Table of Contents
Zvirongwa zvehurumende zvinobata anenge mativi ose oupenyu hweAmerica, kubva kubetsero dzeSocial Security, kubva kumasangano ezvoutano kusvikira kugadziriro dzezvokufambisa. Kunzwisisa gadziriro dzemitemo dzakaoma dzinodzora idzi gadziriro dzinokosha nokuda kwavagari vemo, vagadziri vemiitiro, uye vakuru vakuru vehurumende zvakafanana. Mitemo inodzora mapurogiramu ehurumende inogadza kwete bedzi chinangwa chayo nenzvimbo asiwo miitiro yainofanira kutevera, miitiro yokuzvidavirira yazvinofanira kucherekedza, uye kodzero dzaanofanira kudzivirira.
Iyi nhungamiro inobatanidza zvinhu zvakawanda zvepamutemo zvinodzora zvirongwa zvehurumende pamwero yose(wForederal, State, uye yomunzvimbomo. Kana uri mugari wemo anoitira hanya anotsvaka kunzwisisa kuti mabasa avanhu vose anoshanda sei, mudzidzi wehurumende, kana kuti nyanzvi inoshanda mumasangano ehurumende, iyi nzvero ichakubetsera kuronga gadziriro dzakaoma kunzwisisa dzemirau, mirau, uye nheyo dzapamutemo dzinoumba mashandire anoita mapurogiramu ehurumende muUnited States.
Nheyo: Chiremera cheBumbiro reMitemo nokuda Kwezvirongwa zveHurumende
Usati wapinda mumitemo chaiyo, kunokosha kunzwisisa kuti mapurogiramu ose ehurumende anowana chiremera chawo kubva kuBumbiro reMitemo reU.S. Bumbiro reMitemo rinopa Congress masimba akasiyana- siyana anorongwa anobatira senheyo yepurogiramu dzehurumende, kubatanidza simba rokutera nokushandisa nokuda kwegarikano yose, kutengeserana kwenyika, kugovera dziviriro yorudzi, uye kutanga mahofisi eposi nemigwagwa. Iyi mirau yapamutemo inoumba nzvimbo inovakwa pamutemo yose yehurumende nepurogiramu.
Masimba eTenth Amendment haana kupiwa kuhurumende yehurumende, ichiumba gadziriro mbiri dzokutonga.Iyi gadziriro yebumbiro remitemo inorevawo kuti hurumende nehurumende dzomunzvimbomo dzine chiremera chinokosha chokuita nokushandisa mapurogiramu mukati mesimba radzo, pasi pebumbiro remitemo rehurumende yadzo dzimene nemitemo.
Administrative Procedura Act: Cornestone of Federal Agency Operations
Administrative Procedure Act (APA) inodzora muitiro uyo masangano ehurumende anovamba ndokupa mirau. Yakaitwa muna 1946, APA inomirira chimwe chezvikamu zvinokosha zvikuru zvemitemo zvinotapura mashandire anoita mapurogiramu ehurumende. Pamberi peAdministrative Procedure Act (APA), pakanga pasina mitemo yehurumende inodzora mufambiro wavose wamasangano ehurumende, kubatanidza miitiro nokuita zvisarudzo.
Icho APA Inofukidza
Zvidimbu zvikuru zvechiito chacho zvinosimbisa nzira iyo masangano anodzora ehurumende anoita nayo mitemo uye nzira iyo anopikira nayo kuronga. APA anoita gadziriro yakakwana inobatanidza zvikamu zvikuru zvinoverengeka:
.Kuita Hurumende: muitiro "kubudirira nokuda kwokugadzira, kunyora, kana kuti kudzosera mutemo," uye kuvimbisa iko kuvamba kwokupedzisira kwenhau yesangano kunze kwokugadza pamutemo. APA inoita zvose zviri zviviri miitiro yetsika nemitemo isina kurongwa, namasangano mazhinjisa anoshandisa mitemo inoda kungwarirwa navanhu vose uye mukana wetsinhiro dzavose.
Mipimo yokuparadza: Apo masangano anoita zvisarudzo zvinotapura maruramiro avanhu kana kuti misengwa, anofanira kutevera miitiro yokutsiva iyo inowanzofanana nezvinoitika zvedare, kubatanidza maruramiro okupa ufakazi nezvapupu zvinopa miraini mumigariro yakati.
[[FLT: 0] judicial Review:[[FLT: 1] Dare rakakwirira rakaziva "chibvumikiso chakasimba chokuti Congress inoronga kuhwirudzurwa kwechiito chesangano"; iyi rondedzero inobatanidzwa muAdministrative Procedure Act (APA). Nokuda kwezviito zvesangano zvisingadzorwi nomumwe mutemo, APA inorondedzera mupimo wematare ehurumende wehwirudzuro , nzira iyo matare anohwirudzura nayo zviito zvesangano, kubatanidza mipimo yapamutemo inoshandiswa kuhwirudzura zviito izvozvo.
Kutora Rutivi Rworuzhinji Nokuona Zvakajeka
Imwe yemipiro yaAPA inokosha zvikurusa kuraira masangano kuchengeta vanhu vachiziva uye kugovera mikana yokutora rutivi kwavose mumuitiro wokuita mutongo. Ikoku kunovimbisa kuti mapurogiramu ehurumende haashandiri pachivande uye ayo anotapura mapato ane chiremera mukutangwa kwemirau.
