Hwaro Hwemagariro eAmerica

U.S. Constitution ne 50 bumbiro remitemo zvinoumba mavambo maviri ehurumende yeAmerica. Nepo gwaro rehurumende rinowanzorondedzerwa se “mutemo wemitemo wenyika,” hurumende imwe neimwe inoshanda pasi pebumbiro remitemo rayo rinorondedzera chivako, masimba, uye miganhu yehurumende yayo. Chirongwa ichi chakaumbwa chinoumba gadziriro yehurumende umo chiremera chinokamuraniswa pakati pehurumende yenyika nehurumende. Kunzwisisa misiyano iri pakati peaya marudzi maviri emitemo yemitemo kunokosha nokuda kwomunhu upi noupi anoda kunzwisisa kuti maruramiro anodzivirirwa sei, kuti simba rinoita sei muUnited States. Kutara ukurefukupfuura urefu, kudarika chinhu chiri chose chinoitwa kupfurikidza namagariro ehurumende.

Bumbiro Remitemo reU.S.: Chirongwa, Donzo, uye Tsungiriro

U.S. Constitution ndiyo bumbiro remitemo renyika rakanyorwa karesa richiri kushandiswa. Rakatemerwa muna 1787 mukati meProfelphia Comments uye rasimbiswa muna 1788, rakatsiva Nheyo dzeConfederation nehurumende yakasimba zvikuru apo yaichengeta uchangamire hwehurumende munharaunda dzinokosha. Chinyorwa chacho chakajeka zvikuru, chine mashoko anenge 4 500 murugwaro rwayo rwapakuvamba, namamwe mashoko 3 000 akawedzerwa kusvikira ku2 27 apera. Hupfupiso hwacho hunogadzirwa nenzira yakarongwa: maFramers akagadzirirwa segadziriro yehurumende ingagona kuchinja mamiriro ezvinhu anenge 4 500 munhambo yenguva.

Bharani Hutatu

Chikamu I chinoumba bazi rewisc reProvior (Corerfer), Chikamu II chinosimbisa bazu guru (Purezidhendi), uye Chikamu III chinoumba bazu rokutonga (Dare Rapamusorosoro nematare ehurumende akaderera). Bazu rimwe nerimwe rine masimba akasiyana, uye gadziriro yecheki nedzinoganhuriro dzinovimbisa kuti hakuna bazi rimwe rinogona kudzora. Uku kuparadzana kwamasimba kwakanga kuri mhinduro yakananga kuchinoitika chehurumende inodzorwa nechiremera choukuru pasi peBritain.

Bhizi Rekodzero Nedzokuchinja Kunozotevera

Kugadziridza kugumi kwokutanga, kunozivikanwa pamwe chete se Bhill of Rights , kwakasimbiswa muna 1791 uye kuvimbisa dziviriro dzinokosha dzakadai serusununguko rwokutaura, kutsikirira, rudzidziso, gungano, uye maruramiro okutakura zvombo. Gare gare kugadziriswa kwakaparadza uranda [[FLT:], kwakavimbiswa dziviriro yakaenzana pasi pomutemo (14), kuvhotera kodzero dzavarume veAfrica (15th), kutambanurira vakadzi (195), kuderedza zera rokuvhotera kusvikira ku18 (26), uye kutaura dzimwe nhau dzakawanda. Kuchinja kwacho pachako kumene kwakaoma noune: kunofanira kupfuura dzimba dzose mbiri nevoruzhinji uye ipapo kudzokerwa neketatu.

Claus Ane Mukurumbira

Chikamu VI, Claus 2 chine Chiratidzo chaClaus , icho chinosimbisa kuti Bumbiro remitemo reU.S., mitemo yehurumende yakapfuudzwa kwariri, uye zvibvumirano zvakaitwa pasi pechiremera chayo zvinoumba mutemo mukurusa wenyika. Ikoku kunoreva kuti apo mutemo wehurumende unorwisana nomutemo womubatanidzwa, mutemo wehurumende unovapo. Zvisinei, chitsama chinoshanda mukati memiganhu yehurumende: hurumende yorudzi inogona bedzi kubvisa mutemo wenyika apo inoshanda mukati mamasimba ayo anorongwa.

