Kunzwisisa Uchangamire Munyika Yazvino Uno

Utongi inzvimbo inovakirwa gadziriro yamarudzi ose yazvino uno. Inoratidzira chiremera chokupedzisira chehurumende kuzvitonga imene, isina vhiringidzo yokunze. Uyu murangariro, nepo uchiwanzorangarirwa kuva wakaoma zvikuru uye wakashanduka nenzira inokosha kwamazana amakore. Kunzwisisa mativi ouchangamire (ihwo hwaro mukati nekunze, mavambo ahwo enhau, uye denho dzawo dzenguva ino (zvinokosha kunzwisisa kuti nyika dzinosimbisa sei kuzvitonga kwadzo uye dzinoshandira pamwe. Kubva kurugare rweWephalia kusvikira kunharo dzakapoteredza upfumi hwenyika yose, uchangamire hunoramba huri nheyo yesimba netsinharo.

Utanhamari Hwouchangamire

Uchangamire hahusati huri pfungwa yorumwe rutivi; hunonzverwa zvahwo mumarenzi makuru maviri: uchangamire hwomukati nohwekunze.

Uchangamire Hwomukati

uchangamire hwehurumende hunonongedzera kuchiremera chikurusa chiri munyika yakapiwa. Isimba rehurumende kuita ndokuita kuti mitemo iteererwe, kuchengeta nhevedzano, uye kutarisira nhau dzayo dzomumba pasina chiremera chipi nechipi chinopesana mukati memiganhu yayo. Iyi pfungwa yakavakirwa mupfungwa yokuti hurumende ine chiremera choga pakushandiswa kwapamutemo kwesimba, sezvinotaurwa nenyanzvi yenzanga Max Weber. Chikamu chikuru chouchangamire hwemukati chinobatanidza:

  • [[FOLT:0] Chiremera chemitemo: Simba rokugadza, kududzira, uye kumanikidzira gadziriro yapamutemo inoshanda kuvanhu vose namasangano ari mukati mehurumende.
  • Control: Kukwanisa kubhadhara mitero, kutarisira mari yavose, uye kugovera pfuma nokuda kwemabasa avose akadai sedzidzo, tarisiro youtano, uye zvinhu.
  • Kuchengetedza: Kodzero yakakwana yokuchengeta mapurisa nehondo kuva nechokwadi chechengeteko yomumba uye kudzivirira tyisidziro dzokunze.
  • Kusvika kwoutarisiri: Ungwaru hwokushandisa mitemo nemirau mundima yose, kuvambira panzvimbo dzomumaguta kusvikira kunharaunda dzomumaruwa dziri kure.

Chimiro chinorasikirwa nouchangamire hwomukati (somuenzaniso), mukati mehondo yavagari vemo kana kuti kuputsika kwehurumende (h] nharaunda kuti dzishande sesangano rezvamatongerwe enyika rinowirirana, kazhinji kazhinji kuchitungamirira kukusava nesimba uye kusagadzikana kwakapararira.

Uchangamire Hwavasiri Vako

Chirevo chokunze chine chokuita nokuzivikanwa kwokuzvimirira kwehurumende kunoitwa nedzimwe nyika uye vatambi vamarudzi ose. Ibvumwa kuti hurumende ine maruramiro okuita ukama hwayo imene hwokumwe, kupinda muzvibvumirano, uye kutora rutivi mumasangano amarudzi ose pasina kuva pasi pesimba ripi neripi rokunze. Unhu uhwo hunowanzorongwa kupfurikidza nokuziva kwemibatanidzwa. Kuti nyika ifarikanye uchangamire hwakazara hwokunze, inofanira kuva nahwo chaizvoizvo:

