Kubatanidzwa pakati pechengeteko yenyika nekodzero dzebumbiro remitemo kunomirira imwe yedenho dzinopfuurira zvikurusa nedzine gakava mukutonga kwehurumende. Kuvambira pakutangwa kweUnited States kusvikira kuzera retsika, hurumende dzakatarisana dzatarisanazve nechinetso chokudzivirira vagari vemo patyisidziro dzokunze nedzomukati nepo dzichichengeta panguva imwe cheteyo rusununguko rukuru rwakapinzwa mumitemo yavo. Uku kunyanduka hakusati kuri bedzi kurukurirano yedzidzo yedzidzo yedzidzo yezvomutemo; kunooneka mumitemo, kutonga kwedare, uye upenyu hwezuva nezuva, zvichiumba ukama pakati pehurumende nomunhu. Mubvunzo mukuru unoramba uripo sei: rudzi runogona kuvimbisa chengeteko pasina kuisa rusununguko rumene rwarunotsvaka? Nyaya iyi inonzvera nguva huru yenhau apo ichiedza, kunzvera magariro emitemo nenhau, mirangariro yetsika yetsika nenhau pamigariro yetsikano yavagari vevagari vemo, uye kunzvera nhevedzano yemigano yekodzero dzavanhu.

Nhoroondo

Kunzwisisa dzikamo pakati pechengeteko yenyika nekodzero dzebumbiro remitemo kunoda kutarira shure kuzviitiko zvinokosha zvenhau zvakachinja zvikurukuru mamiriro ezvinhu emitemo nenzanga. Nguva idzi dzinoratidza kuti njodzi dzinogona sei kukurumidzisa zviito zvehurumende izvo, kunyange zvazvo zvichiitirwa kudzivirira nyika, zvinogona kukanganisawo rusununguko rwevagari vemo. Nguva nhatu dzinokosha dzinooneka: Hondo Yenyika I, Hondo Yenyika II, uye nguva yapashure pe9/11.

Hondo Yenyika I uye Espigage Act ya1917

Mukati meHondo yeNyika I, hurumende yeU.S. yakagadza Estionage Act ya 1917, iyo vhiringidzo inopa mhaka mumabasa ehondo nokuparadzirwa kwamashoko zvinorangarirwa kuva zvinokuvadza kuchengeteka kwenyika. Uyu mutemo wakashandiswa kushora vatsoropodzi vehondo uye kudzvinyirira kusabvumirana. Chiito chakamutsa mibvunzo pamusoro pemiganhu yekutaura kwakasununguka pasi peFirst Amendment, zvikurukuru apo chengeteko yorudzi yakakumbirwa. Dare Rapamusoro gare gare gare gare gare rakataura mibvunzo iyi se [[FLT:] Scheck v. United States [19] [19], apo Justicer Sourcem Holme inonyandura njodzi iripo] uye kuidzorwa kupfurikidza nokuedza kwapamutemo pakati penyika ino.[FFFFF]

Kupindira kweAmerica muJapan Mukati meHondo yeNyika II

Zvichida muenzaniso wakaipa zvikurusa wekodzero dzebumbiro remitemo unopfuura dzose ndirwo rutsigiriso rwechiJapanese pashure pedenho paPearl Harbor. Muna 1942, Gurukota Gumi ra 9066 rakabvumira kumanikidzwa nokusungwa kwavanhu vanopfuura 120 000 vedzinza reJapan, vazhinji vavo vakanga vari vagari vemo veU.S. Hurumende yakadudza kudikanwa kwehondo nokutya SS, asi hapana ufakazi hwokusavimbika kwakapararira hwakambovapo. Dare Gurusa rinosimudzira kudzivirirwa kwapamutemo kweizvi mu Kalematsu. United States[FLT] v [FLT] [4] [4], chisarudzo chakatongerikirwa chisati chambo chenguva inopfungirwa sechipfupi. Ichi chinoramba chisariranwa chisarira kuva norutyo pamusoro pokudzivirira kwedzinza ramarudzi ose.