Mitemo yeHurumende: Kusiyana - siyana, Mashoko, uye Kubvuma

Hurumende iri yose ine bumbiro rayo rimene, uye aya magwaro akasiana zvikuru. Anoumba gadziriro yehurumende, anorondedzera masimba amagavhuna namasangano omutemo, anotanga gadziriro dzedare rehurumende, uye anowanzobatanidza gadziriro pamisoro yakadai semitero yezvinhu, mari yedzidzo, vatarisiri vemipinduro yomusikirwo, uye sangano rehurumende romunzvimbomo. Kusafanana neConstitution yeU.S., mabumbiro emitemo anozivikanwa navose zvikuru, zvakadzati wandei, zvakadzama zvikuru, uye kazhinji kazhinji kazhinji zvikuru anoshandurwa.

Mhindumupindu Yomutemo Webumbiro remitemo reHurumende

Mabumbiro emitemo okutanga akanyorwa muna 1776, sezvo nyika dzakazvizivisa kuti dzakazvimirira ndokuzvishandura dzimene kuva nyika dzinotonga. Idzi magwaro apakuvamba akanga ari mapfupi zvikuru uye ainanga zvikurukuru pakuvaka zvivako zvikuru zvehurumende nokudzivirira maruramiro anokosha. Zvisinei, nokufamba kwenguva, mabumbiro emitemo ehurumende akawedzera kuva akananga zvikuru. Mutezo weLouisiana, somuenzaniso, wakatsiviwa kakawanda (misi ichangobva kupfuura iyi muna 1974) uye une gadziriro dzine udzame dzechinhu chiri chose kubva paoiri namafuta inobvisa mafuta inoiswa mutero wegasi kukuvakwa kwezvipatara. Dare reCalifornia rinobatanidza gadziriro huru pamusoro pemitero yezvinhu (Prejimende, ruramisiro yemhosva, ruramisiro yemhosva, uye gadziriro dzehurumende dzakananga semutoonziyo yehurumende.

Muitiro Wokuronga: Kumhanya Nokusvika

Mumwe wemisiyano mikuru zvikuru pakati peBumbiro reMitemo reU.S. nebumbiro remitemo nderokugadziridza zviri nyore. Munyika dzakawanda, kugadziridzwa kwemitemo kunowana mukana mukuru. Kuchinja kunogona kukarakadzwa nedare remitemo (kazhinji kazhinji nevhota yakapfava kana kuti hurusa) kana kuti kupfurikidza nokuedza kwevagari vomunyika kuita inenge hafu yenyika. Pashure paizvozvo, kunotenderwa nevoruzhinjiwo zvavo vevavhoti musarudzo. Ikoku kunoreva kuti mitemo yenyika inochinja nokukurumidza mukuchinja mamiriro ezvinhu enyika uye maonero avose.

Somuenzaniso, munhambo yechisarudzo 2024 bedzi, vavhoti munyika dzinoverengeka vakarangarira kugadziridzwa kwemitemo panhau dzakadai sekodzero dzokubvisa pamuviri, mbanje kunyoreswa pamutemo, kuvhota, uye wedzero yemari shoma. aya marudzi echinjo dzakananga dzebumbiro remitemo haatongobviri pamwero wehurumende, umo indendicendity inoda mitatiss huru muCongress uye ratiation kupfurikidza nevhotada nhatu dzechina dzenyika.

Misiyano Yakaoma uye Inoshanda

Urefu Hwenguva uye Kutaura Chaizvo

Musiyano pakati peBumbiro reMitemo reU.S. nebumbiro remitemo rehurumende unoshamisa. Bhishopiso yeAlabama, yakagamuchirwa muna 1901, nderefu zvikurusa murudzi pamashoko anopfuura 400 000. Yakagadziridzwa kanopfuura ka1 000 uye ine gadziriro panhau dzakananga semitemo yemitambo yebingon uye kudzorwa kwemimwe mitemo. Vermont, mukupesana, iri pakati peinenge mashoko 8 000. Bumbiro remitemo reU.U.S., panenge pamashoko 7 500 neadzoro, iri pedyo nomugumo weVermont wemitsetse.

Neiko iri mabumbiro emitemo akare kwazvo? Nemhaka yokuti kazhinji kazhinji ivo vanobata nhau dzomutemo dzakananga dzinobatwa nomutemo pamwero wehurumende. Mabumbiro emitemo kazhinji kazhinji ane mitemo ine udzame hwemitero, nzira dzedzidzo, mirau yehurumende yomunzvimbomo, uye kunyange mitemo pamusoro pamasangano ehurumende akati. Iyi rondedzero inoratidzira itiro dzinoshanda dzokutonga kwehurumende: apo vagari vemo vanoda kuvhara muitiro wakati kuti uve nzvimbo isati yasvika chinjowo yomutemo, vanotendeukira kubumbiro remitemo rehurumende.

