Sumo: Roorano sechisimbiso Chokuendeswa Kune Pfuma

Gadziriro yapamutemo muroorano inoita zvakawanda zvikuru kupfuura kurondedzera chisungo chomunhu oga — inoumba zvakananga nzira iyo pfuma nezvinhu zvinofamba nayo muzvizvarwa. Apo chaunga chinoziva roorano, chinonyandura nhevedzano yekodzero dzapamutemo nemisengwa izvo zvinopesvedzera chinhu chiri chose kubva pamari yemhuri kusvikira kugadziriro yenhaka yenguva refu. Ukurudziro yekodzero idzi, zvikurukuru kuvaroorani voutevedzani uye mamwe mapoka anotaurwa munhau dzakare, zvakabatanidzazve mepu yepfuma yemhuri inoparadzirwa munzira dzinopfuurira kumuka. Kunzwisisa ukama ihwo hunokosha nokuda kwevagadziri vemiitiro, varongi vemari, uye mhuri vanoda kuvaka chengeteko yemari inogara.

Kodzero dzeroorano dzinobata anenge rutivi rwuri rwose rwouninyi hwezvinhu: kuti zvinhu zvinowanwa sei mukati moukama hwacho, kuti zvinokamuraniswa sei kana ukama hukaguma, uye kuti hunopfuura sei kuchizvarwa chinotevera. Iyi mitemo inosiana zvikuru mumativi ose, asi nheyo huru inoramba iri yechokwadi — roorano inogovera gadziriro yapamutemo inokurudzira kuunganidza uye inopa dziviriro idzo vanhu vasina kuroora kazhinji kazhinji kazhinji vasina. Nyaya ino inonzvera midziro yenhau yeiyi batano, inonzvera kuti miitiro yapamutemo yakasiana inobata sei roorano nepfuma, uye inorangarira zvinetso zvapanguva ino zvinodzivisa kuparadzirwa kwapamutemo nokuda kwemhuri dzose.

Mavambo Enhau Eroorano Nepfuma

Kubatana pakati peroorano nepfuma ndekwekare. Munzanga dzapamberi pezvi, roorano yakanga iri zvikurukuru gadziriro yemari pakati pemhuri, yakagadzirirwa kusimbisa nyika, zvipfuwo, uye zvimwe zvimiro zvedzimbahwe. Mhuri yomwenga yaigovera roora, nepo mhuri yechikomba yaipa munda kana kuti pfuma. Iyi tsinhano yairongwa kupfurikidza netsika uye gare gare kupfurikidza nomutemo, ichiumba gadziriro umo mugariro weroorano wakasarudzwa kuti ndiani anogona kuchengeta, kugara nhaka, uye kuendesa zvinhu.

Roorano Sesangano Rezvemari Mberi Kwenhambo Dzakapfuura

MuEurope yeMiddle Ages, dzidziso yokuvanza yaireva kuti kuzivikanwa kwapamutemo kwomukadzi akaroorwa kwaisimbiswa nemitemo yomurume wake. Iye aisagona kuva nepfuma yake amene, kupinda zvibvumirano, kana kuti kuchengeta mari yake amene. Iyi gadziriro yakaisa pfuma mumaoko avarume ndokuvimbisa kuti pfuma yemhuri yaipfuudzwa mumitsetse yavarume. Gadziriro dzakafanana dzakanga dziripo mudzimwe tsika dzakawanda, umo mitemo yeroorano yakasimbisa zvakajeka udzori hwezviwanikwa. Murangariro wemari wakanga wakananga: roorano yakaumba boka rakatsigarika nokuda kwokubereka nenhaka, asi yakaita saizvozvo kupfurikidza nokuramba vakadzi chimiro chipi nechipi chakazvimirira chemari.

Chinjo yeIndustrial yakavamba kubvisa aya mabasa makuru. Sezvo basa rapamusha rakatsiva pfuma yakavakirwa papasi, vakadzi vakatanga kushanda kunze kwomusha nokuwana kuzvimirira kwezvemari. Vakadzi Vakaroorana Vane Nzvimbo Mabasa, vakapfuudzwa muUnited States neUnited Kingdom mukati mezana ramakore rechi 19, zvishoma nezvishoma vakabvumira vadzimai kuva voga uye kutarisira zvinhu zvakasiyana navarume vavo. Uku kuchinja kwakaratidzira nhambo yakakomba, asi havana kugovera pfuma zvizere — varume vakapfuurira kudzora ruzhinjisasasasase zvepfuma yemhuri, uye mitemo yenhaka ichiri inoda vadyi venhaka yavanhurume munharaunda dzakawanda.

