Chikonzero Nei Bumbiro Remitemo Rehurumende Richiitwa Rirefu uye Richidonongodzwa Zvikuru Kupfuura Bumbiro Remitemo reU.S.

Bumbiro reMitemo reU.S. rine mashoko akakurumbira mapfupi zvikuru, ane zvinenge 4 500 uye kugadza gadziriro huru bedzi yehurumende yehurumende. Nokupesana, mabumbiro emitemo ehurumende anogona kuva magwaro anoramba ari mapepa. Somuenzaniso, Bumbiro reMitemo reAlabama re 2022 (pashure pokubatanidza) rinoramba riri rimwe ramashoko marefu zvikurusa, munhau inodarika 300 000, nepo kunyange mitemo ine mwero semabumbiro emitemo eOregon anenge 50 000. U.

Mitemo yehurumende inowanzokurukura nhau dzakadai semagadzirirwo ezvikoro zvomunharaunda, mwero nokusabvumirwa kwemitero yezvinhu, kuumbwa kwemasangano ehurumende chaiwo, uye kunyange mibhadharo yevakuru vakuru vehurumende.

Chimwe chikonzero chourefu hwakanyanyisa hwebumbiro remitemo ndechokupfava kwazvinogona kugadziridzwa. Nepo Bumbiro reMitemo reU.S. richida kuva nesimba guru redzimba dzose dziri mbiri dzeCongress nokunatswa nedzitatu dzenyika, mabumbiro enyika mazhinjisa anobvumira vavhoti kufuratira mutezo wemitemo nokutanga. Ikoku kwakatungamirira kukukura kwekugadziridzwa kwenhau panhau kubva pakodzero dzokuvhima kuti varongedze marungwe, kuita kuti mabumbiro emitemo ave ane udzame zvikuru uye asingashandisi kupfuura ayo ehurumende.

Muitiro weFizhedment: Hurumende Inochinja - chinja.

Vagadziri veBumbiro reMitemo reU.S. vakaronga mutoo wokugadziridza kuva wakaoma noune. Chikamu V chinobvumira nzira mbiri: vhoti yezvitatu mudzimba dzose dziri mbiri dzeCongress kana kuti kokorodzano inodanwa nezvikamu zviviri muzvitatu zvemitemo yehurumende. Kubvira muna 1789, 27 bedzi maandimendi akabatanidzwa kukuvara kwemaune magariro akaitwa mugadziriro yacho.

Mabumbiro emitemo, zvisinei, anogadziridzwa nokuwanda kukuru zvikuru. Bumbiro remitemo reavhareji rakagadziridzwa mazana enguva. Somuenzaniso, bumbiro remitemo reCalifornia rakagadziridzwa kanopfuura ka 500 chifo cha 1879. Manyika mazhinjisa anoshandisa imwe kana kuti inopfuura yemitoo inotevera:

  • [ Chirevo chemitemo: Mutengo unopfuudzwa nenzvimbo yakapfava kana kuti hurusa yedzimba dzose dziri mbiri, ipapo wakapiwa kuvavhoti nokuda kwetendero.
  • Dare rinotanga: Vagari vemo vanounganidza siginicha kuti vaise kugadziridzwa kwaikarakadzwa zvakananga pabhoti, kubvisa chibvumirano.
  • Convention yeConstituanical:[[FL:1] kokorodzano yakadanwa nemubati wemitemo kana kuti nechikumbiro chomuvhoti chokunyorazve kana kuti kushandura rugwaro rwose, ichifanira kugamuchirwa.

Uku kuchinja kunobvumira nyika kupindura nokukurumidza kumuka nhau dzinodavidza pamutemo sembanje kana kuti kugadziridza mwero yemitero pasina kumirira chiito chehurumende. Zvisinei, kunorevawo kuti mabumbiro emitemo anova akazadzwa negadziriro dzingashandiswa zviri nani nemirau. Kugadziriswa kwebumbiro remitemo mune imwe nyika kungabatanidza udzame pamusoro pemiitiro yemari yezvirongwa zvokufambisa, nepo Bumbiro reMitemo reU.S. risingawanzonyumwiri pasi penheyo dzakafara dzeparadzano yemasimba nekodzero zvavanhu.