  • DAPLATICK: Kugamuchirwa kwomuzvarirwo nedzimwe nyika dzinotonga, kazhinji kazhinji kwakagadzwa kupfurikidza nokutsinhana kwenhume nemitezo mumitumbi yenyika yose yakadai seChibatanwa chaMarudzi.
  • Chireaty-Ingaitwa Chikuru: chiremera chapamutemo chokusaina, kunamatwa, uye kumanikidzira zvibvumirano zvamarudzi ose namamwe marudzi kana kuti masangano amarudzi ose.
  • Control pamusoro poMutemo wokuMamwe Hurumende: Mano okugadza zvinangwa zvemiitiro yokunze, kuzivisa hondo, kuita rugare, uye kutaurirana zvibvumirano zvokutengesa.
  • Kusakosha kweMiganhu: Nheyo yokuti perero yenyika yenyika inofanira kuremekedzwa namamwe marudzi, seakaiswa muChibvumirano cheSangano Romubatanidzwa Wenyika Dzapasi Pose (Artle 2(4)).

Uchangamire hwokunze hunongova hwemuzvarirwo — kunotsamira pakuzivikanwa nokugamuchirwa kwedzimwe nyika. Pasina kubvuma kwakadaro, nzvimbo ingavapo sehurumende yakashata asi isina chimiro chakakwana chapamutemo munzanga yamarudzi ose.

Kushanduka Kwomunhau Kwouchangamire

Kutanga kwahwo kunogona kurondwa nezviitiko zvinokosha zvenhau zvakachinjazve mamiriro ezvinhu ezvematongerwe enyika muEurope uye pakupedzisira nyika yose.

Rugare rweWestphalia (1648)

Zvibvumirano zvakagumisa Hondo yeMakumi Matatu yeMakore zvinorangarirwa zvikuru sokuberekwa kwegadziriro yehurumende yazvino uno. Rugare rweWestphalia rwakatanga nheyo ye cogio, eius religio, eUnion religio (une nzvimbo, rudzidziso), achisimbisa kuti mutongi mumwe nomumwe ane maruramiro okusarudza rudzidziso rwenyika yavo amene pasina kudzongonyedzwa nemasimba enyika okunze. Zvibvumirano zvakatanga pfungwa yeperero yenyika nenharo muzvimwe zviitiko zvomunyika. Uku kuWephalianian kwakava ibwe rekona reukama hweukama hwamarudzi ose, kusimbisa kuti hakuna chiremera chokunze chaMambo Mutsvene weRoma, Papa, kana kuti mumwe mambo. . .[2]

Kutanga Kwedzidziso Yokuti Vanhu Vasazviziva uye Kutsigira Magariro Evanhu

Mumazana amakore pashure peWestphalia, vafungi vakavamba kurondedzera nheyo dzechiremera chehurumende. Muzivi weFrance Jean Bodin, mubhuku rake ... Six Books of the Commonweal (1576), akaitirana nharo uchangamire hwose uye husingagumi muumambo hwakaiswa muumambo muna mambo. Gare gare, Thomas Hobbes, [[FLT:]] mu [[FLT]]] Leviatan[[[, akaumba kuti uchangamire hunoumbwa nechibvumirano chenzanga (151), uye vanhu vanopa rusununguko rwakati kumutongi mukutsinhanhanhanwa nokuda kwechengeteko nenhevedzano. John Locle, akatsinhirana kuti uchangamire hunova nevanhu, zvichiisa uchangamire hwakakurumbira. Izvi zvinopesana nemaonero okuchinja kwechinjo yezvamatongerwe enyika kubva kumazana 18 echinjo yeChirevo chinjo yehurumende chenyika yehurumende.

Kutanga Kwouchangamire Hwakakurumbira

Nheyo youchangamire hwakakurumbira inosimbisa kuti chiremera chehurumende chakabva mukubvumira kudzorwa. Iyi pfungwa yakava chinhu chikuru kurondedzero yedemokrase nokushandisa. United States Constitution inovamba ne "Isu vanhu," inodzikamisa zvakajeka hurumende itsva yehurumende mudavi reboka revagari vemo. Nokufamba kwenguva, uchangamire hwakakurumbira hwakachinja kubatanidza pfungwa dzakadai sechipfuro chechisiko chose, mumiririri wehurumende, uye dziviriro yekodzero shomanene. The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy inopa udzori hukuru hwehurumende [[FLT: 0] pauchangamire hwevagari vemone. hunorondedzera izvi zvinoitika zvouzivi.

