kukanganisa uori uye kupesvedzera kusina kufanira.

Zvinodikanwa Zvokusangwarira

Nhimbe yemari yehurumende inogadza zvinodikanwa zvemhiko zvemari zvinoziviswa nokushambadzira kwamarudzi akati enhimbe dzezvamatongerwe enyika, uko shoko rokuzivisa rinonongedzera kukushuma kwapanhambo nenhambo kuFEC yemari inogamuchirwa uye inopedzerwa, uye shoko rokuti dilaimer rinonongedzera kumashoko anopa mupiro anooneka pakurukurirano yenhimbe. izvi zvinodikanwa zvokushambadzira zvinovimbisa kuti vavhoti vanoziva vari kubhadhara kushambadzira kwezvamatongerwe enyika.

Dare Rapamusorosoro rakatsigira kuva kwebumbiro remitemo rezvinodikanwa zvakadaro, richisarudza kuti zvinobatira fariro dzehurumende dzokuzivisa vavhoti, kudzivisa ushati kana kuti chitarisiko chahwo, uye kutsigira kuchengetwa kwomutemo.uku kutsigirwa kwokutonga kwezvinodikanwa zvokuzivisa nokugadzira shambidziko kunogovera hwaro hwakasimba hwebumbiro remitemo hwokuoneka mumari yenhimbe.

Zvinetso Zvokudzivirira Kurasikirwa Nemishonga Nenyaya Dzacho

Pasinei zvapo nokuziviswa kwakakwana, mamwe mativi emari yenhimbe anoramba achioneka zvishoma. Masangano anobatanidzwa munhau yokunyoresa panzvimbo pokuratidzira uori nokuda kwavada kupiwa angasadikanwa kuzivisa vapi. Ikoku kwakatungamirira kuchinoitika che "mari isina kujeka" mune zvamatongerwe enyika, umo zvitsama zvikuru zvinopedzerwa kupesvedzera sarudzo pasina kujeka kwakazara pamusoro pamanyuko okupinzwa kwemari.

Murayiro wokuzivisa ndyiko dzinozvimirira nekurukurirano dzokuvhota wave uchidzorwa nemhesano dzinopfuurira nokugadziridzwa. Matare akarwisana nokudzikamisa fariro yehurumende mukuziviswa pamusoro penhau dzeFirst Amendment pamusoro pekumanikidzwa kutaura nokuvandika. Uku kunyanduka kunopfuurira kuumba mhindu yezvinodikanwa zvokuzivisa.

Mipiro Yakarambidzwa Neganhuriro

Mitemo iyi inorambidza kupesvedzera vamwe mukuita vvunganidzo muAmerica, inorambidza kubatanidzwa kwemakambani uye kubatana, uye inorambidza mipiro inoitwa mukutsinhana nezviito zvehurumende.

Kurayirwa Nenyika Yokumwe

Iyi ganhuriro inotambanudza mipiro isina kunanga, yemipiro, kana kuti yomunzvimbomo. Iyi ganhuriro inobata nokusarira mipiro, ndyiko dzamagariro, uye kurukurirano. Chirambidzo chinoshanda kuhurumende dzokumwe, masangano ezvamatongerwe enyika okumwe, masangano okumwe, uye vanhu vokumwe avo vasiri vagari venguva dzose veUnited States.

Kumanikidzwa kwekurambidza uku kwakawedzera mumakore achangopfuura sezvo kunetseka pamusoro pekupindira kwekusarudza kune dzimwe nyika kwakawedzera.

Mipiro Yemakongiri Neyamasangano

Mutemo wehurumende unorambidza makambani nemasangano evashandi kuita mipiro yakananga kuvanoda kupiwa mari yavo. Iyi ganhuriro yenguva refu, yakavakirwa muTillman Act ya19907, inoratidzira itiro hanya pamusoro pepesvedzero inoshatisa yesimba guru rezvemari mune zvamatongerwe enyika.

