Chitanga: Chibvumirano Chisina Kutaurwa Chinochinja Vanhu

Pfungwa yebvumirano yenzanga ipfungwa inotangira muuzivi hwezvematongerwe enyika inoongorora zvibvumirano zvengano pakati pavanhu kuti vaumbe nzanga nehurumende. Inomutsa mibvunzo inokosha pamusoro porudzi rwechiremera, kudzora, uye kodzero dzevanhu vari muboka. Pakutanga, chibvumirano chenzanga inobvunza: [ nei tichiteerera mitemo? Chinopa nyika yacho kuva yapamutemo? Uye apo inoruramiswa kudzivisa kana kuti kubvisa hurumende isina kururama? Iyi mibvunzo haisiwo dzidzowo zvayo; vanoisa hurumende yehurumende yehurumende yekare, inopesvedzera mutemo wemitemo yemitemo yepamutemo, uye yechimiro chavanhu. Kubva pakubhadhara mitero kuti vatevere mitemo yokuzvitoro, chibvumirano chenzanga chinoshanda sei sedzikanodzikamiso yavanhu nechengeteko? [[FLTLT:1] Iyi mibvunzo iyi haisingoriwowowo younyanzvi yezvokudzora utongi hwese.

Shoko rokuti "chibvumirano chenzanga" rimene rinokarakadza chibvumirano chokuzvidira, bva hakuna gwaro renhau rinonyora chinyorwa chakadaro. Panzvimbo pezvo, rinobatira senzvero yemifungo yakadai senzira yokufungidzira nayo upenyu hwaizova hwakaita sei pasina hurumende ( "chigadziko chechisiko") uye kurangarira pamusoro porudzi rwekudzora vanhu vanosarudza. Nyaya ino inonongedzera kushanduka rondedzero yebvumirano yenzanga kubva pamavambo ayo eNjerevo kusvikira kukushandiswa kwayo kwazvino uno, kunzvera nheyo dzinokosha, kunzvera kurukurirano dzapanguva ino, uye kutaura nezvechibvumirano chikuru chenzanga. Kupfurikidza nokunzwisisa chibvumirano chenzanga, tinowana nzwisiso mukurukurirano inopfuurira pakati perusununguko rwemunhu oga nenhevedzano yenzanga.

Munhau Yakatangira: Vazivi Vakarondedzera Chibvumirano

Chibvumirano chetsika chine mavambo acho mumabasa avazivi vanoverengeka vane pesvedzero, zvikurukuru mukati menhambo yeChenjero. Nhamba huru dzinobatanidza Thomas Hobbes, John Locke, naJean-Jacques Rousseau, chimwe nechimwe chichipa mirangariro yakasiyana parudzi rwavanhu uye kudikanwa kwokutonga. Mifungo yavo yakaumbwa nenyongano yezvamatongerwe enyika yenguva dzavo muEngland, madzimambo echiziviso muFrance, uye kumuka kwekodzero dzavanhu. Pamwe chete, vakaisa hwaro hwemifungo yezvamatongerwe enyika yazvino uno.

Thomas Hobbes: Kutya naChangamire Akakwana

Hobbes, mu1651 basa rake. Iye akarondedzera mufananidzo unotyisa wehondo yenguva dzose ye "munhu ari wose," inosundwa namakwikwi, kukwikwidzwa, uye mbiri. Kupukunyuka iyi nyongano yehurumende. Vanhu vose vakabvuma kuisa rusununguko rwakati kuchiremera chakakwirira mukutsinhana nokurongeka. Nokuti Hobbes, chibvumirano chavanhu chakanga chiri nguva imwe chete, kuchinjirwa simba kumutongi (kana kuti ungano). Iye akadavira kuti hurumende ipi neipi, kunyange imwe inodzvinyirira, inoda kukunda kudzorwa kwemugariro wakarurama.

Key Hobbesian Idea: `Masangano, asina munondo, mashoko bedzi." – Hobses akataura kuti chiremera chebatira pamwe chiri madikanwa kumanikidzira chibvumirano chenzanga.

