Gadziriro yorutongeso rwoutsotsi ndeimwe yemiitiro yakaoma zvikurusa neinoparira munzanga yazvino uno. Inodzora nzira iyo vanhu vanopomerwa nayo mhaka dzoutsotsi vanonzverwa nayo, vanotongwa, uye vanorangwa. Kubva kunhevedzano yakapfava, muitiro unobatanidza mibatanidzwa mizhinji yemiitiro yapamutemo, dziviriro yebumbiro remitemo, uye kuita chisarudzo kupfurikidza nokudzikamiswa kwomutemo, varovereri vemhosva, vatongi, uye vatongi. Kunzwisisa muitiro uyu unokosha kwete bedzi nokuda kwenyanzvi dzemitemo asi nokuda kwomugari ari wose anoda kupinda mukuwirirana nenhau dzakafanira, kuzvidavirira, uye kodzero dzavagari vemo. Ikoku kupfuudza nhano inopfuutswa kupfurikidza nedariro yomutemo inovamba kunzvera mamiriro ezvinhu okupedzisira enhau nechinhu chakakwirira, mitemo, uye zvomene.

Nzvero Yapamberi Pekumborega: Matangire Anoita Mhaka

Kusungirwa kwomutemo kusati kwagona kuitika, kunowanzoita nzvero kuunganidza ufakazi ndokutanga chisakiso chisingabvumiki. Chisakiso chapamutemo chinoda maidi akakwana kutungamirira munhu ane mufungo kudavira kuti utsotsi hwakaitwa uye kuti munhu chaiye ahuite. Kunzvera kungavamba munzira dzinoverengeka:

  • [[FLT: 0] Mishumo yeCIT: Munyajambwa kana kuti mapurisa anopupurira, achirondedzera mubato wokunyumwira kana kuti utsotsi.
  • Officere Observatory: Mupurisa anopupurira utsotsi huri kufambira mberi kana kuti anocherechedza mufambiro unokarakadza mubato woutsotsi.
  • [[[NHAU] Mazano Akavanzika: Mashoko akavanzika kana kuti mazano asingazivikanwi anopa mashoko anogona kururamisa kumwe kunzvera, kana akatsigirwa, kana akatenderwa.
  • [[Ntodzi] Kuyera uye Kunzvera: unyanzvi hwapamhindi hunobatanidza kuongorora kwemagetsi, kunzvera DNA, uye magirabhu zvakarovedzeka nenzira inowedzera.

Mukati mouru rutivi, vakuru vakuru vangashandisa nokuda kwe rugwaro kana vachida kupinda mumusha kana kuti kutora zvinhu. Gamende yeChina inoda mvumo kuti itsigirwe nezvikonzero zvinobvira uye kurondedzera nechakananga nzvimbo inofanira kusechwa uye zvinhu zvinofanira kubatwa. Ufakazi hunowanikwa pasina bvumidzo kana kuputswa kwemitemo yepamutemo hungadzvinyirirwa pasi pomutemo [ exclusionary [, uyo unomanikidzirwa kupfurikidza nokudzivirira.

Chinoitika 1: Kusungwa

Kusungwa inguva inogarotora munhu muchitokisi. Inguva yakakomba nemhaka yokuti inonyandura nhevedzano yedziviriro dzebumbiro-mitemo (kubatanidza maruramiro okuramba wakanyarara namaruramiro kugweta) kuti mupomerwi anofanira kuziviswa bvunzurudzo ipi neipi yekodzero isati yagona kupfuurira, seizvo zvakasimbiswa mu Manda v. Arizona (19666).

Kusungwa Kusingarwi

Mutemo unosianisa pakati pamarudzi makuru maviri okusunga:

  • [[FLT: 0] Kuzorora neAraundi: Mutongi anopa murairo wokusunga pashure pokuhwirudzura danda rokuchengeta mutemo rokupika kusvikira kuchisakiso chinobvira. Chibvumikiso chinovimbisa mukuru mukuru wedare asina revi rerevo chakabvumira kubviswa kworusununguko.
  • Kusungwa kusina muganhu: Mapurisa angasungwa pasina pamutemo kana ane chisakiso uye utsotsi hunoitika kana vane chikonzero chinobvira chokudavira kuti mhaka yakaitwa. Zvisinei, kusungwa kusina pamutemo pamusha kunowanzoda migariro isina kujeka, pa Reton v. New York (1980).