Administrative Procedure Act (APA) inodzora miitiro yomukati yemasangano okutarisira, kubatanidza mashandisiro aanoita nevoruzhinji. Uku kubatana kunokosha kuti uchengete kuzvidavirira kwehurumende uye kuva nechokwadi chokuti mitemo inoratidzira mirangariro yakasiana - siana nemiuyo chaiyoiyo yenyika.
Zviitiko Zvemazuva Achangobva Kuitwa Mumutemo Wokutarisira
Munhevedzano yemitemo yenhau 2024, Dare Rapamusorosoro reUnited States rakagadziridzazve mamiriro ezvinhu okutarisira nokudzikamisa, richizivisa nhambo itsva mumutemo wehurumende kupfurikidza nokuchinja dzikamo yesimba pakati pavatungamiriri nevanodzorwa. iyi chinjo dzazvino uno dzine revo dzinokosha pamusoro pokuti matare anohwirudzura sei zviito zvamasangano uye kududzira mirau yesangano, zvichibvira kutapura kushanda kwegadziriro dzehurumende mumativi ose.
Mitemo Yokushandisa Mari Neyokutarisira Mari
Zvirongwa zvehurumende hazvigoni kushanda pasina mari, uye mitemo yakawanda inodzora nzira iyo masangano ehurumende anotarisira nayo mari yawo.
Kuronga Mari uye Kuzvidavirira
Bhaul and Accouncing Act ya1921 yakatanga gadziriro yokugadzirira nokuzviisa pasi kwehurumende. Mutemo uyu wakagadzira Bureau of the Bactal (zvino Office of Drime and Dhandhing) uye miitiro yakatangwa yokuti Purezidhendi aise bhajeti yehurumende yakabatana kuCongress gore rimwe nerimwe. Act yakachinja zvikuru kuti gadziriro dzehurumende yehurumende yehurumende ndokutarisira zvitengo zvayo zvemari.
Mutemo Wokutsanangura
Masangano ehurumende anogona bedzi kupedza mari iyo Congress yakafanira nokuda kwezvinangwa zvakati. Gadziriro yekurukurirano inodzorwa nezvinodikanwa zvebumbiro remitemo nemitemo yesangano izvo zvinovimbisa masangano kushandisa madhora anotera nokuda kwezvinangwa zvakabvumirwa bedzi. Iyi nheyo yokuzvidavirira kwemari inokosha kugadziriro yeAmerica yehurumende.
Kurwisa Kuda Kurapwa
Chiratidzo chinodzivisa masangano ehurumende pakushandisa mari yakawanda kana kuti kuisa pamutemo mari kupfuura zvakwakafanira Congress. Mutemo uyu unodzivisa masangano kutanga misengwa yemari isina kutenderwa uye kuva nechokwadi chokuti kupedza kunoramba kuri mumiganhu inotenderwa nebvumirano. Kutyora mutemo kunogona kuguma nemigumisiro yakakomba nokuda kwavakuru vakuru vesangano, kubatanidza zvirango zvoutsotsi zvinobvira.
Kubvumira Kurumbidzwa Kwepurogiramu
Nepo mitemo yose inodzora yakadai seAPA ichishanda yakafara muhurumende yose, purogiramu huru imwe neimwe yehurumende inotangwa zvayo nemirau yayo yakananga. Iyi inoita kuti mirau ishamise kurondedzera chinangwa chepurogiramu, ukuru, zvinodiwa zvinoshanda, uye miganhu inoshanda.
Kuchengetedza Vanhu
Social Security Act ya1935 yakaita imwe yegadziriro dzehurumende dzinokosha zvikurusa dzeAmerica, ichigovera betsero dzekurega basa, urema, uye mupukunyuki kumamirioni eAmerica. Mutemo wave uchigadziridzwa kanoverengeka mumakumi amakore kuti ufutunurwe, kugadziridza mwero yebetsero, uye kugadziridza migariro inochinja yechiverengero chavagari vemo nezvemari. Inoshanda somuenzaniso wekuti mutemo wegarikano yenzanga unogona kutanga zvirongwa zvinogara kwenguva refu nezvinodikanwa zvinoshanda zvakadzamadzama.
Medicare naMedhicaid
Kugadziridzwa kwemitemo yeSocial Security Act muna 1965 kwakaita kuti Medicare neMedicaid, zvirongwa zviviri zvakakura zvokutarisira utano izvo zvino zvinobatira vanhu vokuAmerica vanopfuura mamiriyoni 100.
Mitemo Yemhoteredzo
Gadziriro dzemhoteredzo dzinodzorwa nemirau yakadai seCease Air Act, Clean Water Act, uye Comprehensive Environmentation Response, Compensation, uye Liaty Act (CERCLA kana kuti Supering). Iyi mitemo inogadza gadziriro dzokutungamirira dzinoitwa neNtengo yeNzvimbo dzaNzvimbo nesangano remhoteredzo, kugadza mipimo yokudzora nokudzivirira mhoteredzo.
Mitemo yeHurumende yeHurumende yeMunharaunda
Hurumende nehurumende dzomunzvimbomo dzinotarisira zviuru zvemapurogiramu anotarisira dzidzo, chengeteko yavose, zvokufambisa, mabasa outano, uye dzimwe nzvimbo dzakawanda.
Mabasa Okutarisira Ehurumende
Hurumende zhinjisa dzakagadza zvimiro zvadzo dzimene zvemiitiro yokudzora, zvakaenzanisirwa neAPA yehurumende asi zvakachinjira kuzvivako zvadzo chaizvo zvehurumende nezvinodikanwa. Hurumende iyi APA inodzora masangano ehurumende anotonga, anobata nzeve, uye anoita zvisarudzo zvinotapura maruramiro nemisengwa zvavagari vemo.