John Locke: Kodzero Dzechisiko Namaruramiro Okumukira

Locke akapa murangariro une tariro zvikuru wohunhu. Mubasa rake ra 1689 Treases 2 of Government, akaseka kuti vanhu vane maruramiro omuzvarirwo kuupenyu, rusununguko, uye zvinhu. Mukuwirirana naLocke, mugariro wechisiko hausi hondo yavose asi mugariro worusununguko rwakakwana unodzorwa nomutemo wechisiko. Chibvumirano chamagariro, ipapo, chibvumirano chokuumba hurumende inodzivirira idzi maruramiro apakuvamba enguva ino. Crucily, Collet revolution ye chibvumirano:[FLD:3] kana hurumende ikaputsa kuchengetedzwa kwayo. [5]

Kusimbisa kwaLocke pahurumende yakaganhurirwa nekodzero dzezvinhu kwakamuita mhare yetsika dzinodzorwa netsika. Zvisinei, vatsoropodzi vanocherekedza kuti chiono chake chaibvisa vakadzi, varombo, uye vanhu vakaiswa muuranda mukutora rutivi kwakazara mubvumirano, pfundo rakanzverwa mumasangano amadzimai apashure.

Pesvedzero Yerokudzora Kwazvino Uno

Pfungwa dzeLocke dzakasimbiswa mu "kutendera dzidziso inodzorwa" inowanwa mumabumbiro emitemo akawanda. U.S. Declaration of Independence[ inoratidzira mutauro wake: "Hurumende dzinotangwa pakati pavarume, dzinowana masimba avo akarurama kubva pakubvumira kwavadzorwi. Iyi gadziriro inopfuurira kuumba nharo pamusoro pohuhurumbiso hwehurumende, kodzero dzakavanzika, uye ganhuriro dzesimba rehurumende.

Jean-Jacques Rousseau: Mutungamiriri Wehurumende Anoda uye Anounganidza Rusununguko

Rousseau, mubhuku rake ra1762 Contract yenzanga, yakafunga nzira yakasiana. Iye akadavira kuti mumugariro wechisiko, vanhu vaiva vane utsinye hwakaisvonaka, vakashatiswa nepepuko nezvinhu zvavo voga. Rusununguko rwechokwadi, haruwanwi mukuita chipi kana chipi chinodiwa asi mukuteerera mitemo iyo munhu ane ruoko mukusika. Chibvumirano chamagariro, chaRousseau, ibvumirano yokuumba boka ("pfumi vanhu") inoshatisa pfungwa inodzorwa neyavoruzhinji. Mufungo wapamhiko wehurumende yehurumende yehurumende yechishambadzo.

ROusseau' Fousmous Option: "Munhu anoberekwa akasununguka, uye kwose kwose iye ari muketani". – Chibvumirano chenzanga chinopa nzira yokuenda nayo kuketani idzodzo dzapamutemo kupfurikidza nokuzvitonga kwavazhinji.

Nheyo Huru Dzomubatanidzwa Wenzanga

Pasinei nemisiyano iri pakati pevazivi, mitemo inoverengeka inobatanidza dzidziso dzechibvumirano chenzanga.

  • Chibvumirano chaMutunial: Vanhu vamwe navamwe vanobvuma (zvisingabvumiki kana kuti zvisizvo) kuumba nzanga ndokuchengeta mitemo yayo. Kubvuma kunogona kuratidzirwa kupfurikidza nokuvhota, kuva mugari wemo, kana kuti kungogara munharaunda yehurumende.
  • Mitezo yenzanga inogoverana mitoro yokuchengeta nhevedzano, kugovera zvinhu zvavose, uye kudzivirira maruramiro. Ikoku kunobatanidza kubhadhara mitero, kushanda pamajaritari, uye kutora rutivi muupenyu hwomunharaunda.
  • Ukuru noUtongi: Mutumbi unodzora (mambo, mutezo womutemo, kana kuti bumbiro remitemo) unotangwa kuti utsigire mitemo, kupedza gakava, uye kudzivirira zvakanaka zvavose. Simba romuviri unotorwa mukubvumira kwavadzorwi.
  • Vagari vemo vanochengeta maruramiro okudenha kana kuti kuchinja hurumende kana ikakundikana kutsigira chibvumirano chenzanga. Ikoku kunogona kutora chimiro chesarudzo, kusateerera kwavagari vemo, kana kuti, muzvinoitika zvakanyanyisa, chinjo.