Zvisinei, kutonga kweDare Gurusa re 2010 muCitizens United kwakabvisa chirambidzo chekare pandyiko dzemakambani uye mubatanidzwa wokuzvimirira zvaitsigira kusarudzwa kana kuti kukundwa kwevaida kutendwa, uye chisarudzo chakawirirana cheSpeech zvino chakabvumira mipiro isina kuganhurirwa kutsigira kutengwa kwakadaro ndokupfavisa kubuda kwePACICs huru. Iyi chinjo inoshamisa mumutemo wemari yenhimbe yakabvumira makambani namasangano kupedza zvitsama zvisina muganhu pakukurukurirana kwezvamatongerwe enyika kwakazvimirira, kuchichinja zvikurukuru nzvimbo yebhizimisi yezvirongwa.

Kunyange zvazvo makambani nemasangano asingagoni kutsigira zvakananga vanoda kubhabhatidzwa, anogona kutanga matare ezviito zvematongerwe enyika (PAC) anotsigirwa nemipiro yokuzvidira inobva kuvashandi, nhengo, kana kuti vatengesi vemabhizimisi.PaC idzi ipapo dzinogona kupa mipiro mumiganhu inoshanda.

Mipiro Inochinjaniswa Nemabasa Avakuru Vakuru

Mutemo wehurumende unorambidza mipiro inoitwa mukutsinhana nezviito zvapamutemo kana kuti nechinangwa chokupesvedzera zvisarudzo zvakati zvehurumende.Idzi gadziriro dzakarongwa dzinobatanidza mamiriro ezvinhu dzinoumba uori uye dziri pasi pezvose zviri zviviri zvirango zvavagari vemo nezvoutsotsi.

Dare rakazivisa kuti mipiro yose inopiwa vakuru vakuru vanozoitira zvakanaka vanenge vapa mari yacho inenge yaitwa, inoita kuti pave nourongwa husiri hwepamutemo hwokuita zvinhu zvinobvumira kuti zvizoitwa.

Mazano Okupa Nemipiro Yemabhakitiriya

Mutemo weFederal unorambidza kuita mipiro muzita romumwe munhu kana kuti kubvumira zita romunhu kushandiswa kupira mumwe mupiro. Uyu "Mupiro wecherekedzo" kana kuti "mupiro" zvirongwa zvokuedza kunzvenga ganhuriro dzemipiro kana kuti kuvanza manyuko emari echokwadi. Gadziriro dzakadaro hadzibvumirwi napamutemo pasinei zvapo nokuti dzinopfuura ganhuriro yemipiro.

Kurambidza kutsigira zvirongwa zvokupa uswa kwakaguma nezvirango zvinokosha uye, mune zvimwe zviitiko, zvitendero zvoutsotsi.

Kushandisa Miganhu Nemiitiro Yebumbiro remitemo

Nepo ganhuriro dzemupiro dzakatsigirwa sebumbiro remitemo, ganhuriro dzinodikanwa pakushandisa panhimbe dzinotarisana nemhinganidzo dzebumbiro remitemo dzinokosha. Ruramisiro yeDare Rapamusorosoro yakaita musiano wakajeka pakati pemipiro inoganhurira kuvada kutora mari neinoganhurira ndyiko dzavada kutora, nemiuyo inokosha nokuda kwegadziriro yemibato yemari.

Matanda Aiva Neforoma

Chisarudzo cheDare repamusorosoro muna 1976 muBuckley v. Valeo akatanga gadziriro yokuyera ganhuriro dzemari dzechirongwa muFirst Amendment. Dare rakati kunyange zvazvo ganhuriro dzemipiro dzichibatira fariro dzinokosha dzinorwisana nouori uye dzichiisa ganhuriro dzakaganhurirwa bedzi pakurukurirano yezvamatongerwe enyika, ganhuriro dzendyiko dzechibharo dzinoganhurirwa zvakananga kutaura kwezvamatongerwe enyika uye hadzigoni kururamiswa netsauko dzinorwisana neuori.

Pasi pegadziriro yaBuckley, miganhu yomupiro inoongororwa zvishoma zvikuru nebumbiro remitemo kupfuura ganhuriro yendyiko nemhaka yokuti mipiro inobatira zvikurukuru seratidziro yokufananidzira yetsigiro panzvimbo pekurukurirano yakananga yezvamatongerwe enyika.