Ukama Hwehurumende
Gadziriro dzakawanda dzehurumende dzinobatanidza batira pamwe pakati pehurumende dzehurumende dzehurumende, uye dzomunzvimbomo.Federal anopa zvirongwa zvemari kuhurumende nehurumende dzomunzvimbomo kuti dzishandise mapurogiramu munharaunda dzakadai sedzidzo, zvokufambisa, uye mabasa enzanga. Idzi purogiramu dzehurumende dzinodzorwa namagadziriro apamutemo akaoma anorondedzera mitoro yemwero imwe neimwe yehurumende uye dzinotanga miitiro yokuzvidavirira.
Kutonga Kwomusha Nechiremera Chomunzvimbomo
Hurumende dzomunzvimbomo dzinowana chiremera chadzo mubumbiro remitemo rehurumende nemirau. Dzimwe nyika dzinopa zviremera zvakafara "kutonga kwomusha" kumaguta namaruwa, dzichizvibvumira kuita mitemo nokutanga gadziriro panhau ipi neipi isina kurambidzwa nomutemo wehurumende. Dzimwe nyika dzinotevera "Kutonga kweDillon," izvo zvinoganhurira hurumende dzomunzvimbomo kumasimba iwayo bedzi akapiwa nenzira yakananga nedare rehurumende.
Mitemo Yokuona Zviri Nani uye Yokuwana Vanhu Vose
Kudzora kwehurumende yegutsaruzhinji kunoda kuti vagari vemo vawane mashoko pamusoro pemabasa ehurumende.Mitemo inokosha inoverengeka inovimbisa kuti vanhu vazive mashoko ehurumende uye kuti vazive zviri kuitika.
Rusununguko Rwokuwana Mashoko (FOIA)
APA inosimbiswa pana 5 U.S.C. 761-559, uye inobatanidza Freedom of Information Act (FOIA) 5 U.S. .C. . . 552) uye Ascipt (Iscrect) (I.C.). . .SOIA inopa vanhu kodzero yokukumbira kusvika kumarekodhi kubva kumasangano ehurumende, achisimudzira kujeka nokuzvidavirira mumabasa ehurumende.
FOIA inoda kuti masangano apindure zvikumbiro zvakati kuti zviri mukati mezvirongwa zvenguva uye anobvumira masangano kunyima mashoko bedzi pasingabvumirwi kunyoreswa kwakananga, zvakadai sechengeteko yenyika, kuva woga, kana kuti kuchengetwa kwomutemo.
Hurumende Yakaita Chiito cheSunshine
Hurumende muSunshine Act inoda kuti misangano yamasangano ehurumende anotungamirira namasangano ehurumende ive yakazarukira kucherechedzo yavose. Mutemo uyu unovimbisa kuti zvisarudzo zvinokosha zvehurumende zvinoitwa mukuona kwavanhu, kwete seri kwemasuo. Mutemo unoshanda kumativi akawanda nemabasa, uchivada kupa ziviso yapamberi yemisangano uye kubvumira kupinda pachena kunze kwokukurukura nhau dzinofukidzwa navasina kusundwa.
Hurumende Yakazarura Mashoko uye Mitemo Yemisangano
Nyika dzose makumi mashanu dzakagadza mitemo yadzo dzimene yapamhene yemirau (yakafanana neFOIA) uye dzakavhura mitemo yemisangano (inowirirana neChiteko cheSunshi). Nepo iyi mitemo ichisiyana mugadziriro dzayo dzakananga, dzinogoverana nharidzano imwe cheteyo yokuvimbisa kujeka kwehurumende uye kusvikwa kwavanhu vose kumashoko pamusoro pemibato yehurumende yomunzvimbomo nehurumende.
Mitemo Yokudzivirira Yaiva Yoga uye Yemashoko
Sezvo mapurogiramu ehurumende anounganidza uye anochengeta zvitsama zvikuru zvamashoko omunhu oga pamusoro pavagari vemo, mitemo inodzivirira kuva voga nechengeteko yamanyoro yazova inokosha nenzira inowedzera.
Chirevo Chokuva Woga cha 1974
Act yeFisc Act inodzora kuti masangano ehurumende anounganidza, anotarisira, anoshandisa, uye anoparadzira mashoko emunhu oga pamusoro pemunhu mumwe nomumwe. Mutemo unopa vanhu kodzero yokuwana mashoko pamusoro pavo vamene, kukumbira kugadziriswa kumashoko asina kururama, uye kuganhurira mano emasangano okuzivisa mashoko omunhu oga pasina kubvuma. Zvinodawo masangano kuchengeta masangano ezvinyorwa nenzira dzinodzivirira kuva voga.
Kutarisirwa Kweinishuwarenzi Youtano uye Kuzvidavirira (HIPAA)
HIPAA inoita kuti pave nezvinodiwa nenyika zvinodzivirira kuchengeteka kwemashoko outano, nepo HIPAA ichinyanya kutapura vanotarisira utano uye zvirongwa zvoutano, inokanganisawo mapurogiramu ehurumende outano akadai seMedicare neMedicaid, uyewo masangano outano anoona nezveutano anoona nezvemashoko akadzivirirwa.