Dziviriro Dzamaruramiro: Mupendero Nembavha

Dare reMitemo reU.S. rinogadza floor nokuda kwekodzero dzevanhu. Bhishopi yekodzero inovimbisa dziviriro dzakati dzinoshanda kuAmerica yose, uye kugadziriswa kwakatevera kwakafanana nePramende ye14 inotambanudza idzi dziviriro painenge ichiita hurumende kupfurikidza nedzidziso yokubatanidza. Mitemo yeHurumende, zvisinei, inogona kutanga kudzivirira iyo yakakwirira kupfuura uriri hwehurumende. Mitemo yakawanda ine maruramiro enyika ane maruramiro anowanwa muidzo dzinowanikwa murugwaro rwechibvumirano.

Somuenzaniso, mitemo yamarudzi akawanda yehurumende inovimbisa zvakajeka kodzero yedzidzo, chimwe chinhu chisati chadudzwa neBumbiro reMitemo reU.S. mamwe mabumbiro emitemo anobatanidza kodzero yokuva voga uko kuri kwakafara kupfuura dziviriro dzinozivikanwa neDare repamusorosoro reUnited States pasi pomutemo wehurumende. Hurumende inotonga muCalifornia, Minnesota, uye Texas yakadudzirwa nematare avo makurusa ehurumende kuti ade mwero mikuru zvikuru yemari nokuda kwezvikoro zvehurumende kupfuura zvinorayirwa nomutemo wenyika.

Iyi misiyano inogona kuva nemiuyo mikuru. Gadziriro yebumbiro remitemo yapamutemo inovimbisa maruramiro kumhoteredzo yakanaka -- semuBumbiro reMitemo reMontana -- inogona kubatira sehwaro hwekupinzwa kusati kuchizowanika mumutemo wehurumende. Nenzira yakafanana, dziviriro dzebumbiro remitemo dzehurumende nokuda kwekodzero dzinotevedzerwa kana kuti zvitedzo zvinorwisana neshanje dzinogona kuva dzakasimba zvikuru kupfuura dzadzo dzomubatanidzwa.

Kupfuurira Kwechitsivi

Bumbiro reMitemo reU.S. rave richishanda chifo cha 1789, ne chinjo dzose dzakaitwa kupfurikidza nomuitiro wokutsiviwa kukurusa panzvimbo pokutsiva. Mabumbiro emitemo eHurumende anowanzotsiviwa chose chose. Louisiana akava namabumbiro emitemo 11 chifo chokugamuchirwa kwayo kuUnion, ichangobva kugamuchirwa zvikurusa muna 1974. Georgia yave ine hurumende dzakawanda dzakatsiva miraudzo yemitemo apo zvamatongerwe enyika yapakuvamba, yemari, kana kuti yenzanga yakaraira gadziriro itsva yokutonga. Groomaton-racystamsss muSouthern rakatsiviwa sezvo matongerwe enyika enyika akasikirwa. Mitengo yakaitwa mukati nhambo yokumadokero yadzosera pamutemo yadzongotsiva Hurumende dzapakuvamba pashure pokusvika Hurumende.

Kuwanda kwokutsiva kunoratidzira chimiro chakasiana zvikuru kuudzori hwebumbiro remitemo pamwero wenyika. Mabumbiro emitemo ehurumende anorangarirwa sezvinyorwa zvinoshanda, zvipenyu zvinofanira kuchinja nezvinodikanwa zvavanhu, panzvimbo pechikamu chinoyera, chechigarire chinofanira kuchinjwa kashoma uye nechinetso chikuru.

Ubati Ushe Hwehurumende Hunosarudzwa Navanhu Namabasa Okutanga

Rimwe ramativi anosianisa zvikurusa omutemo wehurumende nderokushandiswa kwemiitiro yehurumende yedemocracy yakananga. Muinenge hafu yenyika, vagari vemo vanogona kukarakadza kugadziridzwa kwebumbiro-mitemo kupfurikidza nomuitiro wokutanga, kupfuudza chibvumirano chehurumende chose chose. Iri simba harisipo pamwero wehurumende, umo kugadziriswa kwose kunofanira kuva muCongress. Nhano dzehurumende dzave dzichishandiswa kugadza miganhu yavakuru vakuru vakuru vehurumende, kubvumira pamutemo mbanje, kuisa mwero yemitero yezvinhu, kuwedzera Médidid, uye kudzivirira maruramiro okubereka.