Chiito cheUSA PTRIOT pashure pa 9 / 11

Kudenha kwamagandanga kwaSeptember 11, 2001, kwakanyandura kukura kukurusa kwamasimba ehurumende anonzvera chifo cheHondo Yamashoko. PARITIOTT Act[[FLT 1:1], kwakapfuvura mavhiki mashomanene pashure pokudenha, kwakakudza chiremera chokudzikamisa mutemo namasangano ouchenjeri kuti atarisire kurukurirano, kusvitsa zvinyorwa zvomunhu oga, uye kudzora zvisipo zvisina mativi makuru. Zvirongwa zvakadai seCentite 215 zvakabvumira kuunganidzwa kukuru kwemitemu yemabhaisima, nepo kudzivirira kwamarudzi kwaisimbisa masangano kuti aite nokutarisira kuduku kwomutemo. Izvi zviito zvakaruramiswa sezvinodikanwa kudzivisa denho kwomunguva yemberi, asi maruramiro evagari vemo akashorwa kurambidza kunzvera kweChina kusina mufungo nokutya. Chiito chacho chakabvumirwazve kudzokororotemwa kwamashoko uye kuoma kudzorwa kwamashoko kwamashoko kwadzorwa.

Mitemo Huru uye Mhaka Dzedare

Mumazana emakore apfuura, mitemo yakasiyana - siyana uye mitemo yakasiyana - siyana yave ichitsanangura miganhu iri pakati pekuchengeteka kwenyika nekodzero dzebumbiro remitemo.

Mabasa eAlien Needertion a 1798

Rimwe rezviito zvekaresa nezvinokakavadzana zvikurusa zvesimba rekotsekano yorudzi rakanga riri Alien neReformation Mabasa, zvakasainwa mumutemo naPrezidhendi John Adams pakati pokutya hondo neFrance. Mabasa aya akaita kuti rive mhaka kubudisa “nhema, rinonyadzisa, uye rugwaro rwakaipa" mukurwisana nehurumende, uye ivo vakapawo purezidhendi chiremera chokudzinga zvisiri zvapamutemo munguva dzenjodzi dzinorangarirwa kuva dzine ngozi. Mabasa acho akaitwa nechishoro chinotyisa chakabva kuDhemocratic Republics yakadai saThomason naJames Magenhesson, uyo akapikisa kuti vakaputsa chibvumirano chokutanga. Kunyange zvazvo mabasa akapera kana kuti akadzorwa pa1802, akagadza muenzaniso nokuda kwehurumende panguva dzaizivikanwa nedzinongedzero yechiremera nedzo yechiremera pakati pechiremera choumambo.

Scheck v. United States (1919)

Sezvadudzwa mumashoko enhau, Scheck v. United States inhau inosainwa muFirst Amendment jurisprade. Charles Schenc, musocialist, akanga aparidzwa mapepa anokurudzira kutsutsumwa kwehondo mukati meHondo Yenyika I. Dare Rapamusoro rakatsigira kupwiswa kwake pasi poMutemo wokusateerera mutemo weEspiona, naMatanho kuti Kugadzirirwa kweFirmes hakudzivisi kutaura kunoparira “ngozi iripo neyapanyuro". Kuparira zvakaipa izvo Congresss ane maruramiro ane maruramiro okudzivisa. Kuedza uku kwakanatswa gare gare gare uye kunotsiviwa ne “mupimo wokusateerera mutemo weEsmo. [FLT:] Branburgburg.[3][9]

Korematsu muv.

Mu Korematsu v. United States, Dare rapamusoro rakatsigira kuva kwebumbiro remitemo reJapanese. Murangariro woruzhinji, wakanyorwa neMutongi Hugo Black, wakataura kuti kudikanwa kwokudzivirira padanho napashata kwakakurira kodzero dzeboka rimwe redzinza. Mukamuraniso wakakurumbira, Mutongi Robert H. Jackson akanyevera kuti chisarudzo “chinodokuva sechombo chakagadzirwa nesimba ripi neripi chinogona kusvitsa kutaura kwakarurama kwechinodikanwa chekurumidziro. Nhau yacho haina kutongoshatiswa chose chose chose chose, kunyange zvazvo kurangarira kwayo kwakarambwa. Muna 201818, Dare gurusa mu [FFLD:].[2]

Hamdi v. Rumsfeld (2004)