Mitemo Inodzora
Mitemo yakagadza nenzira inowedzera mitemo yayo imene yakavanzika, nedzimwe nyika kufanana neCalifornia dzichigamuchira mutemo wakakwana wokutenga wakavanzika uyo unotapura nzira iyo masangano ehurumende anobata nayo mashoko omunhu oga.
Kodzero Dzevagari Vemo Nemitemo Inorwisana
Zvirongwa zvehurumende zvinofanira kushanda mutsinhirano neganhuriro dzebumbiro remitemo nedzemitemo mukurwisana norusaruro.
Musoro Wechi3 Womutemo Wekodzero Dzevanhu
Umutwe VI unorambidza rusaruro pahwaro hwedzinza, ruvara, kana kuti mavambo orudzi mupurogiramu nemibato zvinogamuchira betsero yemari yomubatanidzwa. Uyu mutemo une kushandiswa kwakafara, kuchitapura chinhu chiri chose kubva kuzvikoro kuenda kuzvipatara kusvikira kumasangano okufambisa anowana mari yehurumende. Zvirongwa zvinofanira kuvimbisa mapurogiramu azvo kusasarura uye anofanira kuita nhano dzokugovera kusvika kune revo kuvanhu vane ruzivo rwakaganhurirwa rwechiNgezi.
Vanhu vokuAmerica Vane Chirango Chourema (ADA)
ADA inorambidza rusaruro pavanhu vane urema mumativi ose oupenyu, kubatanidza mapurogiramu ehurumende namabasa.Musoro II weADA unoshanda zvakananga kugadziriro dzehurumende yomunzvimbomo, unoda kuti vasvike kuvanhu vakaremara.Izvi zvinobatanidza kuwanikwa kwezvivako, kurukurirano inobudirira, uye kuchinja mapurogiramu pazvinenge zvakakodzera kudzivisa rusaruro.
Kusarura Vakwegura
Act yeAge Discrimination ya1975 inorambidza rusaruro pahwaro hwezera mupurogiramu uye mabasa anogamuchirwa nehurumende kuti itsigirwe nemari.
Chikamu 504 Chomutemo Wokudzorera Kukanganisika
Chikamu 504 chinorambidza rusaruro runobva paurema chero hupi zvahwo kana kuti basa rinopiwa mari nehurumende uye mutemo uyu wakatanga kudzivirira ADA uye uchiri kudzivirira zvinokosha, kunyanya mumapurogiramu anotsigirwa nehurumende.
Kutarisira Nokuzvidavirira Kwedare
Congress inoita basa rinokosha mukutarisira zvirongwa zvehurumende kuti zvive nechokwadi chokuti zvinoshanda zvinobudirira, zvinobudirira, uye zvichienderana nomutemo.
Chiremera Chedare Rinodzora
Kutarisira kweCongress kunobatanidza kuhwirudzura, kuongorora, uye kutarisirwa kwamasangano ehurumende, zvirongwa, mibato, uye kushandiswa kwemiitiro.Congress inoshandisa simba iri zvikurukuru kupfurikidza negadziriro yayo yedare redare. Kutungamirira kunoitikawo mumhatsa huru yemibato yemisangano nemamiriro ezvinhu.
Chiremera cheCongress chinowana mumasimba acho "akashandiswa" muBumbiro remitemo, mitemo yavose, uye mirau yeImba neDare. Irwo rutivi runokosha rwegadziriro yeAmerica yechekedzo nedzikamo. Iri basa rokutarisira rinovimbisa kuti masangano ebazu makuru anoshandisa mitemo seCongress yakagadzirirwa uye anoshandisa mari yakakodzera.
Mabasa Omutemo
Gwendero reLegislative Reorganisation Act ya 1946 (P. 79-601), kwenguva yokutanga, rakadana zvakajeka nokuda kwe "utariri hwechikwata" mumutemo wavose. Rakatungamirira matare akamira eImba neDare "kushandisa kurinda kunopfuurira" pamusoro pepurogiramu namasangano adzo pasi pavo; rakapiwa mvumo yenyanzvi; uye rakasimbisa masimba e Comptroller General, musoro weCongress’s Certives Exficrectve and country, Office yeHurumende Accountation Office (GAO).
Hofisi Inozvidavirira yeHurumende
GAO inoshanda sechikamu cheBhunga reCongress, kuongorora nokuongorora mapurogiramu ehurumende uye mabasa. GAO mishumo inopa Congress mashoko akasununguka, ane chinangwa pamusoro pemashandiro epurogiramu, mashandiro emari, uye maererano nemitemo nemirau. Mishumo iyi inowanzotungamirira kugadziridzo dzemitemo uye kuvandudza mapurogiramu.
Kunzwa Nekuongorora Kwedare
Matare eCongress anogarotonga kuti aongorore zvirongwa zvehurumende, vakuru vakuru vemasangano, uye kuti aunganidze mashoko pamusoro pemapurogiramu.
Gadziriro Yavose Yokuongorora
Bhuku rinonzi Inspector General Act ra1978 rakagadza mahofisi akazvimirira evaongorori vakuru (IGs) mumasangano ehurumende kuti atungamirire kuongorora nokuongorora kuti aone uye adzivise unyengeri, kurasa, uye kubatwa zvisina kufanira.
Mitoro yeIG
Vanzveri vemiitiro yetsika dzinoongororwa, vanonzvera pomero dzechakaipa, vanohwirudzura mitemo inokarakadzwa nemirau, uye vanorumbidza vandudziko dzokushanda zvakanaka kwepurogiramu. Vane chiremera chikuru chokuwana marekodhi esangano namashoko, uye havagoni kubviswa panzvimbo pasina Purezidhendi anozivisa zvikonzero zvokubviswa.