Kodzero Dzinopfuura Bhuku Rekodzero Dzevanhu

Nepo Bhirobhu yekodzero dzavanhu yeUnited States ichidzivirira rusununguko runokosha rwakadai sokutaura kwakasununguka, rusununguko rworudzidziso, uye maruramiro okutakura zvombo, mabumbiro emitemo akawanda anopfuurira.

  • Kurudyi kuDzidzo: Mabumbiro ose 50 enyika ane mutauro unoda nyika kugovera gadziriro yezvikoro zvavose zvapachena. Zvimwe, kufanana nezviya zviri muFlorida neWashington, zvinoraira zvakajeka kuti “angokwana” kana kuti“ mari inosakisa.
  • Kurudyi kumhoteredzo Yakachena: Montana, Pennsylvania, uye dzimwe nyika dzinoverengeka dzine gadziriro dzebumbiro remitemo dzinovimbisa vagari vemo maruramiro okuchenesa mhepo nemvura, kana kuti kukuchengetedzwa kwezviwanikwa zvomusikirwo.
  • [[FLT: 0] Vactim’s Rights: mamiriro ezvinhu anopfuura 30 akagamuchira “Mutemo waMariyori” kana kuti kuchinja kwakafanana kunopa maruramiro avananyajambwa akadai seziviso, kutora rutivi muzvinoitika, uye kuripira.
  • Privtacy: Bumbiro reMitemo reU.S. haridudzi zvakajeka kodzero yokuva woga, asi mabumbiro emitemo akawanda anoita, kazhinji kazhinji nedziviriro hurusa nokuda kwemashoko omunhu oga nezvisarudzo zvokubereka.

Iyi maruramiro akakudzwa anoreva kuti dziviriro dzapamutemo dzemugari wemo dzinogona kusiana zvikuru zvichitsamira pahurumende yadzinogara. Somuenzaniso, kodzero yokubvisa pamuviri, iyo yakadzivirirwa nehurumende muRoe v. Wade kusvikira muna 2022, zvino inobvumidzwa zvakajeka mubumbiro remitemo rakawanda rehurumende, nepo vamwe vakashandura mitemo yavo kuti iiganhurire. matare ehurumende kazhinji kazhinji anorondedzera iyi gadziriro yechienzi, padzimwe nguva achipa dziviriro dzorupo kupfuura Dare repamusoro reU.S.

Hurumende: Kuparadzaniswa Kwemasimba

Zvose zviri zviviri Bumbiro reMitemo reUnited States nebumbiro remitemo zvinogadza mapazu matatu ehurumende: mitemo, mutungamiriri, uye mutongi.

Bazu Romutemo

Nebraska inomira yoga neuncameral, isiri dare remitemo. Dzimwe nyika dzose dzine chibvumirano chebhikameral, asi makamuri apamusoro napasi anosiana muukuru, urefu hweshoko, uye masimba. Somuenzaniso, New Hampshire House of Deaderers ine mitezo 400 .Nzvimbo hurusa dzemitemo munyika inotaurirwa chiNgezi.[1] Nepo Alaska House ine 40 chete nyika dzinoganhurira nhamba yemarusando kana kuti miganhu, izvo Bumbiro reMitemo reU.S.

Bazu Rine Vatungamiriri

Magavhuna ehurumende anoshandisa mwero yakasiana- siyana yesimba. Kusafanana napurezidhendi weU.S., magavhuna mazhinjisa anogoverana chiremera choudzori namakurukota akazvimirira akasarudzwa akadai sagavhuna mukuru mukuru, mutongi mukuru, munyori wenyika, uye muchengeti wemari. Uyu “muenzaniso mukuru mukuru wehurumende” unoparadzira simba uye unoderedza mano agavhuna wokudzora bazu revakuru vakuru nechete. Somuenzaniso, Texas, ane gavhuna asina simba zvikuru kana achienzaniswa nehurumende dzakasimba dzakaparadzwa dzakadai seNew York kana kuti New Jersey.