Mutemo Wavose Unopesana. Magamuchidzanwa Omutemo Wavagari Vemo

Tsika yapamutemo inotevera nyika inotapura zvikuru kuti kodzero dzeroorano dzinobatana sei nokugoverwa kwepfuma. Miitiro yavose yemitemo, yakadai seiyo muUnited States neUnited Kingdom, inobatwa munhau semasangano ezvemari akaparadzana. Vakwanyina vaigona kuva nezvinhu somunhu mumwe nomumwe, asi kodzero dzenhaka dzakaganhurirwa kutoti kwataurwa. Mitemo yevagari vemo, inowanzoshanda muhurumende dzenyika, umo zvinhu zvinowanikwa mukati meroorano zvine migariro yenhaka.

Munzvimbo dzenzvimbo dzenzanga, mukwanyina mumwe nomumwe anowanzova nefariro ye 50 muzana muzvinhu zvizhinjisa zvinowanwa mukati meroorano. Ikoku kunopa dziviriro dzakasimba zvikuru nokuda kwomukwanyina akaderera, vakadziwo zvavo, uye kuvimbisa goverano yepfuma inowirirana zvikuru apo roorano inoguma kana kuti mukwanyina anofa. Musiano, zviremera zvezvinhu zvakasiana zvinoda zvinyorwa zvakajeka kuti zvibvumikise kuva saimbani, izvo zvinogona kusiya vakwanyina vasina maruramiro apamutemo kuzvinhu zvavanobetsera kuvaka. Chisarudzo pakati pemiitiro idzi dzinoratidzira mirangariro yetsika huru zvikuru pamusoro peroorano nebatirano yemari.

Kuumba Kwakaita Kodzero Dzomuchato Nhaka

Mutemo wenhaka ndiwo umo kodzero dzeroorano dzinoshandisa pesvedzero yadzo inooneka zvikurusa pagovero yepfuma. Apo munhu anofa asina chido — mugariro unonzi kuva asina kuvimbika — mutemo wehurumende unosarudza kuti ndiani anogamuchira zvinhu. Kodzero dzeroorano ndidzo musimboti wemitemo iyi inoshanda, zvikurukuru kupa mukwanyina asara mugove mukuru, kazhinji kazhinji nzvimbo yose kana pasina vana. Kuda pfuma kunosimbisa kuti upfumi hurambe huri mukati meroorano uye hunopa chengeteko yemari nokuda kwomukwanyina akapukunyuka.

Kubudirira Kwenyika uye Dziviriro Dzacho

MuUnited States, mitemo yokusaberekana inosiana nehurumende, asi mukwanyina asara anodokuva anowana nguva dzose. Somuenzaniso, muzvinhu zvomunharaunda zvakadai seCalifornia, mukwanyina asara anogara nhaka zvinhu zvose zvenzanga nechikamu chezvinhu zvakaparadzana zvemufi. Mumitemo yavose yakadai seNew York, mukwanyina anogamuchira hkutanga $500,000 yenzvimbo yacho pamwe chete nehafu yeyasara, uye vana vanogoverana. Iyi mitemo inoitirwa kudzivisa kupunzirwa kwepfuma yemhuri uye kutsigira mukwanyina uyo angave akarega mikana yokuwana basa romumba.

Kushayikwa kwekodzero dzeroorano kunoparira musiyano wakajeka. Vakwanyina vasina kuroora, pasinei zvapo nourefu kana kuti ukuru hwoukama hwavo, havana maruramiro okugara nhaka anozviitikira pasi pomutemo wokusatenderwa. Ikoku kunoreva kuti pfuma yakaunganidzwa kwamakumi amakore inogona kupfuura hama dzokunyama dziri kure kana kuti nyika panzvimbo pomukwanyina akarongerwa. Uku kusawirirana kwazova kunokosha zvikuru sezvo vanyakuroorana vakawanda vanosarudza kusaroora kana kuti kunonoka roorano. Pasina kuronga zvivako, mhuri idzi dzinotarisana nokurasikirwa nepfuma yakavakwa kupfurikidza nenhamburiko nechibayiro.