Kushuma Zvinodikanwa
Mishumo iyi inogovera mashoko anokosha pamusoro pezvinetso zvepurogiramu uye inobetsera Congress kuziva nharaunda dzinoda ngwariro yemitemo kana kuti tarisiro yakawedzerwa.
Kuzvidavirira Nokuona Zvinhu Zvakajeka Kunoitwa Nehurumende
Mitemo inoda kujeka mukushandisa mari kwehurumende inoita kuti vagari vemo vakwanise kuzvidavirira uye inoita kuti vakwanise kuongorora kuti mari yavo yemitero inoshandiswa sei.
Kuzvidavirira Kwemari Yakagoverwa Nechiito Chokuona Napane
Uyu Mutemo unoda kuti hurumende yehurumende ichengete shopu inosvikika yezvipo zvehurumende, zvibvumirano, zvikwereti, uye imwe yamuro yemari. Website inovapo, USAspending.gov, inobvumira munhu upi noupi kutsvaka mashoko pamusoro pemari inoshandiswa nehurumende, achisimudzira kujeka nokuzvidavirira.
Kuzvidavirira Nekuratidzana Muitiro (DATA Act)
DATA Act yakakudza zvinodikanwa zvokuona kupfurikidza nokuronga kushuma kwakarongwa kwemashoko anoshandiswa nehurumende. Mutemo uyu unovavarira kuita kuti kuve nyore zvikuru kuronga mari inoshandiswa nehurumende, kubatanidza mashoko emari mupurogiramu, uye kugonesa kunzvera kuri nani kwemari yehurumende inoshandiswa.
Kugadziridza uye Kupinza Mitemo
Zvirongwa zvakawanda zvehurumende zvinotsamira pamasangano ehurumende kuti aendese mabasa kana kuti ape zvinhu.
Kudzorwazve (FAR)
Far ndiyo mirau inodzora kuwanikwa kwemitemo yehurumende. Inogadza miitiro yakafanana nemiitiro yokuwana nayo namasangano ehurumende, ichifukidza chinhu chiri chose kubva muzvinodikanwa zvemakwikwi kusvikira kumarudzi ebvumirano kumabasa okuvaka. Far inovavarira kuva nechokwadi chokuti makwikwi akanaka uye akasununguka, kuwana zvinhu zvakanaka namabasa pamitengo ine mwero, uye kudzivirira fariro dzehurumende.
Makwikwi Muchiito Chinonyandura
Mutemo unotsigira kubudirira uye upfumi mukuwana hurumende kupfurikidza nokuva nechokwadi chokuti vatengesi vakawanda vane mukana wokukwikwidzana nokuda kwebhizimisi rehurumende.
Mabhizimisi Maduku Mavakirwo
Mitemo yakasiyana - siyana inoda kana kuti inokurudzira masangano kuti atsigire chikamu chakati chezvibvumirano zvemabhizimisi maduku, kusanganisira zviya zvevakadzi, vanhu vashoma, vagara nebasa, uye mabhizimisi munzvimbo dzine mari yakawanda.
Mitemo Yokutarisira Yakanaka
Zvirongwa zvokupa zvirongwa zvinopa mabhiriyoni emadhora gore negore kugovera hurumende dzehurumende, mayunivhesiti, uye mamwe masangano, mari iyi inodzorwa nemitemo inoita kuti mari yehurumende ishandiswe zvakanaka.
Zvaunoda Kuti Uite Sangano Rokutungamirira
Office of Management and Baccultural yakatanga zvinodikanwa zvakafanana zvokutarisira nokuda kwezvipo zvehurumende, zvakabatanidzwa muTit 2 zveMitemo yeFederal Regional. Izvi zvinodikanwa zvinopa mipimo yokutarisira mumativi ose ehurumende, kufukidza nharaunda dzakadai sokutarisirwa kwemari, kutarisirwa kwezvinhu, kuwanikwa, uye kushuma.
Mutongo Wokuongorora Munhu Mumwe Chete
Dare reSingle Application Act rinoda nyika, hurumende dzomunzvimbomo, uye masangano asingapi mari anodya $750 000 kana kuti kupfuura mumibairo yehurumende mugore kuti awane munzvero wegore negore.
Kuongorora Zvakatipoteredza uye Kuchengetedza Zvakaitika Kare
Zvirongwa zvehurumende uye zvirongwa zvinofanira kuwirirana nemitemo inodzivirira mhoteredzo nezviwanikwa zvenhau.
National Policy Policy (NEPA)
NPA inoda masangano ehurumende kuti aongorore kutapura mhoteredzo kwezviito zvawo zvakakarakadzwa asati aita zvisarudzo. Zviito zvikuru zvehurumende zvinotapura zvikuru mhoteredzo, masangano anofanira kugadzirira mashoko ane udzame ezvakatipoteredza anonzvera miuyo inobvira uye zvimwe zvinotsiva. Uyu muitiro unovimbisa kuti kurangarira mhoteredzo kunobatanidzwa mukuita chisarudzo chehurumende.
Muitiro Wokuchengetedza Kwamarudzi
Act iyi inoda masangano ehurumende kuti arangarire miuyo yezviitwa zvavo pazvinhu zvenhau ndokugovera Advisory Council on Historic Traquery banza rokutsinhira. Mutemo unobetsera kuva nechokwadi chokuti mabasa anotsigirwa nehurumende kana kuti anobvumidzwa haakuvadzi zvisina kufanira zvinhu zvinokosha zvenhau.