Kunyora uye Kukanganwa Kwokutanga

Vachinyora mashoko omunhu wacho, vanotora minwe nemapikicha, vanoongorora mabhinya, uye vanonyora zvinhu zvose zvakaparirwa. Munhu wacho angaiswa muchitokisi chaakachengetera mapurisa achigadzirira kunyunyuta kana kuti kutumira mashoko. Panenge pari zvino, mukuru mukuru wacho ane kodzero yokufona uye yokuudzwa mhosva dzaanenge apomerwa.

Nenzira inokosha, Dare Gurusa rakarangarira kuti Foundation inoda chisarudzo chamajangarati chechisakiso chapamberi chechinobvira pashure pokusungwa kusina maruramiro(sezvikurusa mukati memaawa 48, kutoti migariro yechienzi iripo ([] muganhu weRiver padiver v. McLaughlin, 1991). Iyi chisarudzo chinoitika painozivikanwa se [[FT: 4.]

Chitayera 1,5: Zvitarisiko zveDare Rakatonga Pashure NePurectement Procedes

Nguva iri pakati pokusungwa nokutongwa ine matanho akawanda anoumba kutongwa kwose.

Kuoneka Pakutanga Nokutsunga

Pakuoneka kwokutanga, mukwirirwi anounzwa pamberi pomutongi anoverenga pomero dzacho, anopa zano mukwirirwi wekodzero dzavo, uye anogadza migariro yokusunungurwa. Bail inhau huru. Eighth Amendment inorambidza bhero yakanyanyisa, asi matare angaramba bhera yemhosva dzakakomba kana kuti kana mukwirirwi achipa ngozi kunzanga. Masangano mazhinji anoshandisa rudungwe [ rwemhosva duku, nepo nhau dzakakomba dzinoda kutongwa.

Kururamisirwa uye Kunofadza

Pamukwidziridzo, mukwirirwi anonzwa pomero dzapamutemo uye anopinda chikumbiro: chirevo, asina mhaka[, kana kuti [ kana [[FLT]] hapana makwikwi [] (kukwikwikwisana)]. Kukumbira kune mhaka kungaperekedzwa ne , kubvumirana pakati pounzirindi nedziviriro apo mutongi ane mhaka duku kana kuti anowana rumbidzo mukutsinhanhanhanwa kwokudzivisa. Kupfuura 90% kwezvinoitika zvoutsotsi muUnited States kunopedzwa nenzira yomukati, kupfurikidza negadziriro inokodzerwa kupfurikidza neiyi nzira.

Zviito Zvokutanga

Magweta anodzivirira anogaroronga zviito zvokutonga kuti adenhe nhau dzinooneka kana kuti dzinooneka:

  • [[FLT: 0] Kudzinga: Agues kuti pomero dzacho hadzina kukwana pamutemo kana kuti kukwirira kunoputsa kodzero dzomukwirirwi.
  • [[FOL:0] Kutsvaka Kudzvinyirira Ufakazi: Kutsvaka kubvisa ufakazi hunowanwa mukuputswa kweMitemo Yechina, Yechishanu, kana kuti yechitanhatu.
  • [[[FT:0] Commentaution for Cincing of Venue: Zvikumbiro zvinoendesa mutongo wacho kunzvimbo yakasiana kudzivisa kuziviswa kwenhau kunofungiranwa.
  • Motion nokuda kwokuwana: Inoda kurovererwa mhaka kuti igoverane ufakazi hwainoda kushandisa pakutonga, kubatanidza mashoko okunyora pasi pe Brady v. Maryland (1963).