Zvinoitwa Nezvibvumirano Zvokutanga uye Pashure Pekunge Waberekwa

Kodzero dzeroorano dzinogonesawo varoorani kuronga kugoverwa kwavo kwepfuma kupfurikidza nezvibvumirano zvekare uye pashure pekunge vaitwa. izvi zvibvumirano zvapamutemo zvinobvumira vakwanyina kuputsa mitemo yenhaka isati yarongwa ndokujekesa chaizvoizvo kuti zvinhu zvichaparadzaniswa sei parufu kana kuti kuchatapurwa. Nepo mumitezo yenhau yakabatanidzwa nemhuri dzakapfuma, izvi zvibvumirano zvazova zvinozivikanwa zvikuru pakati pavaroorani vemwero yose yemari vanoda kudzivirira fariro dzebhizimisi, vana muukama hwakare, kana kuti nhaka.

Zvibvumirano zvepashure pomuchato, zvakatangwa, zvinobatira basa rimwe chetero uye zvinogona kuva zvinobetsera zvikuru nokuda kwavaroorani vane mugariro wemari unochinja zvikuru mukati meroorano. Marudzi ose ari maviri ezvibvumirano anoda kuziviswa kwakazara kwemari uye kuratidzirwa kwapamutemo kuti kuitwe. Pazvinenge zvaitwa nenzira yakafanira, zvinogovera kufanofanorongerwa uye zvinoderedza bviro yemari inogona kupedza pfuma yemhuri. Zvisinei, kuvapo nokuchengetwa kweizvi zvibvumirano kunotsamira pamitemo yeroorano, kuparira kumwe kusiana kwekodzero dzeroorano mukuparadzira upfumi.

Zvinhu zvenzanga zvinopesana.

Musiyano pakati pezvinhu zvenzanga nehurumende dzepfuma dzakasiyana ndechimwe chezvinhu zvinoguma zvaita kuti zvive nemugumisiro mukuru mugove wepfuma. Munyika dzenzanga, zvinhu zvose zvinowanikwa mukati meroorano — kubatanidza mari, mari yokuisa mari, uye nzvimbo — zvinofungidzirwa kuva zvemunhu mumwe chete.

Zvirongwa zvezvinhu zvakasiyana, zvinopesana, batai mukwanyina mumwe nomumwe samuridzi wechinhu chipi nechipi chazvinowana, pasinei zvapo nemipiro yomumwe mukwanyina. Iyi tsika inowanzoshatisa mukwanyina akaderera, uyo angave akaisa basa risingabhadharwi mukutarisira mwana, vatarisiri vemhuri, kana kuti kutsigira basa romumwe. Kana roorano ichipera, mukwanyina anoringana naye anofanira kubvumikisa mupiro wake kuzvinhu zvakati kuti awane mugove. Mutoro uyu wakaoma kuwirirana, zvikurukuru apo mipiro inenge isina kubhadharwa. Muuyo kazhinji kazhinji igoveri isingakwaniswi zvikuru yepfuma kupfuura nzvimbo yezvinzvimbo zvenzanga.

Kukura Kwekodzero Dzeroorano Nemigumisiro Yayo Yakashata Yezvemari

Kutendeutswa kwapamutemo kweroorano yohuhuhumwe munyika kupota nyika kwave kuri kumwe kwokuwedzera kukurusa kwamaruramiro eroorano munhau yazvino uno. Ichi chinjo chakava netapuro dzakananga nedzinotapukira paparadziro yepfuma pakati pavakwanyina vane mitezo mimwe cheteyo yevatano nemhuri dzavo. Vakaroorana vokwanyina vokwanyina vomutezo wevatano mumwe chetevo vasina kodzero dzokugara nhaka, hapana betsero dzesangano reSocial Security kana kuti dzemudyandigere, uye hapana kutaura kwapamutemo kuzvinhu zvemhuri kana mukwanyina wavo akafa. Kufutunurwa kwamaruramiro eroorano kwakabvumira nokukurumidza ava vanyakuroorana kuwana kumitevedzero kumitezo imwe cheteyo inodzivirira pfuma iyo vakaroorana vanowirirana nguva dzose vakanga vanayo.