Misiyano Youchangamire

Musayenzi yezvamatongerwe enyika, uchangamire hunowanzoiswa mumarudzi anoverengeka anowirirana anosimbisa mativi akasiyana echiremera chehurumende:

  • .LY] . Simba rapamutemo, rebumbiro remitemo rokuita mitemo. Mugadziriro yeparamende, uchangamire hwapamutemo hunogara muimba yomutemo; mugadziriro yapurezidhendi, ingagoveranwa nemukuru mukuru wehurumende nedare. Matare kazhinji kazhinji anorondedzera ganhuriro dzouchangamire hwapamutemo kupfurikidza nehwirudzuro yedare.
  • Hukuru hwePuritatic Rusarudzo: Simba chairo, rinoshanda kupesvedzera kuita zvisarudzo. Irori rinogona kumira namapati ezvamatongerwe enyika, mapoka ezviwaro, kana kuti kunyange vanhu vanopesvedzera, uye ringasawirirana nguva dzose nouchangamire hwapamutemo. Somuenzaniso, munobudisa nhau akasimba kana kuti chiuto anogona kushandisa uchangamire hwezvematongerwe enyika kupfuura miganhuro yapamutemo.
  • Uchangamire hwePapua: Dzidziso yokuti chiremera chikurusa ndechavanhu. Inoshandiswa zvapakuvamba kupfurikidza nesarudzo, macondendium, uye mamwe masangano edemokrasi. Mabumbiro emitemo akawanda anoda zvakajeka uchangamire hwakakurumbira samanyuko esimba rose rehurumende.
  • Utongi hwezvemari: Kukwanisa kwehurumende kudzora miitiro yayo imene yemari, kubatanidza muitiro wemari, mirau yezvokutengeserana, uye kutarisirwa kwamasangano amabasa. Kudyidzana kwenyika dzose kwakadzivisa zvikuru uchangamire hwemari nokuda kwamarudzi akawanda, zvikurukuru ayo ari mumubatanidzwa wemari kana kuti mungava mukuru kumasangano emari enyika dzakawanda.
  • Chisarudzo cheDigital: Mufungo mutsva unobuda muzana ramakore rechi 21, kunongedzera kudzorerwo yenyika pamusoro pegadziriro yayo yemichina, mashoko, uye interspace. Nharo pamusoro pekuchinja kwemashoko, mamiriro ezvinhu eInternet, uye uchengedzo hweIndaneti dzinoumbwa nenzira inowedzera mukuwirirana nouchangamire hwemitengo.

Zvinetso Zvinouya Ndokwouchangamire

Kunyange zvazvo uchangamire huchiri mutemo mukuru wenyika yose uye zvematongerwo enyika, kushandisa kwahwo kunoshanda kwakashorwa zvikuru nemiitiro inoverengeka yakabatana.

Kudyidzana Kwenyika Yose uye Kutsigira Kwemari

Makambani ezvokutengeserana munyika dzakawanda, mabhizimisi epasi pose, makambani ezvokutengeserana, uye misika yemari yenyika dzakawanda kazhinji kazhinji zvinopesvedzera mitemo yomumba inokwikwidzana kana kuti kupfuura yehurumende dzakasarudzwa. Nyika ingawana kuti mitemo yayo yemitero inodzorwa nemakwikwi enyika dzakawanda, kana kuti kuti mitemo yayo yezvakapoteredza inoumbwa nezvibvumirano zvebhizimisi renyika yose.