Bazu Rokutonga

Gadziriro dzokutonga dzehurumende dzakasiana zvikuru kupfuura gadziriro yehurumende. Miganhu yeMitemo yeU.S. inoisa simba rokutonga muDare Rapamusorosoro nematare akaderera akagadzirwa neCongress, navatongi vose vanogadzwa napurezidhendi ndokusimbiswa neDare. Hurumende, mukupesana, ingagadzwa nagavhuna, akasarudzwa navanhu, kana kuti kusarudzwa kupfurikidza negadziriro dzakavakirwa pamibatanidzwa yakavakirwa pamibatanidzwa. Mitemo yehofisi inosiana yehurumende inosianawo: mamwe matare makurusa edare anobatira kwoupenyu hwose, nepo vamwe vanotarisana nezvisarudzo zvedare makore mashomanene ari ose. Ichi chimiro chinoratidzira kuti vatongi vorudzi vanofanira kuzvidavirira zvakananga zvikuru kuva vasarumbidzi.

Hurumende Yomunzvimbomo Nokutonga Kwemisha

Dare reMitemo reU.S. haritauri chose chose pamusoro penhau yehurumende yomunzvimbomo. Rinokamuranisa simba pakati pehurumende yehurumende nehurumende, richisiya maguta, mataundi, uye mataundi sezvisikwa zvehurumende. Dare Rapamusorosoro rakasimbisa ikoku mumhaka ya 1907 [[FL:0] muv. City of Pittsburgh, rikabata masangano iwayo ane udzori hwakakwana panzvimbo dzawo.

Mabumbiro emitemo ehurumende, zvisinei, kazhinji kazhinji anoronga udzori hune revo nokuda kwehurumende dzomunzvimbomo kupfurikidza negadziriro dzoutongi hwepamusha. Kutonga kwomusha kunopa guta kana kuti nyika chiremera chokupfuudza mitemo yakwo, kudzora nhau dzomunzvimbomo, uye kusimudzira mari, kugovera zviito izvozvo kusarwisana nomutemo wehurumende. Somuenzaniso, Mutemo weAlaska unopa masimba makuru epamusha kuhurumende ipi neipi inogamuchira mutemo wemitemo, nepo mitemo yeCalifornia inobvumira maguta kudzoro iri pedyo nepasi rose pamusoro penhau dzemasipala. Uku kuchinja kunobvumira miganhu yokugadzira misha yavo yakasiana nemiripo yakasiyana. Yakadai sokugadza mibairo mishoma, kutungamirira kurenda pfupi yenguva, kana kuti kurambidza mapepa epurasitiki kupfurikidza nokutsvaka pamutemo kwehurumende.

Nhau Dzenzanga Nemitemo: Mitemo yeHurumende Semibato Yokushanda

Nemhaka yokuti mabumbiro emitemo ari nyore kugadziriswa uye ane udzame zvikuru, anowanzova nzvimbo yehondo nokuda kwenharo huru dzenzanga nedzomutemo.Bumbiro reMitemo reU.S. rine zvishomanene zvikuru kutaura pamusoro penhau dzakawanda dzazvino uno, richisiya nyika kuti dzizadze mukaha wacho ($/mabumbiro adzo emitemo kazhinji kazhinji anoratidzira mhepo dzezvamatongerwe enyika dzinopararira dzenyika imwe neimwe.