Kuroorana Kwevane Muviri Mumwe Chete uye Kukwanisa Kubatsira Vamwe Zvisingaenzaniswi

Nzvero pashure pokunyoreswa kwapamutemo kweroorano yomurume nomukadzi mumwe chete muUnited States inoratidza betsero dzakajeka dzemari nokuda kwavakwanyina vane mitezo mimwe cheteyo yevatano. Vakaroorana vevatano imwe chetevo vane bviro huru zvikuru yemishavo yakakwirira, uye vanoshuma chengeteko yemari kupfuura vakwanyina vevatano imwe chetevo vevatano. Kodzero yokugara nhaka maakaundi eroorano okurega basa, betsero dzeNhakanzvi, uye zvirongwa zvepenjeni zvave zvinokosha zvikuru nokuda kwepfuma inovambirana upenyu. Idzi hadzisi duku: mukwanyina asara anogona kutaura kusvikira ku 100 muzana yebetsero yeNzanganiso yenzanga yenzanga yavanhu vakafa, iyo iri musiano wemisiyano yechirikadzi nepfupi neyakakwegura vazhinji vari pakati pourombo neanozorora zvakanaka.

Kusunungurwa kwemitero yokuisa zvikwereti ndeimwe nzvimbo inokosha. MuUnited States, mutero wenzvimbo wehurumende unobvumira kuchinjwa kusina kuganhurirwa pakati pavakwanyina pasina chikwereti chemitero — kunzi kubviswa kweroorano. Varoorani vaisafanira kubhadhara mitero yenhaka papfuma yakapiwa kune mumwe, iyo ingagona kupedza chikamu chikuru chenzvimbo. Dare reSango re 2015 ramaturome muObergefell v. Hodges Vaviri vemari, vaidzivirira nokukurumidza mano avo okuendesa upfumi pasina mutero. Mitengo yakafanana yakacherekedzo yakacherekedzwa muroorano inonyoreswa, neni inowedzerwa pfuma nepfuma pakati pevakwanyina vakaroora.

Kuchinja Kwepfuma Yechizvarwa Chiviri Mumhuri Dzisiri Dzamagamuchidzanwa

Kodzero dzeroorano dzinotapurawo kuti upfumi hunopfuudzwa sei kuvana, kubatanidza vana vakabva kuukama hwekare. Mumhuri dzakabatana, umo mumwe kana kuti vose vari vaviri vane vana vakabva muroorano isati yatanga, mitemo yenhaka yakarongwa ingasawiriraniswa nezvido zvevaroorani. Pasina kuronga kwokungwarira nzvimbo, zvinhu zvinogona kupfuura kuvana pakurasikirwa newavakaroorana asara, kana kuti zvinopesana. Kodzero dzeroorano dzinogovera pamutemo nokuda kwokuumba ruvimbiko, zvido, uye zvimwe zvishandiso zvinodzikanisa fariro dzevose vari vaviri mukwanyina navana kubva muukama hwapakuvamba.

Kumhuri dzine mitezo yakafanana yevatano yokubereka nayo, nhau yevabereki inowedzera imwezve nhau. Pamberi peroorano, mubereki asiri wetsika muvaviri vevatano imwe cheteyo kazhinji kazhinji akanga asina ukama hwapamutemo kumwana, kureva kuti mwana akanga asina maruramiro enhaka kubva kumubereki iyeyo. Kodzero dzeroorano dzakapedza chinetso ichi mumiganhu mizhinji kupfurikidza nokugadza ganhuriro yapamutemo yomubereki womubereki womubereki anobereka. Iyi rondedzero inovimbisa kuti vana vari mumhuri dzine mitezo mimwe cheteyo yevatano vane dziviriro imwe cheteyo yenhaka sevana mumhuri dzine mitezo yakasiana-tana, inochengeta upfumi huchipfuudzira kuvana pasinei zvapo nechimiro chemhuri.

Zvipingamupinyi Zvokuparadzira Zvakakodzera

Pasinei zvapo nefambiro mberi yakaitwa kupfurikidza nokukura kwamaruramiro eroorano, mhinganidzo dzinokosha dzichiri kudzivisa kugoverwa kwepfuma kunowirirana.Idzi mhinganidzo dzakadzikwa mukusaenzana kwevarume nevakadzi, kusaenzana kwetsika, uye kusawirirana kwetsika dzenzanga izvo zvinosiya mhuri dzakawanda dzisina dziviriro dzakakwana. Kunzwisisa izvi zvinetso zvinopfuurira kunokosha nokuda kwokugadzira mitemo inosimudzira ruramisiro zvirokwazvo.