Masangano Enyika Dzakawanda uye Utongi Hwenyika Dzose

Misangano yakadai seUnited Nations, World Trade Organization, International Monetary Fund, uye European Union inoda kuti nyika dziri mitezo dzigamuchire mitemo inowirirana nemisengwa zvinoganhurira kuita kwavo chisarudzo pasina munhu. Somuenzaniso, nyika dzeEU dzakaita uchangamire hunokosha munharaunda dzakafanana negadziriro yemari (UNICEF), murairo wezvokutengeserana, uye kunyange mamwe mativi okutarisira. Kukakavadzana pakati pouchangamire hwerudzi nechiremera chenyika yose ndichimwe chinhu chinoramba chiripo chezvamatongerwe enyika. .] SATI yeUN imene] inoyera uchangamire (ARTIC2(7) negadziriro dzekudzivirira dzeChitsauko VII, izvo zvinogona kubvumira kupindira muzvinoitika zvakanyanyisa.

Kodzero Dzevanhu Nemutoro Wokudzivirira

Pashure peHulocaustt sangano ravanhu rakadenha rudzi rwakakwana rwouchangamire. Nheyo ye Responsible kudzivirira (R2P), yakagamuchirwa neUN muna 2005, inosimbisa kuti uchangamire hunobatanidza mutoro wokudzivirira vanhu pautsinye hukuru. Kana hurumende ichikundikana kuita basa iri, nzanga yamarudzi ose ingapindira, kunyange negakava rinokosha. Ikoku kunobvisa kunzwisisa kwegamuchidzanwa kwouchangamire kubva kumaruramiro ebasa, kuchimutsa gakavariro huru pamusoro pemiganhu yenyika dzisiri dzevo.

Kurwisa Kwemabhero uye Hondo Yemashoko

Kurwisa kwakadaro kunowanzooma, uye pfungwa dzegamuchidzanwa dzokuti nyika dzive nouchangamire dzinorwisa mamiriro ezvinhu epakombiyuta uye kuti dzisarudze paIndaneti. Dzimwe nyika dzakaedza kudzora zvinhu nemakombiyuta kupfurikidza nemitemo inoda kuti nyika dzive nenzvimbo yadzo (sokufanana neRussia neChina) kana kuti nokugadzira zvinhu zvinoshandiswa pakugadzira zvinhu zvinoshandiswa pakuronga zvinhu.

Kuongorora Nyaya Dzouchangamire

Kuongorora mienzaniso chaiyo kunotibatsira kuona kuti uchangamire hunoshandiswa sei, hunobatanidzwa sei, uye hunoitirwa sei.

United States: Muenzaniso Wouchangamire HweFederal

United States inogovera muenzaniso wakatanhamara wouchangamire hwakakamuraniswa pakati pehurumende yenyika nehurumende inodzorwa zvishoma. Bumbiro reMitemo reU.S. rinoparadzira masimba pakati pehurumende yehurumende nehurumende, pamwero mumwe nomumwe nokuchengeta maruramiro akati. Nepo hurumende ine chiremera chakakwana pamusoro pomutemo wokumwe, dziviriro, uye kutengeserana kwenyika, inotonga uchangamire hunokosha pamusoro pedzidzo, mutemo woutsotsi, uye utongi hwomunharaunda. Iyi hurumende pane dzimwe nguva inotungamirira kurwisano, dzakadai sekodzero dzenyika kunyoresa marijudha nerambidzo yehurumende. U.S.

Union yeEurope: Uchangamire Hwakatsakatiswa

European Union sezvinooneka ndiro nzvero ine gwinyiro gurusa mukugoverana uchangamire. Chikamu chinotonga chinoramba chiri chidzore munheyo, asi chakatamisira nokuzvidira masimba makuru eEU kunzvimbo dzakadai sezvokutengeserana, mutemo wamakwikwidza, mipimo yemhoteredzo, uye, nokuda kwedzimwe mari. pamutemo weEU unotora nzvimbo huru pamutemo wenyika munzvimbo dzakawanda, uye Dare reRuramisiro rine chiremera chokududzira mitemo iyoyo. Uyu muenzaniso we "uchangamire hwakadzorwa" unobvumira basa pamwe chete ukuwo uchichengetedza kuva nomugariro worudzi uye zvivako zvehurumende. Brettingheaterendum wakanga uri pamavambo pahuro yaro, pamusoro peuchangamire hweUnited Kingdom ichazosunungura chigamuko chose kubva kuBrussels.