Chirango 2: Kutongwa

Kana mhaka yacho isina kupedzwa nechikumbiro chemhosva, inoenderera mberi kutongwa. Kutonga idanho ravose zvikurusa nerakarongwa regadziriro yeruramisiro youtsotsi, rakagadzirirwa kusarudza kuva nemhaka kana kuti kusava nemhaka apo unoremekedza kodzero dzebumbiro remitemo dzomukwiridziri (panzvimbo pezvo ]] kukwirira kusava nemhaka [], [[FLT]] kururamira kumuedzo wapachena nowavose [, uye [[FLT]] kurura maruramiro okutarisana nezvapupu ]

Kusarudza Chiratidzo cheJury (Voir Dire)

Muitiro unotanga nokusarudza dare rinobetsera vatongi kubva kuboka ravagari vemo rinoshevedzwa nokuda kwebasa. Vatongi vose vari vaviri vanopanikira vangada kuziva rusaruro kana kuti kusawirirana kwefariro. Rutivi rumwe norumwe rungashandisa chiverengero chakaganhurirwa che [ jastrifit chiverengero che [[[FLT:]] (kurova mutongi pasina kupa chikonzero, kunyange zvazvo pahwaro hwedzinza kana kuti hwechirume, pahwaro BBSON] v. Kentucky]]) uye nhamba isingaganhuri ye [FLT:] inoparira [FLT] [FLT:] [FFLT]] [5] [i] (inenge kuti iratidziro yetsika yakajeka).

Kutaura Kwokuzarura

Kuzvidzivirira kungakurumidza kana kuti kuchengetedza mashoko akwo nokuda kwokutanga kwenyaya yako. Kutaura kwokuzarura hakusi nharo; kutaura kwechokwadi kwakaitirwa kubatsira vatongi kunzwisisa nhoroondo ichapetwa.

Kuratidzwa Ufakazi

Dare rinopa nhau yaro pakutanga, kudana zvapupu nokusuma ufakazi chaihwo kana kuti hwemavhidhiyo. Kudzivirira kune maruramiro okuyambuka - aximine uchapupu huri hwose. Mitemo youfakazi, inodzorwa neFederal Rules of Evices (kana kuti hurumende inowirirana), inoraira chinogona kubvumwa. Somuenzaniso, haasati achiwanzova anozivikanwa kana akasazivikanwa. Pashure pokunge muchuchichi agara, dziviriro ingachinja nokuda kwe [ kutonga kwekuzviratiro.], achiramba kuti hapana mutongi ane mufungo angagona kuwana mhaka kupfuura nokupanikira kune mufungo.

Mudziviriri ipapo anoratidzira nhau yake, iyo ingabatanidza kudana zvapupu, kupa ufakazi hwearibi, kana kuti kuvimba nechipupuriro chenyanzvi. Mukwiridzirwi ane maruramiro ebumbiro remitemo kusapupurira; kana vakasarudza kusadaro, muchuchisi haagoni kutsinhira pamusoro porunyararo irworwo ( Griffin v. California). Pashure pokunge dziviriro yagara, mupomeri angapa ufakazi hunopa ufakazi husingabvumiki.

Kutaura Kunopfiga uye Mirayiridzo

Mutongi ipapo anorairidza vatongi pamusoro pomutemo unoshanda, kubatanidza rondedzero youtsotsi, mutoro woufakazi (kunze kwokusava nechokwadi kune mufungo), uye zvinhu zvinotongwa zvinofanira kubvumikisa. Vatongi ipapo vanorega basa noune kuti vapinde mudare.

Kupa Mhosva

Vatongi vanofanira kusvika chisarudzo chakabatana mumhaka dzoutsotsi mudare rehurumende uye munyika zhinjisa. Kana vasingagoni kubvumirana pashure perangariro yakatambanudzwa, mistum tritrial[ inoziviswa, uye mhaka inganzi yapiwazve nedare idzva rinobetsera. Kana chisarudzo chacho chiri guilty[[[[FLT]], mhaka yacho inomira kutongera kuranga. [[FLT:], mukwidziridziridzi], anosunungurwa uye haagoni kuidzwazve nokuda kwemhosva imwe cheteyo pasi pe [FLT:] Jeopard Clauscella [FF]]

Chinoitika 3: Kutongerwa

Kutongerana inzvimbo apo dare rinotonga mukwiridziri ane mhosva. Inowanzova nhanho inoguma, ine migumisiro inoparira upenyu nokuda kwomukwiridziri, vanyajambwa, uye nzanga. Miitiro yokutongera kutongwa inosiyana zvikuru nokudzorwa uye kurongwa kwemhosva, asi dzimwe nheyo ndedzomunyika yose.