Nheyo idzi hadzisi dzenguva dzose; dzinochinja nemamiriro ezvinhu enzanga. Somuenzaniso, pfungwa ye "kubvuma" yakawedzera kubatanidza kudzokororwa kwechinhu chose, nepo kubatanidzwa kwemutoro unochengetwa nemhoteredzo zvino kunobatanidza chengeteko yenzanga negarikano.

Mubatanidzwa Wenzanga Munzanga Yazvino Uno

Mukurukurirano dzenguva ino, chibvumirano chenzanga chinopfuurira kupesvedzera rondedzero yezvamatongerwe enyika nomuitiro. Chinoshanda somutoo wokunzwisisa ukama pakati pavanhu nehurumende, zvikurukuru munzanga dzedemocracy umo kuva pamutemo kwehurumende kunotorwa mukubvumirana kwavadzorwi. Vazivi vazvino uno vakadudzirazve chibvumirano chenzanga kupedza nhau dzeruramisiro, kusaenzana, uye udzori hwenyika yose.

Johane Haana Kuberekwa Naro: Kururamisira Sokururama

Chibvumirano chazvino uno chinopesvedzera zvikurusa chetsika dzenzanga ndi John Rawls, ane basa ra1971 Chitendero cheRuramisiro cheTsigiro[ chakamutsidzira gamuchidzanwa retsika dzetsika. Radl akafungidzira nzvimbo inofungidzirwa "yapakuvamba" umo vanhu vanosarudza nheyo dzeruramisiro seri kwe "kusaziva". Kusaziva mugariro wavo vamene wenzanga, mano okuita zvakanaka, kana kuti kurangarira zvakanaka. Mumigariro iyi, vairangarira nheyo mbiri: (1) kuenzana maruramiro ezvose, uye (2) kusava nomugariro wezvemari zvakarongwa kuti vabetsere betsero yapamhindwa (kupesana kwenheyo"). Chikaro chamagariro chenzanga hachisi chisati chiri chibvumirano pamusoro pemitengo pamusoro pemiteo yetsika yavose. [F]

Vatsoropodzi Vemikaha

Robert Nozick, mu [[FL:0] Akharchy, State, uye Utopia [7974], akapa chitendi chebumbiro remirayiridzo: nyika duku inomanikidzira nokudzivirira maruramiro ezvinhu asi isingaparadzi pfuma. Nozick akapikisa kuti kutsinhanisa kuisa kutsinhano yorusununguko rwomunhu, kuchiiita kuti isawirirane nebvumirano yechokwadi yenzanga yakavakirwa patsinhano yokuzvidira. Iyi kurukurirano pakati peRayples naNozick inoramba iri pakati pouzivi hwezvamatongerwe enyika hwazvino uno.

Ruramisiro Yenzanga Nebvumirano Yenzanga

Tsinhiro dzazvino uno dzebvumirano yenzanga dzinowanzosimbisa nhau dzeruramisiro yenzanga nokuenzana. Vazivi vakadai saJohn Rawls vakakura papfungwa yacho, vachisimbisa kuti chibvumirano chakarurama chenzanga chinofanira kuva nechokwadi chokuti mitezo isina betsero duku haisiyiwi. Iyi nheyo inoratidzwa mumitemo yakadai semitero inofambira mberi, kutarisirwa kwoutano hwepasi pose, uye dzidzo yavose (jere) inoruramiswa sezvinodikanwa kuchengeta chibvumirano chenzanga chine maruramiro enzanga. Zvisinei, dzikamo chaiyo pakati perusununguko nokuenzana inosara. Somuenzaniso, gakavadzano pamusoro pekugadziridzwa kwegarikano, mari shomanene, uye muitiro wedzimba inharo huru pamusoro pezvinofanira kusimbiswa nechibvumirano chenzanga.