Mari Yomunhu Oga Inotsigirwa Nemari

Varidzi vezvirongwa vanogona kushandisa mari yavo pachavo panhimbe yavo pasina miganhu, asi vanofanira kushuma mari yavanopedzera kuFEC. Iyi jambwa isina kuganhurirwa yekodzero yavo yerudyi inobva muchisarudzo cheBuckley chokuti kuganhurira kushandiswa kwemari yomunhu oga kungaganhurira zvakananga kutaura kwezvamatongerwe enyika pasina kubatira fariro dzinogombedzera dzinorwisana nouori.

Mano avapfumi avapfumi kumibato yokuzvida akaparira gakava rinopfuurira pamusoro peruramisiro nokuenzana mumuitiro wokuvhota. Nepo vamwe vachipikisa kuti kuzvishandisa kusina muganhu kunopa vanhu vakapfuma betsero isina kufanira, matare nguva dzose akadavira kuti First Amendment inodzivirira maruramiro avada kupedza mari yavo vamene pakutaura kwezvamatongerwe enyika. Mamwe masangano akaedza kuderedza kutamba kupfurikidza namasangano ezvemari avose anopa mari yokuwedzera kuvada kutarisana nevavengi vanotarisana nechisarudzo chavo vamene, kunyange zvazvo aya mapurogiramu achitarisana nemitemo yavo vamene yemitemo nedenho dzinoshanda.

Mitemo Yemari Yavanoshandisa Nemichina Yevoruzhinji

Nepo ganhuriro dzokushandisa dzapachikwaniriso dziri dzemitemo, vada kuzvipira vanogona kubvuma nokuzvidira kupedzera ganhuriro mukutsinhana nemari yavose.

Zvisinei, gadziriro yapurezidhendi yemari yavose yakava isingashandi sezvo vada kufunda zvikuru vakasarudza kutsigira kubhadharwa kusingaganhurirwi. Kushandiswa kwegadziriro yokushandisa hakuna kuvambirana nendyiko chaidzo dzenhimbe dzazvino uno, kuchiita kuti kutora rutivi kuve kusingakwezvi nokuda kwavakwikwidzani. Dzimwe nyika nenzvimbo zvakatanga mapurogiramu adzo amene okubetsera vanhu nemwero yakasiana - siana yebudiriro.

Mapaundi makuru Nezvinonetsa

Masangano aya anogona kukwidza uye kupedza mari isingaverengeki kuti atsigire kana kuti ashore vanoda kupinda misangano, chero bedzi asingatsinhirani nevaanotsigira.

Hwaro Hwepamutemo Hwemapari Akakwirira

Indipendent-penditure-exentiture bedzi matare ezvamatongerwe enyika (dzimwe nguva anonzi "Super PACs") angagamuchira mipiro isina kuganhurirwa, kubatanidza namasangano ebasa. Iyi gadziriro yokutungamirira yakabuda muVanitize United and Speich Zvino zvisarudzo, izvo zvinoti ndyiko dzinozvimirira hadzisati dzichipa njodzi dzimwe chetedzo semipiro yakananga kuvada kufunda.

Rondedzero yapamutemo inopa paPUCs huru inosianisa pakati pemipiro ingaparira ushati hwenzvimbo yakaungana nendyiko yokuzvimirira isingagoni kushatisa nemhaka yokuti haiwirirani navadaviri.Vatsoropodzi vanotaura kuti uyu musiyano wokuzviitira uye kuti PCs huru dzinogona kushanda nenzira inobudirira sewedzero dzenhimbe pasinei zvapo nezvinodikanwa zvehurumende. Vatsigiri vanotaura kuti kudhurwa mari kunomirira kutaura kwehwaro kwezvamatongerwe enyika uko kunofanirwa nedziviriro hurusa yeFirst Amendment.

Kuronga

Kurambidza kubatana kwemaPACI makuru navanoda kubatanidzwa kunokosha kururamisiro yapamutemo yendyiko dzokuzvimirira dzisingaganhurirwi. ZVIRATIDZO zvinorondedzera kubatana kupfurikidza nokunzvera kwemativi matatu mubhadharo, zviri mukati, uye mufambiro. Kana kurukurirano ichibhadharwa nebato rechitatu, ine gutsikano inotsigira kana kuti kushora mutezo wakaziviswa zvakajeka, uye inobatanidza marudzi akati omufambiro anokarakadza kubatana nomutezo, kungabatwa somupiro worudzi rumwe rutivi kuganhuriro.