Mitemo Yokudzivirira Yemapfumo - vhuru
Mitemo inodzivirira vanoridza mhete inokurudzira vashandi vehurumende nevanovaka kuti vashuma kupambadzwa, unyengeri, kubatwa zvisina kufanira, uye kuputswa kwomutemo vasingatyi kutsiva.
Kudzivirira Muvhuvhu
Whistle pulder Protection Act inodzivirira vashandi vomuhurumende avo vanotaura mashoko avanodavira nenzira ine mufungo kuti anoputsa mutemo, kusatarisirwa zvakanaka kwakakomba kwemari, kupambadzwa kwakakomba kwemari, kushandiswa zvisina kufanira kwechiremera, kana kuti ngozi huru uye yakananga kuutano kana kuti chengeteko.
Kupomera Kwenhema
Varidzi vemari vanobudirira vanogona kugamuchira chikamu chemari yakawanikwa, vachiparira kurudziro yemari yokushuma kubiridzira. Mutemo uyu wave uchibetsera mukuwanazve mabhirioni amadhora mukutaura kwokunyengera mukurwisana negadziriro dzehurumende.
Tsika Nekupesana Kwemitemo Yefariro
Vashandi vehurumende nevakuru vakuru vanofanira kuteerera mitemo yetsika yakarongerwa kudzivisa kurwisana kwezvido uye kuva nechokwadi chokuti vakavimbika mune zvinoitwa nehurumende.
Tsika Pakuita Kunoitwa neHurumende
Mutambo uyu unoda vakuru vakuru vehurumende vepamubatanidzwa kuti vanyore mishumo yemari yavose, vachibatsira kuona kuti kunetsana kungangoitika kwechido.
Kusawirirana Kwemitemo Yemafaro
Mitemo yamatsotsi inorambidza vashandi vehurumende kutora rutivi munhau umo vane fariro dzemari, vanomirira mapoka avanhu voga pamberi pehurumende, uye kugamuchira muripo nokuda kwebasa rehurumende rinobva kumanyuko asiri ehurumende. Iyi mitemo inobetsera kuva nechokwadi chokuti zvisarudzo zvehurumende zvinoitwa mufariro yavose, kwete nokuda kwemhindu yomunhu oga.
Masimba Ekurumidziro Nemhinduro Yengwavaira
Zvirongwa zvepamutemo zvinokosha zvinodzora zvirongwa zvehurumende pazviitiko zvekurumidziro uye njodzi.
Robert T. Stafford Yamuro yeNhaka uye Act yeNyangadzimu
Stafford Act inobvumira Purezidhendi kupa zviziviso zvenjodzi uye inogovera gadziriro yepamutemo yebetsero yehurumende nehurumende dzomunzvimbomo navanhu vamwe navamwe.Mutemo unogadza gadziriro dzokudavidza kwekurumidziro, kubvisa zvisaririra, matanho okudzivirira anokurumidza, uye betsero kuvanhu nedzimba dzinowirwa nengwavaira.
Chiito Chokukurumidzira Chorudzi
Mutemo unoda kuti Purezidhendi ataure kuti izviremera zvipi zvemitemo zvichashandiswa ndokugovera utarisiri hwedare nokuguma kwezviziviso zvekurumidziro.
Ruzivo Rwokugadzira Mashoko Nemitemo Yokusachinja
Sezvo mapurogiramu ehurumende anoramba achivimba noruzivo rwekugadzira mashoko, mitemo inodzora kutarisirwa kweID uye kusachengeteka kwepakombiyuta yave kuoma.
Federal Information Security Modernization Act (FASSIM)
FISCA inoda masangano ehurumende kugadzira, chinyorwa, uye kushandisa mapurogiramu anodzivirira mashoko awo negadziriro dzemashoko.
Chiito cheGovernment
Mutezo uyu unoda kuti masangano aone kuti zvinhu zviripo zvinozivikanwa uye anyore hofisi yeProgramu yeOMB.
Kuongorora Kutungamirira uye Kuongorora Kunotengwa
Mirairo yakarongwa nemirau inoda masangano kunzvera ndyiko nebetsero zvemirau inokosha pamberi pokuishandisa.
Chiito Chokuchinjika
Uyu Muitiro unoda masangano kunzvera tapuro yemirau inokarakadzwa pamabhizimisi maduku, zviremera zviduku zvehurumende, uye masangano maduku asingabetseri mhindu.
Mutezo Wokuderedza Pepa
Pepay Reduction Act inovavarira kuderedza mutoro wemapepa paruzhinji unobva muzvinodikanwa zvemubatanidzwa zvokuunganidzwa kwamashoko.Mutemo unoda masangano okuwana tendero yeOMB pamberi pokuunganidza mashoko kuruzhinji uye kururamisa kudikanwa kwezvipo zvakadaro.
Kuchinja Muitiro Kusingatenderwi
Act inoda masangano ehurumende kuti aone migumisiro yezviito zvokudzora hurumende, dzomunzvimbomo, uye dzedzinza neboka ravanhu.Asati apa mirayiro yaizoda aya masangano anopfuura chitsama chakati, masangano anofanira kugadzirira mashoko akanyorwa achiongorora ndyiko nebetsero uye achifunga zvimwe zvinhu.