Mienzaniso yemitemo yenzanga yakaiswa mubumbiro remitemo rehurumende inobatanidza:

  • Kunyoreswa kwaMarijuana pamutemo: Mabumbiro emitemo anopfuura 20 ehurumende zvino ane mutauro unobvumira kurapa kana kuti nhandaro mbanje, kazhinji kazhinji kupfurikidza nezviito zvavagari vemo. Somuenzaniso, Colorado’s Amendment 64 (202) inonyoreswa varaidzo yapamutemo yecannabis ndokuita gadziriro yokudzoserazve.
  • Control: [FLM] Nepo Amendment Yechipiri ichidzivirira maruramiro omunhu okuchengeta nokutakura zvombo, mabumbiro emitemo anogona kuisa ganhuriro dzokuwedzera kana kuti kuvimbisa zvakajeka kodzero yokuti matare ehurumende adudzire zvakafara zvikuru. Muna 2018, mwero wokumutsa zera rokutenga pfuti muFlorida wakaitwa sechinjo yemitemo, asi masangano anoverengeka akarangarira murairo webumbiro remitemo uyo waizobvisa miraudzo yepfuti yomunharaunda.
  • Chares: Muna 2010, vavhoti muMassachusetts vakatendera kugadziridzwa kwebumbiro remitemo, gare gare kwakasimbiswa sehwaro hwemutemo wokuchinja woutano hwehurumende, unoda kuti vanenge vagari vose vave neinishuwarenzi youtano. Misi ichangobva kupfuura iyi, mashoko akafanana naColorado naMaine akatanga matanho okuita zvisarudzo zveinishuwarenzi youtano.

Idzi gadziriro dzebumbiro remitemo dzinogona kuvhara muitiro kwamakumi amakore, dzichidziita dzakaoma zvikuru kushandura kupfurikidza nomutemowo zvawo.Izvi zvine zvose zviri zviviri betsero nemhinganidzo: vatsigiri vanoipikisa vachidzivirira miitiro yakakurumbira padzongonyedzo dzemitemo, nepo vatsoropodzi vachiomerera kuti nhau dzegakava dzapamutemo dzinopesana dzinova nzvimbo yokubvumirana pane zvisina kufanira nokuchinjika.

Nhoroondo Yacho: Kubva Pamacharter Enyika Dzinotongwa Nenyika Dzake Kusvika Pakuongorora Kwemazuva Ano

Mabumbiro emitemo ehurumende okutanga akarongwa mukati meChinjo yeAmerica, kazhinji kazhinji sokurambwa kwakananga kwechiremera choumambo. Massachusetts, somuenzaniso, akagamuchira bumbiro remitemo rayo muna 1780 pashure pomuitiro waibatanidza taundi netaundi nenzvimbo navanhu (a muenzaniso wakapesvedzera Convention yeConstitution yehurumende. Mitemo mizhinji yapakuvamba yakakwereta zvikuru mumitemo inodzorwa nehurumende, ichichengeta maruramiro akadai sokutongwa nedare rinobetsera norusununguko rworudzidziso.

Zana ramakore rechi 19 nerechi20 rakaunza nhevedzano yedzokororo yebumbiro remitemo. Nguva yeJackson yakawana zvirongwa zvokuderedza zvikwaniriso zvezvinhu zvokuvhota uye kuita kuti vatongi vasarudzwe panzvimbo pokugadzwa. Nhambo inodzorwa yapamberi pemiitiro yedemokrase yakananga sedanho redandemutande, pamwe chete nedziviriro dzamabasa nemwero yokudzivisa uori. Pashure peHondo yeChivilimu, nyika dzeSouthern Union dzinodzora mitemo yadzosa kugadza dzinza redzinza rimwe uye kubvisa maruramiro ehurumende adzokorodzania hupenyu hwhw.

Somuenzaniso, nyika dzokuMadokero dzinowanzobatanidza kodzero dzemvura dzine udzame nemhaka yokushayikwa kwemvura mumamiriro okunze akaoma, nepo nyika dziri paEast Coast dzine mitemo yekare yave ichichinjwa kwemazana emakore. Iyi mitemo yenhau inoita kuti bumbiro remitemo rehurumende imwe neimwe rive chikamu chakasiyana neremhindumupindu yayo yezvamatongerwe enyika neyetsika.