Kusawirirana Mumitemo Yenhaka

Mune dzimwe nzvimbo dzenyika, vakadzi vachiri kutarisana nemhinganidzo huru dzokugara nhaka nokudzora pfuma yemhuri. Munyika dzinodzorwa nomutemo wetsika kana kuti worudzidziso, vanasikana vangagamuchira mugove muduku wenhaka kupfuura vanakomana, kana kuti vangaraswa chose chose. Chikadzi mune dzimwe nyika dzinotarisana nezvinhu zvinotorwa nehama dzokunyama dzavarume vadzo, zvichivasiya vasina chinhu pasinei zvapo namakore okupa mupiro kupfuma yemhuri. Kunyange munyika dzine wirirano yetsika yapamutemo, tsika dzenzanga nokusazivikanwa kwapamutemo zvinogona kudzivisa vakadzi kuwana maruramiro avo enhaka.

Iyi misiyano ine miuyo mikuru yemari. Vakadzi vasingagoni kugara nhaka zvinhu sezvingabvira zvikuru kuva nenzvimbo, vane mukana wokuwana chikwereti, kana kuti kuvaka mabhizimisi, kupfuuridzira nhambo dzourombo. Nzvero yeBank reNyika yose pamusoro pekuenzana kwevarume nevarume [[FLT: 1]] nguva dzose inoratidza kuti kuvhara mukaha wevarume nevarume munhaka uye kodzero dzezvinhu kungaparira kukura kukuru kwemari uye kuderedza urombo. Kodzero dzeroorano dzoga hadzigoni kupedza chinetso ichi — dzinofanira kuperekedzwa nokuchinja kwepamutemo, miitiro inodzora, uye kuchinja kwetsika izvo zvinovimbisa kuti vakadzi vagogoshandisa zvomene kodzero dzavo.

Zvikonzero Zvenzanga Netsika

Kugoverwa kwepfuma hakuiti pasina chinhu. Magariro ezvemari anopesvedzera zvikuru mano emhuri okubetserwa nekodzero dzeroorano. Mhuri dzakapfuma dzinogona kubhadhara magweta okuronga nzvimbo kuti atange mazango, kuderedza mitero, uye kuva nechokwadi chokuti zvinhu zvinoparadzirwa maererano nezvido zvavo. Mhuri dzinowana mari yepasi neyapakati kazhinji kazhinji hadzina kukwanisa kuwana mabasa aya, dzichiasiya achitsamira pamitemo yenhaka yakarongwa ingasaratidza vavariro dzavo. Kutengwa kwezano repamutemo imhinganidzo huru kukupa pfuma inokodzera kudarika, kunyange apo kodzero dzeroorano dzinogovera gadziriro yapamutemo yakanaka.

Tsika dzinoitawo basa guru. Munzanga umo roorano isina kubatana kana kuti umo kurongeka kwenzvimbo dzakabatana kwakapararira, dziviriro dzapamutemo dzinobatanidzwa nekodzero dzeroorano hadzishandi. Ikoku kunoparira gadziriro mbiri dzavanhu vakaroorana dzinofarikanya kodzero dzenhaka dzinozviitikira, betsero dzemitero, uye dziviriro dzapamutemo, nepo vakaroorana vasina kuroorana vanofanira kugadzira idzi dziviriro nokurongeka kwemibatanidzwa yedzimba. Kurangarira [FLT: 0] mwero inovanza mitengo yeroorano uye mwero inokwira yokuroorana munyika dzakawanda [, iyi shatiso inotapura nhamba inokura yemhuri. Mukahasha wepfuma pakati pemhuri nedzisina kuroorana unovarambira kwenguva refu, sezvo vakaroorana vanounganidza betsero dzapamutemo kupfurikidza nokushaiwa dziviriro.