China: Uchangamire Hwokutsigira Munyika Yakachinjwa

China inomirira kutsigira kwouchangamire hwehurumende kwemazuva ano kwakasimba, zvikurukuru zvichienderana nokuwedzera kwayakaita mune zveupfumi. Hurumende yeChina inochengetedza zvakasimba kudzora kuratidzwa kwezvematongerwe enyika, kuwanikwa kweInternet, uye kupesvedzera kwedzimwe nyika munyika dziri munyika dziri munyika dziri munyika, ichiramba zvakajeka zvainofunga kuti hazvisi kupindira kwainoita nyika dzokuMadokero. Panguva imwe cheteyo, China inoita basa rokudzora nyika yose, inobatana nemasangano enyika dzakawanda, uye inoita zvirongwa zvinopesvedzera kupfurikidza nezvirongwa zvakafanana neBelt neR Road Itiction. Chimiro chayo chinoratidza kuti uchangamire hahusi hahusi hahusi hahusi hahwo hahwo hahwo hunofanira kupindira musimba kuti nyika yose ishanduko yokudyidzana nenyika yose ichishandisa upfumi.

Nyika Nduku Nouchangamire

Nyika duku dzakadai seSingapore, Iceland, kana kuti nyika dzeBaltic dzinotarisana nedenho dzechienzi. Ukuru hwadzo hwehondo hwakaganhurirwa nechivimbo chemari pavavakidzani vakuru zvikuru zvinovaita kuti vave vanyajambwa kukumanikidzirwa. Nyika duku zhinji dzinoronda uchangamire kupfurikidza nemibatanidzwa yezvomubatanidzwa wesangano, yakadai semitezo yeNATO, kana kuti kupfurikidza nokushandisa mutemo wamarudzi ose. Nhau yeKosovo inoratidzira kuti uchangamire hunogona kupfuurira sei kwamakumi amakore, mamwe marudzi achiziva kuzvitonga kwawo uye mamwe anoramba kuita kudaro, zvichisiya nzvimbo yahwo yenyika yose isingadzokerwi.

Nguva Yemberi Youchangamire

Pfungwa youchangamire haisati iri yakarerekera. Sezvo ruzivo rwokugadzira zvinhu rutsva, tyisidziro dzinobatanidza nyika yose sechinjo yemamiriro okunze, uye simba rinochinja rinobva, zvinoreva uye muitiro wouchangamire zvichapfuurira kushanduka. Dzimwe nyanzvi dzinotaura kuti uchangamire huri kuparadzwa nemasimba enyika yose, nepo vamwe vachipikisana kuti hunoramba huchisimba asi huri kungogadziriswa. Kumuka kwemasangano echipultusts munyika dzakawanda kunoratidza chido chokutsigira uchangamire hwenyika hunopesana nezvinofungidzirwa kuva masangano enyika yose uye vakuru vakuru venyika.

uchangamire hahusi mugariro wakakwana, usina chinhu. Imhaka yezvinotaurwa nezviito izvo zvinotaura kuti zvinotaurirana mumhoteredzo yamarudzi ose yakaoma. Kunzwisisa ukuru hwayo, nhau, uye denho zvinokosha nokuda kwomunhu upi noupi ari kutsvaka kunzwisisa kuti nyika dzinoshandisa sei dzikamo yakakomba pakati pekuzvimirira uye kudyidzana kwehama muzana ramakore rechi 21.