Kududzira Kutonga: Nyika Dzinotonga Dzisingamiri

Rimwe remibvunzo inokosha zvikurusa — uye kazhinji kazhinji rakafuratirwa — kupesana pakati pebumbiro remitemo rehurumende nerehurumende inzira iyo matare anoadudzira nayo. Dare repamusorosoro reU.S. rinopa nayo mutemi wokupedzisira weBumbiro reMitemo reU.S., uye mirau yaro pamibvunzo yehurumende inosunga matare ose ehurumende. Zvisinei, matare ehurumende ane shoko rokupedzisira parevo yemitemo yawo amene yehurumende, chero bedzi zvisarudzo izvozvo zvisingapunzanisi mutemo wenyika kana kuti Bumbiro remitemo reU.S.

Iyi nheyo ye yakakwana uye yakazvimirira yehurumende inobvumira matare ehurumende kugovera dziviriro huru nokuda kwekodzero dzavanhu kupfuura zvaizoitwa nematare ehurumende. Somuenzaniso, Washington State Supreme Court yakadudzira chirevo chayo chakavanzika chehurumende chokupa dziviriro hurusa mukurwisana nePremistem inosainwa zvisina mhaka kupfuura zvinogoverwa neGenese Amendment. Nenzira yakafanana, Dare reNew York reZvikumbiro rakaziva kodzero yokutsigira dzidzo ine chokuita nebumbiro remitemo iro rinopfuura uriri hwehurumende hunogadzwa neDare gurusaro reU.S.

Vatongi vehurumende vanobatirawo mumitoo yokusarudza yakasiana - siana uye miganhu kupfuura vatongi vehurumende, avo vanogona kupesvedzera mitoo yavo yokududzira. Nepo vatongi vehurumende vazhinji vehurumende vachigadzwa nokuda kwoupenyu, vatongi vehurumende vanotarisana nesarudzo dzenhambo nenhambo kana kuti vhoti dzehurumende, vachikwanisa kuvaita kuti vagamuchire zvikuru murangariro wavose.Iyi simba inogona kutungamirira kukutaura mitemo yemitemo inosanova inosanochinja zvikuru nemipimo yavavhoti nokufamba kwenguva.

Mugumisiro: Kukosha Kusingaperi Kwebumbiro Remitemo reHurumende

Nokuda kwavadzidzi vehurumende yeAmerica, mabumbiro emitemo ehurumende anonzwisisa haasati ari nhau yetrivia(inokosha kunzwisisa kuti United States inoshanda sei zvomenemene. Nepo Bumbiro reMitemo reU.S. richigovera gadziriro inopfuura, mabumbiro emitemo ehurumende anosarudza mitemo yezuva nezuva inodzora zvikoro, mitero, masimba emapurisa, uye kodzero dzomunhu oga. Ane udzame zvikuru, kazhinji kazhinji kazhinji anogadziridzwa, uye anogamuchira zvakananga zvikuru kuvanhu vaanobatira.

Kubatanidzwa pakati peidzi mibatanidzwa miviri yomutemo webumbiro remitemo kunoreva kuti kodzero inochengetwa mune imwe nyika ingasawanika mune imwe. Kunorevawo kuti mamiriro ezvinhu anogona kupfuurira kubatira semarabhoratori okuvandudza muitiro, kuedza mitoo mitsva kudzidzo, tarisiro youtano, ruramisiro youtsotsi, uye dziviriro yemhoteredzo. Kupfurikidza nokuenzanisa mabumbiro emitemo ehurumende neBumbiro reMitemo reU.S., tinowana nzwisiso huru zvikuru nokuda kwegadziriro yakaoma kunzwisisa, yakarongeka iyo inorondedzera utongi hweAmerica.

Nokuda kwokuravazve, Cornell Information Institute inochengeta chisaririra chikuru chebumbiro remitemo negadziridzo. Dare reNational Conference of State Legistratures[ rinogovera mashoko ane udzame pakutanga uye miitiro yedzoro inoshandiswa kuzivisa mabumbiro emitemo. Vanyori vanogona kunzvera mavambo emagwaro aya kupfurikidza ne zvinyorwa zveNational Archives com of the regiatection of proficial .