Kupa mitemo yokushanda kwemasangano epaIndaneti kunowanzova kwakaoma zvikuru, kunyange kugoverana vapi vezano, vatengesi, uye kunyange vaimbova nhengo dzevashandi, zvichiita kuti pave nemikana yokubatana kwakajeka kungaoma kuona kana kuratidza.

Zvinodikanwa Zvokudzivirira Nokuda Kwokuzvidira

Masangano anoita ndyiko dzamagariro anofanira kuzivisa kupedzera kwawo kuFEC ndokuzivisa vapi vakuru avo vakapa mupiro nokuda kwedonzo rokutsigira ndyiko.

Matare Echiito Chezvamatongerwe Enyika (PAC)

Matare ematongerwe enyika anoita basa guru munhimbe yemari, achishanda semotokari dzokubatanidzwa pamwe chete mune zvematongerwe enyika nemasangano, masangano ezvokutengeserana, uye mamwe mapoka.

Pass dzegamuchidzanwa nePACIS

MaPC egamuchidzanwa, anonziwo "mapms" apo akabatanidzwa namasangano kana kuti masangano, anogona kuita mipiro yakananga kuvada kufunda asi ari pasi pemigove yemipiro. MaPAC aya anogona kugamuchira $5 000 pagore kubva kuvapi vamwe navamwe uye anogona kugovera kusvika ku $5 000 pasarudzo kuvagari vemo. PaCs yegamuchidzanwa inofanira kunyoresa nemishumo yeFEC nefaira nguva dzose.

Mukupesana, maPC makuru anogona kusimudza ndokupedza zvitsama zvisina kuganhurirwa asi haagoni kuita mipiro yakananga kuvanoda kubhapatidzwa. Anogona bedzi kuita ndyiko dzamadiro dzinotsigira kana kuti dzinoshora. uyu musiano mukuru unoumba kuti marudzi akasiyana - siyana amaPC anoshanda sei uye mabasa awo mumibato.

Mavambo Akasiyana - siyana

PC dzinogona kukwanirisa nokuda kwe "multicande" mugariro kupfurikidza nokusvitsa zvinodikanwa zvakati, kubatanidza kunyoreswa kweinenge mwedzi mitanhatu, kugamuchira mipiro inobva kuvapi vanopfuura 50, uye kuita mipiro kuvanenge vashanu vehurumende. MaPUC akawanda anobetserwa neganhuriro dzemipiro yakakwirira zvikuru kumatare ebato uye mamwe matare ezvamatongerwe enyika, achiita kuti uyu mugariro uve unokosha nokuda kwamaPC akagadzwa.

Mapepa Anoshanda Nemasangano

Masangano evashandi anogona kutanga PACIs nezvinotsigirwa nemipiro yokuzvidira inobva kuvashandi, nhengo, kana kuti vatengesi vemari. Iyi "Mitengo inopesana" inobvumira makambani namasangano kutora masangano ehurumende pasinei zvapo nokurambidzwa kwemipiro yesangano rebhizimisi nemibatanidzwa. Sangano rinotsigira mari inogona kubhadhara mari yokutarisira nokuda kwePAC, asi mipiro yose kuvada kuida kunofanira kubva kuvanhu vamwe navamwe.

Konporate neMubatanidzwa PACs zvinofanira kuwirirana neganhuriro dzinokumbira mipiro. Masangano anogona kukumbira mipiro kuvatengi, vakuru vakuru, uye vashandi vanotarisira, nepo masangano anogona kukumbira mipiro kumitezo. iyi ganhuriro inodzivisa kumanikidzirwa ndokuva nechokwadi chokuti mipiro inoitwa nokuzvidira zvirokwazvo.

Kumanikidza Nokutsigira

Federal Envotion Commission inoshanda sesangano guru rokutarisira mutemo wehurumende wenhimbe dzemari, kunyange zvazvo kubudirira kwayo kwave kuchiitwa negakava rinopfuurira nokutsoropodza.