Kupa Mirayiridzo Neuchenjeri Hwokutonga

Maganhu akawanda anoshandisa nhungamiro dzinotenderwa pashure pekutonga kweDare Gurusa dzinopa ruvara runorumbidzwa rwakavakirwa paukombi hwemhosva yacho uye nhau youtsotsi yomukwidziridziri. matare eFederal, somuenzaniso, anofanira kushanda pasi peU.S. Vatongi vanofanira kurangarira nhungamiro asi vangabva kumusoro kana kuti kudzika kana vawana migariro inodzongonyedza. Masangano avo amene: anoshandisa kubvisa miganhu (materu) mamwe mapepa mumamwe (maganhuro), mumamwe (2005). Vatongi vanofanira kurangarira nhungamiro asi vachienda kumusoro kana kuti kumusoro.

Zvinhu Zvinorangarirwa Pakutongerwa Mutongo

Vatongi vanoyera zvinhu zvakawanda:

  • [ Mhosva nemigariro yeutsotsi: Ko utsotsi hwakanga huri hwamasimba masimba kana kuti husina masimba masimba here? Ko chombo chakashandiswa here? Kwaiva nekuvadziko huru kuvanyajambwa here?
  • Mutsigiri weNhau dzeCriminal History: zvitendero zviri pamberi pazvo zvinowanzotungamirira kumitongo ine hasha zvikuru, pane dzimwe nguva yakawedzerwa mu “mitemo mitatu”.
  • [[[NHAU]] Zvinhu zvinoparira: Kushaikwa kwechinyorwa chapamberi, zera rouduku, nhau dzoutano hwendangariro, batira pamwe nezviremera, kana kuti kuzvidemba kwechokwadi kungaderedza kukomba.
  • Zvinhu zvinowedzera:[[FT: 1] Utsinye, kufanorongera, kudenha vanyajambwa vasina dziviriro, kana kuti kuita utsotsi apo panenge pane kurangwa kunogona kuwedzera chirango.
  • Mashoko eMitemo yeTsinga: Vanyajambwa kana kuti mhuri dzavo vangataura kudare, vachirondedzera kuvadziko yemirangariro neyemari yeutsotsi.

Kutongwa Kwakasiyana - siyana

Matare ane mitongo yakawanda yaanosarudza, kwete yokungosungwa chete:

  • Kuisa mujeri: (pamutsetse wemhosva wegore rimwe kana kuti kupfuura) kana kuti jeri (nokuda kwezvisakafanira kana kuti mashoko mapfupi).
  • Chiratidzo: Mukwirirwi anoramba ari munzanga iri pasi poutarisiri, achiva mumigariro yakadai sokuedza mirimo, nguva dzokusvika pamba, uye zvikamu zvenguva dzose zvechekedzo.
  • [[[FT:0] Finitsi neRestitution: Zvirango zvemari zvinobhadharwa kuhurumende (mafaro) kana kuti zvakananga kuna nyajambwa (upfumi).
  • [[FMT:0] Basa rekommoni: Basa risingabhadharwi nokuda kwesangano rehurumende kana kuti risingapinduri.
  • Kuisa mitongo yemifungo: Kubatanidza matare emirimo, matare outano hwendangariro, kusungwa mumba, kuongorora kwemagetsi, kana kuti gadziriro dzevaraidzo.

Munyaya dzinouraya, mutongo wacho ungava rufu, kunyange zvazvo kushandiswa kwechirango chorufu kwaderera zvikuru uye kunofanira kuongororwa zvakasimba nebumbiro remitemo muSendrometer.