Pashure pedenho dzinosvika 9/11, varwi veU.S. vakachengetwa vakanyumwirwa, kubatanidza mugari weU.S. Yaser Hamdi, muzvivako zvehondo pasina kuvabhadharisa kana kuti kuvabvumira kusvika kuzano repamutemo. Dare Gurusa mu Hamdi v. Rumsfeld rakatonga kuti varwi vari U.S. vanofanira kuva nomukana wokudenha kusungwa kwavo pamberi pomugadziri wechisarudzo chenhau chenhau yepamutemo. Mutongi Sandra Day O’Connor akasimbisa kuti “mugariro wehondo hausi chinhu chisina kunyorwa apo unouya kumaruramiro avagari vemo vorudzi." mhaka yacho inosimbiswa mukodzero dzehurumende yeFilief Reformation haagoni kumiswa, kunyange mukurwisana nehondo.

United States v. Jones (202)

Munhambo yemitengo, nhau yehurumende yokunzvera yakatungamirira pamutemo mu United States v. Jones. Mhaka yacho yaibatanidza dhipatimendi rokunyora GPS yakaiswa pamotokari inofungidzirwa pasina pamutemo. Dare guru rakabvumirana kuti kubatana kwechishandiso chehurumende nechekuongorora kwaro kwaitevera kwaiumbwa ne “search" pasi peDemendement yechina. Zvisinei, matare akakamuramuraniswa paripo neMutongi Alito anokarakadza kuti kuongorora kwenguva refu kunopesana nokutarisira kwakavanzika kuri pakati pechinhu chakati. Iyi chiitiko chakazarura suo kuti suo kuongororwazve miitiro yokunzvera, kubatanidza kuunganidzwa kwemasero yemasero yemasero yemaserokota yemakombiyuta.

Kutapura Kusunungurwa Kwevagari Vemo

Kunyange zvazvo dzimwe ganhuriro dziri dzechinguvana, dzimwe dzinova dzakadzika midzi mumutemo nomuitiro, dzichichinja ukama hwavanhu nehurumende.

Purogiramu Yedzidzo Nezvinonetsa Vari Voga

Gadziriro dzenzvero huru, dzakadai sedzinoziviswa neripiti, dzakakudza zvikuru mano ehurumende okunzvera kurukurirano dzapachivande. Kuunganidzwa kukuru kwemifungo yerunhare pasi pePRISIOT Act, Purogiramu yePRISM inonangidzira miraudzo yeInternet, uye kushandiswa kweNational Security Letts pasina tarisiro yedare. Vatsigiri vanopikisa kuti mapurogiramu aya anotonhora kutaura kwakasununguka nesonganiro, sezvo vanhu vamwe navamwe vangaziva kuti vangagona kutarisirwa. Kuderera kwezvakavanzika kunotapurawo zvikuru vatori venhau, vatsigiriki, uye nzanga shomanene. Vatsigiriki nevoruzhinji vanopikisa kumira kumira kunzvera, asi kupfuurira kunetsa kunetsa kunetsa kwezva. [[FLT]

Kumhura Norusaruro Zvedzinza

Mipimo yechengeteko yenyika yakatarisana nenhau dzakananga mudzinza, rudzidziso, uye dzinza, zvinotungamirira kurusaruro rwakapararira. Kugovera kweJapani muenzaniso wakakomba zvikurusa, asi pashure pe 9/11 mitemo yakasarudzwawo kuvaMuslim, vaArab, uye vaSouth Asian. Programu dzakadai se [[FL:0] National Security Subvention-Exbition System (NATIBBBRANS)[FOLS] [FLLD]] inoda kuti vasavigine vasiri varwi vomunyika dzakati kuti vanyorese uye vashaye, vachiumba mamiriro okunze orutyo, vachiparira mamiriro okunze orutyo. Nepo mamwe mapurogiramu aya akabviswa, maruwaruwa anobva muchiteshiwo chenha, chemite, uye kunzvera kwokudzivisa kudzivirira muganhu. Kudzivisa bedzi kudzivirira mutemo pakati penyika yechaunga chapamutemo, zvinobvira.