ZVINHU ZVAVANHU uye Chiremera

Federal Enfation Commission iri sangano rokuzvimirira rokutungamirira rinotongwa nokushandisa mutemo wehurumende wezvemari uye rine simba pamusoro pokutsigira kutsigira kurongwa kweNzvimbo yeU.S., Dare reU.S., Hurukuro neDare Rehurumende. Commission inoumbwa nemitezo mitanhatu inogadzwa naPrezidhendi ndokusimbiswa neDare, nemitezo isingapfuuri mitatu yomubato rimwe chetero rezvematongerwe enyika.

Chivako cheFEC's bipartisan, chinoda vhoti ina nokuda kwezviito zvinokosha zvikurusa, chakatungamirira kukufarira kwapanguva dzose panhau dzokumanikidza nezvisarudzo zvemiitiro. Vatsoropodzi vanotaura kuti ichi chirongwa chakaparira sangano kusashanda zvakanaka, nepo vadziviriri vanoramba kuti rinodzivisa kushandiswa zvisina kufanira kwechiremera chokudzikamisa. Zvirongwa zvokuvandudza chimiro cheFEC zvakakurukurwa asi hazvina kusimudzirwa.

Kushandiswa Kwesimba

Commission ine chiremera chakakwana pakuchengetwa kwegadziriro yehurumende yenhimbe yemari yehurumende, FEC vashandi vangaparira zviito zvokuchengetwa (zvinonzi Mamieconder Review, kana kuti MIR) munzira yokuhwirudzura mishumo inochengetwa namatare, uye vanhu vamwe navamwe namapoka kunze kwesangano vangatanga mishumo kupfurikidza nenyunyuto dzedare. Iyi gadziriro yenzira mbiri inobvumira zvose zviri zviviri kuongorora kwomukati uye nyunyuto dzokunze kunyandura zviitiko zvokuchengetwa.

Muitiro wokuchengetwa unowanzovamba nenyunyuto kana kuti nhau inoziviswa yavashandi, inoteverwa nokunzvera kana Commission ikawana chikonzero chokudavira kuputswa kwakaitika. Komishinari inogona kutaurirana zvibvumirano zvokuyananisa navakabvunzwa kana kuti, kana kuronga kukundikana, kuronda kuwirirana. Chibvumirano chinogona kubatanidza faindi, kubviswa kwemipiro isiri yapamutemo, uye kuyamura.

Kumanikidzwa

Nepo FEC ichiita zvokuchengetwa kwehurumende, Department yeRuramisiro ine chiremera pamusoro pokuputswa kwoutsotsi kwemitemo yenhimbe.Kuziva nokuputswa kwamaune kunogona kuguma nokurovererwa mhaka, nezvirango zvinobvira kubatanidza faindi nokuiswa mutorongo.

Kutsigira Mari Nepfungwa Dzenhema

Mabhuku eKomishinari akanyora mirangariro yokunyepedzera kuvanhu vanotsvaka nhungamiro pakushandiswa kwomutemo wemari wenhimbe kumibato yavo vamene yakananga, uye vanhu namasangano anobatanidzwa mumubato unotenderwa muAO vangavimba neAO pasina ngozi yokuita chiito chokusimbisa neFEC, chero bedzi vachiita mutsinhirano negadziriro dzeAO. Uyu murangariro wemufungo unogovera chishandiso chinokosha chinotendwa nokuda kwemibato navapi vanotarisana nenhau kana kuti mibvunzo yapamutemo isina kuvimbwa.

FEC inogoverawo zvinhu zvikuru zvedzidzo, kubatanidza vatungamiriri nokuda kwavanoda kufunda namatare, vatarisiri vemichina, uye betsero yakananga yavashandi vemasangano.

Mitemo Yemari yeHurumende

Nepo mutemo wehurumende uchidzora nhimbe dzenzvimbo yehurumende, mitemo yehurumende inodzora nhimbe dzenzvimbo dzehurumende nedzomunzvimbomo.Izvozvi zvinoparira basa rakaoma kunzwisisa remirau inosiana zvikuru mumativi ose.