Mirangariro Yenyika Yose: Kupfuura Rudzi

Tsika dzakasiyana - siyana uye nzanga dzine tsananguro dzadzo, dzinoratidza tsika dzomunzvimbomo uye nhau dzakapoteredza. Kunzwisisa pfungwa idzi dzakasiyana - siyana kunopfumisa hurukuro pamusoro pokutonga uye nzanga. Somuenzaniso:

  • Traditions: MuEast Asia, tsinhirano yenzanga norudzidziso rwavana kazhinji kazhinji zvinotanga pakodzero dzomunhu oga. Chibvumirano pano chingava chakajeka zvishoma, chakadzika midzi mumabasa akabatanidzwa pakati pomutongi nenhau.
  • Mifungo yezvamatongerwe enyika inoshamisa: Mifungo ye shura (chibvumirano) uye ijma[ (consensus) inopa mimwe mienzaniso yokuita chisarudzo cheboka, pane dzimwe nguva yakaratidzirwa sesungano yakajeka pakati pomutongi nenzanga.
  • Utongi hwemo: Marudzi mazhinji eIndaneti ane zvibvumirano zvawo amene, zvinomirira zvibvumirano zvenzanga pakati pavanhu vakasiana. Munyika dzakadai seCanada neNew Zealand, kurukurirano dzebvumirano dzazvino uno dzinoedza kuyananisa kusaruramisira kwenhau.

Kudyidzana kwenyika dzepasi pano kunodenhawo chibvumirano chenyika chenyika yokuchamhembe. Nhau dzakadai sechinjo yemamiriro okunze, kutama, uye kutengeserana kwamarudzi ose dzinoda zvimiro zvehurumende zvinopfuura miganhu. Vazivi vakakarakadza "zvibvumirano zvenzanga zvenyika yose" izvo zvinotambanudzira maruramiro nemitoro kuvanhu vose, kana kuti kunyange kumhuka dzisiri vanhu nezvizvarwa zvomunguva yemberi. Encyclopedia yokupinda paruramisiro yenyika yose [ inonzverazve iyi mifungo.

Mabhuku Anotaura Nezvenzanga

Pasinei zvapo nerevo yayo, rondedzero yenzanga yakatarisana nemhesano dzenzvimbo dzakawanda. Vamwe vanotaura kuti ichivako chengano chisingamiriri nenzira yakarurama maumbirwe kana kuti kushanda kwenzanga. Vamwe vanotaura kuti inogona kushandiswa kururamisa kusaenzana kana kuti hurumende dzinodzvinyirira. Pasi apa pane dzimwe dzenzvimbo dzinonyanyokosha.

Chiremba Woutere: Ndiani Akasiiwa Mudare Ravarwi?

Vatsigiri vemitengo yavakadzi vakakumbira chibvumirano chenzanga nokuda kwokubviswa kwazvo kwavakadzi namapoka akaderera. Vanopikisa kuti rondedzero dzegamuchidzanwa dzenzanga dzinowanzova nomurangariro wavanhurume ndokukundikana kutsanangura zvinoitika nekodzero zvavanhu vose. Carole Pateman rakabvisa bhuku ra 1988 [[FLT:] Sexual Contract ichiratidzo: iye anotaura kuti chibvumirano chenzanga chakavakirwa pa "chibvumirano chevatano" icho vakadzi vakazviisa pasi pavanhurume. Vakadzi kazhinji kazhinji vaibviswa mubvumirano yapakuvamba, yakaiswa kunzvimbo yapachivande, uye yainyimwanwa goveranwa muupenyu hwezvamatongerwe enyika. Nenzira yakafanana nakafanana Susan Okin chakaratidzira kuti chifukidzwa chokusaziva murondedzero yemabhishopuko anoramba kupfurikidza nazvinonzi.

Nokuda kwechiono chakakwana, ona Encyclopedia pahuzivi hwezvamatongerwe enyika hwavakadzi .