Nheyo Dzemitemo Dzinotungamirira Zvirongwa Zvehurumende
Kupfuura mitemo chaiyo, mitemo inoverengeka inokosha inotungamirira kushanda kwemapurogiramu ehurumende.
Tarisira
Gadziriro dzeshanu neregumi nerechigumi namana kuBumbiro reMitemo dzinovimbisa kuti hurumende haigoni kunyima vanhu upenyu, rusununguko, kana kuti zvinhu pasina muitiro wakafanira womutemo. Iyi nheyo inoda kuti zvirongwa zvehurumende zvigovere miitiro yakanaka zvisati zvaita zviito zvinotapura zvikuru kodzero dzevanhu kana kuti fariro. Zvinodikanwa zvakafanira zvinosiyana zvichitsamira parudzi rwefariro iri padanda uye ngozi yokushaiwa kwakaipa.
Dziviriro Yakaenzana
Hurumende inoyera Kudzivirira Claus we 14th Amendment inoda kuti zvirongwa zvehurumende zvibate nenzira yakafanana vanhu vari munzvimbo imwe cheteyo. Zvirongwa zvehurumende hazvigoni kusarura nenzira yokuzvifungira kana kuti isina mufungo, uye zvirongwa zvinobva pamapoka anofungidzirwa sedzinza zvinoda ruramisiro inogombedzera. Iyi nheyo inovimbisa kuti mapurogiramu ehurumende anoshanda zvakanaka uye haasati achiitira nyasha dzisina kururama kana kuti mapoka akati asingatenderirwi.
Kuparadzana Kwesimba
Kuparadzana kweMitemo yemasimba pakati pechibvumirano chemitemo, dare, uye mapazu okutonga kunotapura mashandire anoita mapurogiramu ehurumende. Mitemo inoita kuti zvirongwa zvivepo, bazu guru rizvishandise, uye matare anohwirudzura zviito zvesangano nokuda kwokuwirirana nomutemo. Iyi gadziriro yechekedzo nedzikamo inodzivisa bazu ripi neripi kushandisa simba risingadzorwi.
Kushanda Muchikamu
Gadziriro yehurumende inokamuranisa simba pakati pehurumende yenyika. iyi inotapura mweroi wehurumende inogona kutanga gadziriro dzakati uye kuti gadziriro dzehurumende nedzehurumende dzinobatira pamwe sei. Understandingism inokosha mukunzwisisa gadziriro yapamutemo yegadziriro dzehurumende, zvikurukuru munharaunda umo chiremera chehurumende nehurumende chinovapowo.
Kumanikidza uye Kushandisa Michina
Mashandiro akasiyana - siyana anoita kuti zvirongwa zvehurumende zvienderane nemitemo inoshanda uye kuti kutyora mitemo kuiswe.
Kushanda Nehurumende
Zvirongwa zvine mipimo yomukati, kubatanidza kuongorora, kuongorora, uye kuongorora. Mutoro weOPM womutemo wokutarisira gadziriro yavashandi veFoderal unobatanidza kuyera kuwirirana nenheyo dzakakodzera, uye mitemo inotsigira, mitemo, mirau, Mitemo inotungamirirwa, uye mipimo yeOPM, pamwe chete nokushanda kwemitemo yevashandi, mapurogiramu, uye mabasa. Kana kuputsa kuonekwa, masangano anogona kuita chiito chokururamisa, kuisa zvirango, kana kuti kunongedzera kumiitiro yokumwezve kunzvera.
Kuhwirudzura Kutonga
Vanhu nemasangano vanokuvadzwa nezvisarudzo zvemasangano vanogona kutsvaka kuongororwa, vachikumbira matare kuti aone kana masangano akaita nenzira yapamutemo.
Kupomera Mhosva
Kubiridzira zvirongwa zvehurumende, kuba zvinhu zvehurumende, chiokomuhomwe chevakuru vakuru vehurumende, uye mamwe mufambiro woutsotsi zvinogona kutungamirira kuhasha nokuiswa mutorongo.
Nhau Dzinotanga uye Kukura Kwenguva Yemberi
Zvirongwa zvehurumende zvinotonga zviri kutochinja zvichichinja - chinja.
Uchenjeri Hunogadzirwa Nokuzvishandisa
Sezvo masangano anoshandisa nenzira inowedzera ungwaru hwokugadzira zvisarudzo uye zvirongwa zvokuzviitira, mibvunzo mitsva yepamutemo inomuka pamusoro pokuona zvakanaka, kuzvidavirira, tsvete, uye muitiro wakafanira. Vagadziri vemitemo vari kurangarira kushanda kwemitemo iripo kugadziriro dzeAI uye kana mitemo mitsva ichidikanwa kupedza zvinetso zvakasiyana zvinoparirwa noruzivo urwu.
Kuva Wega Kwemashoko uye Kuchengeteka
Zvirongwa zvehurumende zvinofanira kuchinja maererano nokutarisira kukuru kudzivirira mashoko emunhu oga uye kudzivirira kukanganiswa kwemakombiyuta uye kukanganiswa kwemitemo yehurumende.
Kuchinja Kwemamiriro Okunze
Kuchinja kwemamiriro okunze kuri kutapura zvirongwa zvehurumende muzvikamu zvose, kubva pakudavidza njodzi, kusvika pakuronga zvinhu zvemarongerwo enzvimbo kusvika kupurogiramu dzezvokurima.
Kupindirana Kwehurumende
Gadziriro dzemitemo dziri kuchinjira kukuita kuti kubatana uku kuve nyore uku uku uku uku kuchiremekedza zviremera zvakasiyana - siyana uye mitoro yehurumende dzakasiyana - siyana.