Kusiyana Muhurumende

Mitemo yemari yehurumende inosiyana zvikuru mumatanho ayo okupa mipiro, kuzivisa zvinodikanwa, uye miitiro yokuita kuti zvinhu zvivepo.

Zvirongwa izvi zvinovavarira kuderedza kupesvedzera kwemari yave vachitora rutivi mune zvematongerwe enyika uye zvinoita kuti vanoda kupiwa mari yacho vasakwanisa kuita makwikwi nevapfumi. Kubudirira uye kutsigirwa kwemapurogiramu aya kwakasiyana - siyana nemhaka yokushandisa mari, kutora rutivi, uye zvinetso zvepamutemo.

Zvinodikanwa Zvehurumende Zvokupa Ruponeso

Dzimwe nyika dzinoda kunyora mipiro inobudisa mishumo nguva dzose, asi mikana yokuzivisa mashoko, kushuma, uye kuwanikwa kwemashoko zvakasiyana - siyana. Dzimwe nyika dzakagadzira masero akaoma kunzwisisa paIndaneti okunyorera mashoko ezvirongwa zvemari, asi dzimwe dzinongopa vanhu mishumo mishomanana yokuzivisa.

Kumanikidzwa Nehurumende

Zvinhu zvinoshandiswa pakuchengetedza vanhu uye simba rekuchengetedza simba remitemo yehurumende zvinosiyana - siyana munyika dzose.

Kubudirira Kwemazuva Achangobva Kupfuura uye Nharo Dziri Kungoramba Dzichienderera

Kunzwisisa miitiro yazvino nenharo zvinokosha nokuda kwokukarira chinjo dzenguva yemberi kunzvimbo inodzorwa.

Kudanidzira Nemari Nenhimbe

Kuwedzera kwekunyepera kwakaparira denho itsva nokuda kwokuronga kwenhimbe dzemari. FEC yakabudisa nhungamiro inobvumira nhimbe kubvumira mipiro yokunyepera inopiwa miganhu yezvinodikanwa zvemipiro iripo nezviripo. Zvisinei, mamiriro ezvimwe zvinyorwa zvenhema anomutsa funganyo pamusoro pekujeka uye bviro yokudzivisa ganhuriro dzamanyuko.

Kushambadza Nemaradhisiki

Kusiyana nezvishambadzo zvinobudiswa paIndaneti, zvinoda kuti zvishambadzwe, zvinoda kuti zvigadziriswe uye kuti zvishandiswe nevanhu vose, kushambadza kwemakombiyuta kwave kuchienderana nezvinodiwa kuti zvionekwe. Zvirongwa zvekushambadza zvemisi ichangobva kupfuura iyi uye zvemitemo zvakaedza kuwedzera misengwa yokuzivisa mashoko ezvirongwa zvemakombiyuta, kunyange zvazvo zvinetso zvokushandisa zvichiripo.

Mari Isina Tariro Nemarasha Asingawani Mhindu

Basa remasangano asingabudiriri mari yenhimbe, zvikurukuru 501 (c) masangano enzanga enzanga anogona kupinda mumubato wezvamatongerwe enyika pasina vapi vanosabvumirana, rinoramba richimutsa nharo. aya masangano anogona kuita ndyiko dzamagariro ndokubetsera kuvaPC huru apo anenge achidzivirira vapi vawo kuti vasaziviswa pachena, kuchitungamirira kuitiro hanya pamusoro pemari isina tariro mune zvamatongerwe enyika.

Zvikarakadzo zvokuda kuziviswa kukuru kubva mumhindu dzisiri dzezvamatongerwe enyika zvakakurukurwa muCongress napaFEC, asi vanotarisana nechishoro chinobva kuna avo vanotaura kuti kuvandika kwomupi kunokosha kudzivirira kutora rutivi kwezvamatongerwe enyika pakunetswa kana kuti kutsiva. Kukakavadzana pakati pokuona nokuva woga kunopfuurira kuumba gakava pamusoro pezvinodikanwa zvisingapindurwi.