Mirangariro Yapashure Penyika: Mubatanidzwa Somugariro WokuMadokero

Nyanzvi dzapashure pekugara munyika dzinodenha kuvadziko yose yebvumirano yenzanga, dzichitaura kuti kazhinji kazhinji inoratidzira mirangariro yemadokero uye ingasashanda kunzanga dzisiri dzeWestern. Vatsigiri nokuda kwemutoo wakawanda unobatanidza mamiriro etsika akasiyana- siyana nenhau. Somuenzaniso, chibvumirano chenzanga chakashandiswa kururamisa udzori hwehurumende: (1997), chinotaura kuti masangano eEurope aibatanidza vanhu ava "vhokai" uye kuti aifanira kuunzwa pasi pehurumende yakarurama. Vatsoropotesi vakafanana naCharles Milles, mu Contract [[FL:]] [1997])], anopikisa kuti masangano makuru enzanga chaizvoizvo iko bvumirano yenzanga iko zvamazvirokwazvo ibvumirano yebvumirano yebvumirano yehurumende.[FOct:] uye inodikanwa kudzorongedzero dzinobatanidza vanhu muruvara ruvara rwamarudzi ose.

Mufundisi Nechikwata Chavamiriri

Vamwe vanopandukira hurumende vanoramba chibvumirano chenzanga chose chose, vachiramba kuti hurumende ipi neipi inoputsa kuzvitonga kwomunhu oga. Vanotaura kuti rusununguko rwechokwadi runoda songaniro yokuzvidira pasina kumanikidza, uye kuti chibvumirano chenzanga chinongova hacho ruramiso nokuda kwoudzori hwehurumende pakushanda nesimba. Vanamubatanidzwa vehurumende, saNozick, vanogamuchira chibvumirano chakaganhurirwa asi vanoshora kupiwa. Munguva ino, varongi vehurumende vanoisa muedzero zvinhu zvavose uye zvibvumirano zvokuzvidira sezvitsivi zvehurumende. Izvi zvitendero zvinongodzosa miganhuro yebvumirano yenzanga, vachibvunza kana chimiro chipi nechipi chechiremera chehurumende chichigona kuva chapamutemo.

Zvinetso Zvokutya: Kubvumirana Kuriko Chaizvoizvo Here?

Chisarudzo chinoshanda chine chokuita nechinhu chaichoicho chokubvumirana. Vanhu vazhinjisa vanoberekerwa munzanga isina kumbobvumirana zvakajeka kumitemo yayo. Tacit remonence (zvikurukuru, kupfurikidza nokugara munyika) kazhinji kazhinji haina simba; vagari vemo vangasava nechisarudzo chaichoicho chokusiya. Uyezve, kuvhota hakune revo nguva dzose, zvikurukuru munzanga dzine zvisarudzo zvakaganhurirwa kana kuti kubvisa kwapamitevedzero. Kana kubvumirana kuri kwokusabvumirana kwenzanga kungagara panzvimbo yakakomba. Bva vatsigiriri vanoti rondedzero yacho inopa mupimo nokuda kwokuyera masangano panzvimbo pokurondedzera mavambo awo.

Kupedzisa: Kukokwa Kunoramba Kuchienderera

Pfungwa yebvumirano yenzanga inoramba iri nzvimbo inokosha yokubvunza muuzivi hwezvematongerwe enyika. Inotikurudzira kurangarira zvibvumirano zvedu semitezo yenzanga uye mitoro inouya nayo. Sezvatinofamba munzanga nezvamatongerwe enyika zvakaoma kupfurikidza nokuparadzana, kusaenzana, uye njodzi dzenyika yose (8) kunzwisisa chibvumirano chenzanga kunogona kutibetsera kusimudzira kurukurirano pamusoro pokutonga, kodzero, uye ruramisiro. Inotiyeuchidza kuti chiremera chezvamatongerwe enyika hachisi chinhu chinopiwa asi chivimbo, chinofanira kuvandudzwa nguva dzose kupfurikidza nokutora rutivi, kuzvidavirira, uye kuchinja.

Pakupedzisira, chibvumirano chenzanga chinotidenha kurangarira kuti tingaita sei nzanga dzinotsigira chiremera nekodzero zvavanhu vose, tichivimbisa nguva yemberi yakarurama neinowirirana. Iyi haisati iri bvumirano yenguva imwe chete asi chinyorwa chinopfuurira chekurukurirano(a chipenyu chakanyorwa nechizvarwa chimwe nechimwe. Kungava kupfurikidza nokuvhota, kuita mabasa echiito, kana kuti mabasa ezuva riri rose echinzwano. Mubvunzo ndouyu: Tichakudza mashoko acho here?