Kutora Nzvimbo Huru Nokuda Kwokunzwisisa Mitemo Yegadziriro yeHurumende
Kunzwisisa mitemo inodzora zvirongwa zvehurumende kunoda kuziva pfungwa dzinokosha dzinoverengeka:
Manyuko emitemo: Gadziriro dzeHurumende dzinodzorwa namabumbiro emitemo, mirau, mirau, zvirango zvokutungamirira, uye zvisarudzo zvokutonga. Kunzwisisa purogiramu ipi neipi inoda kunzvera aya manyuko ose omutemo.
[[MVURA] Zvinorehwa nezvinodiwa: Mitemo inogadza zvose zviri zviviri izvo gadziriro dzinofanira kuita (zvinodikanwa zvokutangira) uye mafaniri kuzviita sei (zvinodikanwa zvetsika). Marudzi ose ari maviri ezvinodikanwa anokosha nokuda kwokushanda kwepurogiramu nenzira yapamutemo.
Kuzvidavirira: Mitumbi mizhinji inotarisira(kubatanidza Congress, vaongorori, Dare reKuzvidavirira reHurumende, uye matare) Purogiramu inowirirana nezvinodikanwa zvapamutemo uye inoita kuti masangano azvida zvipararire.
Kutora rutivi:[ mitemo yakawanda inoda kana kuti inokurudzira kutora rutivi kwavose mukukura kwepurogiramu nokushandisa, kuratidzira mipimo yedemocracy uye kunatsiridza gadziriro kupfurikidza nebumbiro rakasiana.
Evolution iri kupera: Gadziriro yemitemo inodzora gadziriro dzehurumende haisati iri yakare. Mitemo inochinja kupfurikidza nemitemo mitsva, mirau inovandudzwa, uye zvisarudzo zvedare zvinodudzira zvinodikanwa zviripo munzira itsva.
Mabhuku Emamwe Mashoko
Vagari vemo vanoda kudzidza zvakawanda nezvemitemo inodzora zvirongwa zvehurumende vanogona kuwana zvinhu zvakawanda:
Tsvenetions: Masangano eFederal anochengeta mawebsite ane mashoko pamusoro pemapurogiramu awo, mirau, uye zviremera zvapamutemo. Federal Register inobudisa mirau inokarakadzwa neyokupedzisira, nepo .gov inogovera mapepa okunyoresa uye inobvumira kutsinhira kwapachena pamirau inokarakadzwa.
Revolution Resources: Raibhurari yeCongress inochengeta Calfor.gov, iyo inogovera kusvika kumitemo, mishumo yedare, uye dare rinotonga. Congregational Research Service inobudisa mishumo pamusoro penhau dzemiitiro nemisoro yemitemo, yakawanda yayo inowanika pachena.
Dare reU.S. rine mitemo yehurumende, nepo Bumbiro remitemo rine mitemo yeFederal Regional mirau. Zvose zviri zviviri zvinowanika paIndaneti kupfurikidza nenzvimbo dzepanyundo dzehurumende dzepamutemo uye mapepa epamutemo ezvokutengeserana.
[[FLT: 0] Mishumo yokupa: Hofisi yeManongedzero yeHurumende inobudisa mishumo pamapurogiramu ehurumende nemabasa pa GAO.gov[. Minisipaturo yeAgency inobudisawo mishumo pamawebsite avo.
Academic uye Pasina mhindu Reviso: Uipi, masutu, uye masangano asingapinduri purofiti anoita nzvero nenzvero pamapurogiramu ehurumende nemitemo inoadzora, achigovera mashoko akapoteredza nemirangariro inokosha.
mhedziso
Gadziriro dzemitemo dzinodzora gadziriro dzehurumende dzakakura uye dzakaoma, dzichiratidzira ukuru noukoshi hwemibato yehurumende muchaunga chazvino uno. Kuvambira panheyo yeAdministrative Procedia Asministrative Ascéditure Asting Procedate Act kusvikira kumiraudzo yakajeka, kuvambira kumitemo yokuoneka kusvikira kudziviriro yekodzero dzavagari vemo, kubvira kutarisiro yedare kusvikira kunzverongedzero dzapamutemo dzakawanda dzemitemo kuti vave nechokwadi chokuti mapurogiramu ehurumende anoshanda nenzira yapamutemo, nenzira inobudirira, uye inoshumwa.
Kunzwisisa iyi mitemo kunopa simba vagari vemo kutora rutivi nenzira ine revo mukudzora kwehurumende yehurumende, kunobetsera vabatiri voruzhinji kuita mitoro yavo, uye kunogonesa vapi navapi kuzvidavirira kuhurumende. Nepo kuoma kunzwisisa kwegadziriro iyi yapamutemo kuchigona kuratidzika kuva kunotyisa, nheyo dzinotungamirira dzehwaro (hwusina kusarurama), kuzvidavirira, kururamisira, uye ruremekedzo nokuda kwamaruramiro omunhu oga — kwakananga uye kunokosha kuhurumende yedemocracy.
Kuramba uchiziva nezvezviitiko izvi uye kunzwisisa nheyo dzinokosha dzemitemo dziri pabasa kunoramba kuchikosha nokuda kwomunhu upi noupi anotsvaka kunzwisisa kuti hurumende inoshanda sei uye kuti vagari vemo vanogona sei kuitsigira nenzira inobudirira uye yakarurama.