Simba Duku Rokugovera

Zvimwe zvikarakadzo zvechinjo zvinonangidzira ngwariro pakupa vapi vaduku simba kupfurikidza nemari inowirirana kana kuti zvikwereti zvemitero nokuda kwemipiro miduku. Izvi zvinangwa zvokukudza manzwi evagariwo zvavo vemo pamusoro pevapi vakapfuma uye kuderedza rutsamiro rwavanoda kupiwa pamipiro mikuru. Mitengo mizhinji yakabatanidza mapurogiramu maduku omupi nemwero yakasiyana - siyana yebudiriro.

Nhungamiro Inoshanda Yokubatira Pamwe

Kupa mari kunofanira kunzwisiswa uye kutevedzerwa nevakuru vakuru, vapi, uye vapi vanofanira kunzwisisa zvavanofanira kuita kuti vatevedzere mitemo yavo.

Nokuda Kwezvibvumirano Nenhimbe

Nhimbe dzinofanira kutanga miitiro yakasimba yokuteerera kubva pakutanga, kubatanidza kuronga muchengeti wemari ane mutoro wokutarisira mari, kushandisa gadziriro dzokuronda mipiro nendyiko, uye kuvimbisa kushuma kwakakodzera uye kwakarurama. Vashandi vanorovedza navazvipiri paganhuriro dzemipiro namanyuko zvinogona kudzivisa kuputswa kwemitongo isingachinjiki.

Nhimbe dzinofanira kudzivirira mipiro yokuwirirana neganhuriro neganhuriro, kudzorera kana kuti kudzosa mipiro inopfuura ganhuriro kana kuti inobva kumanyuko akarambidzwa. Kuchengeta zvinyorwa zvine udzame zvebvumirano dzose dzemari kunopfavisa kushuma kwakarurama uye kunogovera chinyorwa muchinoitika chemibvunzo kana kuti kunzvera.

Nokuda Kwevari Kupa

Vapi vamwe navamwe vanofanira kuziva miganhu yemipiro ndokunyora pasi kupa kwavo kuva nechokwadi. Mipiro kuvanoda kutevedzerwa yakaganhurirwa pahwaro hwechisarudzo chimwe nechimwe, naizvozvo vapi vanogona kupa vakaparadzana nokuda kwesarudzo huru nedzavose. Mipiro kumatare ebato nePCACs yakaganhurirwa pahwaro hwegore rekarenda.

Vapi vemipiro vanofanira kupa mashoko akarurama pakupa mipiro, kubatanidza zita, kero, basa, uye mushandirwi nokuda kwemipiro inopfuura $200. Kuita mipiro muzita romumwe munhu kana kuti kudzosera mumwe mupiro hauna mutemo uye zvinogona kuguma nezvirango zvavagari vemo neutsotsi.

Nokuda Kwamatare Ezvamatongerwe Enyika

Matare ezvamatongerwe enyika anofanira kunyoresa nemishumo yepakarepo yekuzivisa.Matare anofanira kutanga miitiro yokukumbira nokugadzirira mipiro mukuwirirana neganhuriro dzinoshanda neganhuriro. Kuchengeta marekodhi akarurama nemishumo yakakodzera nguva ibasa rinokosha.

Matare anoita ndyiko dzokuzvimirira anofanira kuva nechokwadi chokuti haatsinhirani navanoda kubhapatidzwa, sezvo kubatana kuchigona kuchinja ndyiko dzokuzvimirira kuva mipiro murudzi runopa miganhu inodzorwa neganhuriro. Kunzwisisa nokunamatira kumitemo yokushandira pamwe kunokosha nokuda kwamaPC makuru uye mamwe masangano anoita ndyiko dzakasununguka.

Nguva Yemberi Yokudzorerwa Kwemari Kwenhimbe

Kuchinja kwemitemo yezvemari kuchaenderera mberi nokuchinja kwemabhizimisi, kufambira mberi kwezvematongerwo enyika, uye kuchinja kwekutsanangura kwemitemo.

Kuchinja Kwezvigadzirwa Zvesayenzi

Kufambira mberi muruzivo rwokugadzira zvinhu kuchaenderera mberi kugadzira mikana mitsva yokudzora mari.