Kupfuudza: Kukwirira uye Kupfuura

Kukwirira hakusi kutsva; kuongorora zvikanganiso zvepamutemo zvingava zvakakanganisa mugumisiro wacho. Zvikonzero zvinowanzoitwa zvokukwirira zvinosanganisira mirayiridzo yedare isina kururama, kubvuma zvisina kukodzera umboo, kutadza kubhadhara mutongo, kana kuti kushaya zano.

Kupedza Kudzidza

Mukwikwidzi anonyora chiziviso chekukwirira uye anopa zvikanganiso zvakati zvakati. Muchuchisi anofaidza mhinduro, uye dare redare ringanzwa nharo dzinotaurwa. Kana dare rikawana mhosho inotenderwa, ingashandura kutongwa, kurayira kutonga kutsva, kana kuti kuderedza mutongo. Kana kukwirira kwacho kutsigirwa, mupomeri angatsvakazve kuhwirudzurwa mudare repamusorosoro rehurumende kana kuti Dare gurusa reU.S.

Kurwisa Kwamakororo: Habeas Corpus uye Rusununguko Rwapashure

Pashure pokunge kukumbira kwakananga kwapera, vakwirirwi vangatsvaka arpus nyaradzo mudare rehurumende, vachitaurira kuti kuiswa kwavo mutorongo kunoputsa kodzero dzebumbiro remitemo. Iyi mushonga wechienzi, unoganhurirwa nemitemo yeprocedal ne Anti Procrobistic and Effective Deact Penalty Act (AEDPA). Hurumende yapashure pekukumbira kwechibvumirano chinobvumirawo vasungwa kumutsa ufakazi huchangobva kuwanwa, kutaura kwokusava nemhaka chaiko, kana kuti betsero inoshanda yezano iyo yakanga isingadzorwiswi zvakafanira pakukwidza kwakananga.

Kuparidzwa, Kuitwazve, uye Kudzorwa

Nokuda kwavanopomerwa kutorongo, ingagona kuva inowanika pashure pokubatira chikamu chomutongo. Parole mapuranga anoyera kana musungwa akagadzirira kusunungurwa. Miganhu mizhinji yabvisa kana kuti kuganhurirwa kwakakomba, panzvimbo pezvo kuraira vasungwa kubatira chikamu chakatemwa chetongero yavo. Pashure pokusunungurwa, vanhu vamwe navamwe kazhinji kazhinji vanotarisana nedenho dzinokosha, kubatanidza kuwana basa, dzimba, uye kudzorera zvisungo zvemhuri. Kudzorwa kweparale kana kuti migariro yokuranga.

Mupeto: Kukosha Kwokunzwisisa Zvazvinenge Zvichiitwa

Gadziriro yorutongeso rwoutsotsi haisi muitiro wedare wakapfava. Igadziriro inoshanda, inodzorwa kuti idzikamise kusasarura, ichengetedze mutemo nekodzero dzomunhu oga, uye chengeteko yavose nebviro yokudzorerwa. Chikamu chiri chose (kubva pakunzvera pashure pokubvuma) kuhwirudzura) zvinobatanidza zvisarudzo zvokutsoropodza zvinogona kutapura zvikuru upenyu hwevose vanobatanidzwa. Kupfurikidza nokunzwisisa idzi nhano, vadzidzi, vadzidzi, uye vagari vemo vanogona kuyera zviri nani simba retsika neutera, kutsigira chinjo apo kunodikanwa, uye kupinda muhurukuro pamusoro peruramisiro munzanga inosarudzwa navanhu.

Kuravazve panheyo dzebumbiro-mitemo dzemiitiro youtsotsi, ona Pwebsite ye nokuda kwokupeta-pfuurwa kwemiitiro yepamberi pedare neyokuedza. ACLU’s Justice [ inopa zviwiro zvokutongera kupiwa mitongo nezvinotsiva kuiswa. Mitemo yemitemo pakugadzirwa kwenhau neratimedzo inogona kuwanikwa pa [[[FLT: 4.]BUUREU yeMitekiso yeSangano yeSangano. Kunzwisisa vagadziri vegadziriro yegadziriro iyi inhano yokutanga kukuita kuti ive necherekedzo yeruramisiro.