Kupesana Kwemhosva Mukudzivirira Kwepamutemo

Mitemo yeroorano yakavhengana mumativi ose enyika inoparira nyongano nekusasarura. Varoorani muimwe nyika kana kuti nyika vangawana maruramiro avo enhaka asingazivikanwi kana kuti akaganhurirwa apo vanotama kana kuti zvinhu zvavo vamene mune imwe nharaunda. Ikoku zvikurukuru chinetso nokuda kwavaroorani vane zvinhu munyika dzakawanda. Kupesana kwemitemo kunogona kuparira miuyo inoshamisa, yakadai somukwanyina asara anogamuchira mugove wakasiana wenyika kupfuura mutemo womunzvimbomo waizogovera kudai vaviri vakanga varoorana muhurumende iyoyo.

Vakaroorana vemarudzi akawanda vanotarisana nezvinotooma zvikuru. Vakaroorana vanoshanda mune imwe nyika vangasazivikanwa mune imwe nyika, vachisiya asara asina kodzero dzepamutemo kuzvinhu zviri kune imwe nyika. Uku kusava nechokwadi kunogona kuvhiringidza pfuma yemhuri ndokutungamirira kunhema dzinodhura. Hague Conference on Private International Law yakashanda kutsinhiranisa mitemo iyi, asi fambiro mberi inononoka. Kusvikira mipimo yakafanana yatendwa, mhuri dzinofanira kushandisa mitemo inopesana inogona kukanganisa zvinangwa zvoupfumi zvokudzivirira kodzero dzeroorano.

Nzira Dzomutemo Dziri Kugovera Pfuma Yakakwana

Vagadziri vemitemo vane zvishandiso zvinoverengeka zvavanogona kuva nechokwadi chokuti kodzero dzeroorano dzinova dzakagoverwa zvokutendeseka kwepfuma. izvi midziyo zvinovambira pakuchinja nhaka nemitero yenzvimbo kusvikira kukuwedzera kuzivikanwa kwapamutemo kwezvivako zvemhuri zvakasiyana - siyana nokushandisa mari mudzidzo yemari. Nharidzano haisati iri yokungochengetedza bedzi upfumi hwavapfumi asi kuita mhoteredzo yapamutemo umo mhuri dzemigariro yose dzinogona kuvaka ndokupfuudza chengeteko yemari.

Kuchinja Nhaka Nemitemo Yemitero

Mitero yenhaka uye yenhaka inogona kusimudzira kana kuti kutadzisa kugoverwa kwepfuma kwakaenzana. Mitero yakarongeka inogona kuderedza kuisa mari yemari yemari yechinyakare uye kutsigira mari inotambirwa yavose inobetsera mhuri dzose. Mitero yakagadzirwa zvakashata inogona kuisa mitoro panzvimbo dzine mwero nepo ichibvumira vapfumi kudzivisa mutero nokuronga kwakakwirira. Kuchinja kunowedzera kubviswa kwemitero yenzvimbo, kupfuudza zviri madikanwa, uye kusakurumidza kubviswa zvinenge zvichishandiswa nevedzero kunoitwa nevezve zvoupfumi kungaita kuti gadziriro yacho ive yakanaka uye ibudirire zvikuru.

Mimwe mitero yenhaka yakatanga kusiiwa pamibatanidzwa yenhaka inoenderana nemufi nomugamuchiri. Vakwanyina navana vangatarisana nemwero yakaderera kupfuura hama dzokure kana kuti vanobetserwa vasingawirirani. Iyi nzira inozivikanwa kuti ukama hwemari hunokosha hunotangwa neroorano uye hunotsigira kupfuudzwa kwepfuma mumhuri. Zvisinei, inomutsawo mibvunzo pamusoro penzira yokubata nayo vakwanyina vasiri veroorano uye dzimwe mhuri. Vagadziri vemitengo vanofanira kudzikamisa zvinangwa zvokutsigira pfuma yemhuri inopfuudzwa nomutemo wokubata mhuri dzose zvakanaka.

Kusimbisa Dziviriro Dzapamutemo Nokuda Kwemapoka Ose Emhuri

Vagadziri vemitemo vanogona kusimbisa kudzivirira vakaroorana vasina kuroorana, uye dzimwe mhuri dzisingawirirani nemuenzaniso wegamuchidzanwa weroorano. Izvi zvingasanganisira kuumba kuzivikanwa kwepamutemo kweukama hwepamutemo hwapasiri muwanano, kuwedzera kodzero dzenhaka dzevakaroorana vasiri vakaroorana, uye kuita kuti zvive nyore kuronga nzvimbo kunoitwa pasina kudhura.