Ganhuriro Parusununguko Rwokutaura Nemagungano

Munguva dzenjodzi, hurumende dzinowanzoita kuti dzinyaradze kupesana. Espione Act yeSédition ye 1918 yakashandiswa kupomera varwi vehondo. Mukati meHondo yeVietnam, hurumende yakaedza kumisa kubudiswa kwePentagon Papers, kunyange zvazvo Dare guru raitonga mu [[FLT: 0] New York Times Co. v United States [10] [107] yakamboedza kudzora zvinhu. nguva pfupi yapfuura, kushandiswa kwemitemo yokutsigira zvinhu kuti itonge vanhu vamwe nokuda kwokutaura kana kuti kupfuudzira kwaidzwa kwakarongwa. [FLT:] ActUSF] ActUS[F][FF] [FF] [5]]

Nhau Dzinotevera

Kupindirana kuripo pakati pekodzero dzenyika nekodzero dzebumbiro remitemo kuri kuramba kuchiitika nokukurumidza, zvichikonzerwa neruzivo rutsva rwekugadzira zvinhu, zviri kumuka, uye zviri kuchinja mafungiro evanhu.

Kuchengetedza Mashoko uye Kuzviziva

Kuda kuvadziko kwazova shongwe yechengeteko yorudzi, sezvo kurwisana nekodzero dzehurumende dzekuvanda, rudzikinuro, uye kuputswa kwemashoko kunotyisidzira gadziriro dzinonetsa nedzikamo yezvemari. Hurumende kupota nyika dzakagadza mitemo inoda kuti makambani agoverane mashoko etyisidziro, ashuma, uye kunyange kugovera “masumo okukurukurirana kwakavanzika. Aya anorwisana nekodzero yokuva woga nechengeteko yemaidi omunhu oga. Somuenzaniso, [[FL: 0] Kudzivirira kwamashoko Kuisa Paratimende Ruzivo (CISA)[FL:] muU.S. anokurudzira kuti makambani agoverane kutyisidzira kwechibharo nejeka, asi vatsoropo kuti kugona kushandiswa kuongorora kupfunga kwaronze kwechinangwa chayo. Dare reEurope reTenziyo yeTS.[General Union] [FFF] [F] [FF]]

Kurwisa Ugandanga Nekodzero Dzevagari Vemo

Post9/11 Mitemo inorwisana nougandanga inopfuurira kushanduka. Kushandiswa kwenharo dzinodzorwa nemhesano, kusungwa kusingachinjiki paGuantanamo Bay, uye kuuraya kwakaitirwa kupfurikidza nedronesi kunomutsa mibvunzo mikuru yebumbiro-siseko. Kutsiva nokuda kwokushandisa Simba reMibato reMibato yehondo (AMF)[FF] [FLF] yakashandiswa muna 2001 kururamisa chiito chehondo mukurwisana namapoka akawanda kupfuura ayo anobatanidzwa zvakananga muna 9/11. Vatsoropote vanoramba kuti ikoku kunoumba hondo isingagumi, inodzivisa simba rehurumende. Munguva ino, purogiramu dzepamba dzinorwisana namasimba masimba (CVE) dzakatsorongerwa nokuda kwokuvanza uye kukuvadza mitoo yose iri mizhinji. American Liber Union Union (FLL:[3]

Basa Rezvinobudisa Nhau Zvenzanga Muchengeteko Yorudzi

Masangano ezvokukurukurirana azova munondo unokosha nechekuchengeteka kwenyika. Anoshandiswawo kunyoresa nokuchinja kunoitwa nemasangano emagandanga, asiwo nokuda kwokuongorora kwehurumende uye kubvisa mashoko. Kukakavadzana pamusoro peChikamu 230 cheNhevedzo dzeNhevedzo, inodzivirira nzvimbo pamhosva dzezviri mukati momunhu, mavhenganiswa nezvinodzivirira nyika. Masangano emitemo anochengeta anoramba achitsvaka mashoko kubva kumaburiro kuti atsvake tyisidziro, asi vatsigiri vezvakavanzika vanotaurawo kuti izvi kazhinji kazhinji kazhinji hazvina kutarisirwa zvakanaka. . [FLT] Foundation Foundation Foundation (EFFFF:1]]] [FLT:]]]] zvinowanzonetsa hurumende kuongorora masangano enzanga, apo inosimudzirawo kufurira kwemashoko makuru.