Kufambira Mberi kweMitemo

Nhimbe yedare rezvokubhadharwa kwemari yedare guru inopfuurira kushanduka, netapuro dzinobvira nokuda kweganhuriro dzemipiro, zvinodikanwa zvokuzivisa, uye mimwe mirau. Nhau dzomunguva yemberi dzingapindura mibvunzo pamusoro pemirau yokushandira pamwe, kuziviswa kwavapi vemipinduriro isingabetseri purofiti, kana kuti kuchinjwa kwemitemo yemitemo yavose. Chinjo mugadzirirwo yeDare ringatungamirira ku kuchinja mudzidziso yemari yenhimbe.

Kuchinja

Zvikarakadzo zvakasiana - siana zvokuchinja zvinopfuurira kukurukurwa, kubatanidza kugadziridzwa kwebumbiro remitemo kubvumira murairo mukuru zvikuru wokushandisa nhimbe, kuvandudza zvinodikanwa zvokuziviswa, gadziriro dzemari dzavose, uye ganhuriro patsinhirano pakati pavanoda kupfurikidza namapoka asiri.

Maonero Anoita Nyika Dzose

Kunzvera gadziriro dzemari dzenhimbe mudzimwe hurumende dzinosarudzwa navanhu kunogona kugovera nzwisiso mudzimwe nzira dzokudzora nadzo mari mune zvamatongerwe enyika. Nyika dzakawanda dzinoisa ganhuriro dzakatsiga pakushandiswa kwenhimbe nemipiro kupfuura United States, nepo dzimwe dzichigovera mari yakawanda zvikuru yavose. Kunzwisisa zvinoitika zvamarudzi ose kunogona kuzivisa gakava pamusoro pezvisarudzo zvechinjo, kunyange zvazvo misiyano mugadziriro dzamabumbiro emitemo uye tsika dzezvamatongerwe enyika zvichiganhurira muganhu.

Kutora Nzvimbo Huru Dzokunzwisisa Mutemo Wemari Wechirongwa

Kuronga kutsigira mutemo wemari kunoshanda mabasa anokosha mukudzora kwehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu kupfurikidza nokusimudzira kuonana, kudzivisa uori, uye kuderedza makwikwi akanaka.

Kunzwisisa mutemo wemari yezvirongwa kunoda kurovedzana nemipiro, zvinodiwa zvokuzivisa, zvirambidzo, uye musiyano pakati pemipiro nendyiko dzinozvimirira. Mamiriro emitemo akaumbwa nezvisarudzo zveDare Gurusa, kubatanidza Buckley neValeo, Citizens United FEC, uye McCcheon v. FEC, iyo yakatanga miganhu yebumbiro remitemo nokuda kwemitemo yezvirongwa zvemari.

Kubatira pamwe nenhimbe mutemo wemari unoraira ngwariro kuudzame, kuchengeta zvinyorwa zvakasimba, uye kushuma kwakakodzera nguva. Mibato, nhimbe, vapi, uye matare ezvamatongerwe enyika zvose zvine misengwa yakananga pasi pomutemo wehurumende nehurumende. Kutsvaka nhungamiro kubva muzano rapamutemo kana kuti FEC apo inotarisana nemigariro inosimbwa kana kuti isina kuvimbwa nayo kunogona kubetsera kudzivisa kuputswa.

Kuramba uchiziva nezvemitemo iripo uye kumuka kwenyaya dzematongerwe enyika kunokosha kune munhu wose anobatanidzwa mune zvematongerwo enyika kana kuti anoda kuti mari ishande mune zvematongerwo enyika.

Nokuda kwamashoko ane udzame zvikuru pamusoro pemitemo yenhimbe yehurumende, shanyira nzvimbo yepawebsite yeFoomment Commission , iyo inogovera zviwanikwa zvakawanda kubatanidza mirau, mirangariro inopa mifungo, uye mapepa okuzivisa. Center for Responsive Politics (Opensets) inopa mashoko nokunzvera pamiitiro yezvirongwa zvemibato. Hurumende-jeko inogona kuwanwa kupfurikidza namahofisi esarudzo yehurumende namakokero etsika.

Kunzwisisa mutemo wemari wenhimbe kunobatsira vagari vemo kuti vabudirire mune zvematongerwo enyika, kuti vakuru vakuru vasarudzwe, uye kuti vataure kuti mari inoshanda sei muhurumende inosarudzwa nevanhu.