Dzimwe nyika dzakatoita nhano muiyi nzira. France inopa zvinyorwa zvenhaka yepasi pevhu (PACS), chibvumirano icho chinogovera betsero dzapamutemo dzakawanda dzeroorano pasina nhevedzano imwe cheteyo. Mitezo mizhinji yeU. ine zvikamu zvemhuri zvinopa maruramiro enhaka nedzimwe dziviriro. Izvi zvinowedzera kusvika kukudzivirira zvivako zvepamutemo pasina kuda varoorani kuroora. Izvo zvinokosha zvikuru nokuda kwemhuri dzine tsika dzisingawirirani neroorano kana kuti zvisagona kuroorana neganhuriro dzapamutemo muhurumende yadzo.

Dzidzo Yemari Nokuronga Nokuda Kwemhuri

Kodzero dzepamutemo dzinoshanda bedzi kana mhuri dzichiziva nzira yokudzishandisa nayo. Programu dzedzidzo yemari dzinodzidzisa pfungwa dzokuronga nzvimbo, ukoshi hwezvido nechivimbo, uye kutsiviwa kwemitero yepfuma zvinogona kubetsera mhuri kushandisa kodzero dzeroorano zvizere. Zvirongwa izvi zvinofanira kuva zvinowanika kumhuri dzinowana mari shoma uye dzine mwero idzo dzingasava navashandi vezvemari.

Vashandirwi, masangano enzanga, uye masangano ehurumende zvose zvine mabasa okuita. Kupa nzvimbo dzokurongera nzvimbo dzenzvimbo pachena kana kuti dzemari shoma, kugovera maturusi apaIndaneti okugadzira zvido zvenhaka, uye kubatanidza kuendesa dzidzo yemari muzvikoro zvedzidzo yemari kungaderedza mukana wokuwana dziviriro dzepamutemo dzinogoverwa nekodzero dzeroorano. Apo mhuri dzinonzwisisa nzira yokushandisa nayo maturusi aya, dzinogona kuita zvisarudzo namaune pamusoro pokuti pfuma yavo ichagoverwa sei, panzvimbo pokusiya izvi miuyo kumitemo yakarongwa ingasawirirana nemipimo yavo.

mhedziso

Muuyo wekodzero dzeroorano pakuparadzirwa kwepfuma yemhuri nezvinhu wakakura uye une mhatsa. Munhau, roorano yakabatira somutoo wokubatanidza nawo pfuma nokuichengeta muzvizvarwa zvose, kazhinji kazhinji mukuwirirana namadzitateguru. Kuchinja kwapamutemo mumazana maviri amakore akapfuura kwakawedzera zvishoma nezvishoma dziviriro dzemari dzinowanika kuvakwanyina, asi kusawirirana kukuru kuchiripo. Kuzivikanwa kweroorano imwe cheteyo yakaratidzira nhano inokosha kukuenzana, bva kusaenzana kwechikadzi, miganhuro yenzanga yezvemari, uye kusawirirana kwemiganhuro kunopfuurira kudzivisa maruramiro eroorano kuendesa miuyo yakakwana zvirokwazvo.

Kumhuri, chidzidzo chakajeka: Kodzero dzeroorano dzinogovera gadziriro yapamutemo ine simba nokuda kwokuvaka nokudzivirira pfuma, asi hadzina kukwana padziri dzoga. Kuronga nzvimbo, zivo yemitemo yomunzvimbomo, uye kupfuudzwa kwemitemo kunokosha zvose zviri madikanwa kuva nechokwadi chokuti upfumi hunovaka mukati menduramo dzavo hunogona kupfuudzwa maererano nezvido zvavo. Vagadziri vemitemo, nzira inobatanidza kwete bedzi kudzivirira nokuwedzera kodzero dzeroorano asiwo kugadzirisa zvinhu zvakawanda zvinotapura kuparadzirwa kwepfuma. Nokusimbisa dziviriro dzepamutemo nokuda kwezvivako zvose zvemhuri, kuvandudza mitero inoshatisanisa pfuma, uye kuisa mari mudzidzo yemari, nzanga dzinogona kuita kuti migariro apo mhuri iri yose ine mukana wakanaka wokuvaka kuchengeteka kwemari kusingaperi.