Mafungiro Evanhu uye Kunyengedzwa

Mapoka okusasarura, masangano anosimudzira kufambidzana kweuswa, uye vagari vemo vose vanotsigira kukurukurirana kunopfuurira kweiyi nhevedzano.

Masangano Anoparira Rusununguko Rwevagari Vomunyika Imwe Chete

Munhau yose yeAmerica, masangano ezvouswa akadzosa kudzorwa nehurumende. Mukati meHondo Yenyika I, mapoka ehondo nevesoshalisi akarongwa mukurwisana neEspionage Act. Mukati meHondo yeVietnam, varwi vehondo vakadenha mitemo yehondo nengwariro. Nguva pfupi yapfuura, # kumisa OnlineSchinginging[ . [[FLT]] . Kubudirira kwechikamu cheChina yakashongedzera mukupindura kuNSA zvizarudzo. Masangano aya anowanzoumba mibatanidzwa iyo masangano anosunungura vanhu, makambani ezvo, masangano ezvokugadzirwa, uye vagari vemo vagari vemo vapavhu, dare, uye kurukurirano yavose. Rubudiriro rweUSAUSA Act Act mubumbiro renyika rinosvika pakudzorwa kwesimba guru renyika.

Kuvimba Nehurumende Nematanho Okuchengeteka

Kuvimba nehurumende ndiko kunochinja zvikuru mukurukurirano yenyika yechengeteko. Nzvero dzinoratidza kuti pashure pa9/11, voruzhinji veAmerica vakanga vachidisa kurasikirwa nerusununguko rwevagari vemo nokuda kwokuva vakachengeteka. Asi sezvo kuzivisa kwokubatwa zvisina kufanira kunopera. Snowden Denaption muna 2013 yakaparira kuderera kukuru kwokuvimba muzvose zviri zviviri NSA neCongress. Kuwedzera kwemaritsigiridzowo kunoita basa: Democrates neRepublicans kazhinji kazhinji kazhinji kazhinji panzvimbo yechengeteko. Somuenzaniso, 2022 Crectory Research Center yakawana kuti 71% yeves pejainments inodavira kuti transports, asi 38% bedzi inotsigira vagari vemo. Murakamo uyu unosimbisa kuchengeteka kunofanira kufamba nokuoneka pachena.

Basa Redzidzo Mukusimudzira Kungwarira

Dzidzo chishandiso chakakomba chokusimudzira vagari vemo vanoziva kuti vanogona kukwikwidzana. Kosi dzemitemo yebumbiro remitemo, magariro, uye nhau dzinobatanidza kurukurirano dzezvinetso zvechengeteko yorudzi dzinobatsira vadzidzi kunzwisisa kushambadzwa kwezvokutengeserana. Masangano akafanana ne . .Nhamba dzinobatsira vagari vemo kuti vaongorore zviremera zvekodzero dzekodzero dzekodzero dzechimbichimbichimbi uye kuti vakuru vakuru vakuru vakuru vapiwe mhosva nokuda kwokutya.

mhedziso

Chiito chokudzikamisa pakati pechengeteko yenyika nekodzero dzebumbiro remitemo chinoramba chiri chimwe chenhau dzinonetsa zvikuru munzanga dzazvino uno dzinosarudzwa navanhu. Sezvokuratidza kwaratidzwazve, nguva dzenjodzi dzinoedza hurumende kukudza masimba adzo pamutengo werusununguko rwomunhu. Bva chinangwa chaicho chebumbiro remitemo ndechokuisa ganhuriro pasimba iroro.[[FLT]] [FLT]] [1] , mativi ose emitemo emitemo, maererano nemitemo yedare hazvisipo. Zvinetsoro zvamakuru zvinokurukurwa munyaya ino (* kubva kuChirevongo cheAlcien neSition) ku [FLT] United States] v. [FLT] [1]] [act1] [a] anoumba mativi ose apamutemo anodzivirira nokudzorwa kwehurumende. Zvinetsoro zvamagadziro. C Contery, kubatanidza kusava nomuteveri, kugadzikwa, kupfurikidza nokudzosera kwenhau dzenguva yemberi, zvichada kuratidzira kuti kutongedzerwa zvakasimba.