Iyi nzvimbo yakananga yedemocracy inoita kuti bumbiro remitemo rigamuchire zvikuru murangariro wavanhu asi rivewo pasi pengozi dzamapoka ezviwanira mhindu akasanorongwa, mutauro unotsausa, uye kuneta kwomuvhoti. Vatsoropodzi vanotaura kuti mabumbiro emitemo akava ari nyore zvikuru kupedza, kuchiguma nezvinyorwa zviri ganhuriro yezvinodikanwa zvemiitiro panzvimbo pegadziriro dzinobatanidzwa nokuda kwokutonga.

Kupindira Kuviri Mune Zvekushanda Munzanga: Kupindira Kuviri

Ukama pakati peBumbiro reMitemo reU.S. nebumbiro remitemo rehurumende hunodzorwa nenheyo ye extralist. Mutsika ino, hurumende yenyika ine masimba iwayo bedzi akapiwa nayo neBumbiro reMitemo, nepo nyika dzichichengeta masimba ose asina kupiwa hurumende yehurumende kana kuti kurambidzwa kwavari. Ikoku kunoreva kuti mabumbiro emitemo anobatira munzvimbo yakafara yechiremera, anofukidza chinhu chiri chose kubva kumutemo woutsotsi nekodzero dzezvinhu kudzidzo, mutemo wemhuri, uye udzoresa.

Zvisinei, Supremacy Claus inovimbisa kuti apo mutemo wehurumende nowehurumende unorwisana zvapachokwadi, mutemo wehurumende unovapo. Iyi dzidziso yokudeya inoshanda kwete bedzi kumirau yehurumende asiwo kuBumbiro remitemo reU.S. pacharo. Hapana gadziriro yebumbiro remitemo inogona kuputsa Bumbiro remitemo reU.S. somuenzaniso, bumbiro remitemo rehurumende risingagoni kugadza rudzidziso rwehurumende, kuramba muitiro wakafanira womutemo, kana kuti kuisa dzinza ramarudzi, kunyange kana muvhoteri wenyika yacho akatendera gadziriro yakadaro.

Dare guru rehurumende rine chirevo chokupedzisira pamusoro perevo yebumbiro remitemo raro rimene, rinogovera kuti dudziro dzaro hadziputsi mipimo yebumbiro remitemo rehurumende. Ikoku kunoreva kuti dare rapamusoro rehurumende ringadudzira vimbiso yebumbiro remitemo remitemo yehurumende yorusununguko zvikuru kupfuura Dare rapamusoro reU.S. rinodudzira First Amendment. chisarudzo chedare chinova chokupedzisira panhau iyoyo, chero bedzi chisingawi pasi pehuro yehurumende.

Zvinetso Zvinoshanda Zvavagari Nevaiti Vemitemo

Kunzwisisa misiyano pakati pebumbiro remitemo rehurumende nerenyika ine miuyo chaiyoiyo nokuda kwavagari vemowo zvavo. Pakurangarira nhau yapamutemo -- kana inobatanidza gakava remitero, mubvunzo wekodzero dzezvinhu, muitiro woutsotsi, kana kuti chibvumirano chedzidzo chinotaura kuti -- mubvunzo wokutanga unofanira kuva: Ibumbiro remitemo rinoshanda here?

Nokuda kwavaiti vemitemo, bumbiro remitemo rinopa zvose zviri zviviri mikana neganhuriro. Mitemo yehurumende inowanzova nemirau yemari ine udzame, yakadai sezvinodikanwa zvemari yakarongwa, miganhu yechikwereti, uye mitero yakaganhurirwa. Iyi mitemo inogona kuita kuti zvive zvakaoma kuti hurumende dzehurumende dzikurumidze kupindura kuderera kwezvemari kana kuti kuisa zvinhu zvinokosha munguva refu. Panguva imwe cheteyo, mabumbiro emitemo anogovera motokari kuti vagari vemo vatange chinjo dzemitemo zvakananga, kubvisa mitemo yemitemo.

Somuenzaniso, Conference yeNational of State Legislatures nzira dzinotaura kugadziridzwa kwebumbiro-mitemo kune chokuita nokuronga uye mari, iyo yakaverengwa inopfuura 300 mumakumi amakore achangobva kupfuura. Masangano akafanana [ Brenan Center for Justice [[FLT:]] [3] yakaita kunzvera kukuru pamusoro pemitengo yenyika pakodzero dzehurumende pakuvhotera uye kudzora. Zviwanikwa zvinobva kumasangano [[FLT]] Ribhita reYapartment cental Center [FLT] centum] [FLT]

Chikonzero Nei Mitemo yeHurumende Yakafanirwa Nengwariro Yakawanda

Mabumbiro emitemo haasati achingovawo zvake kutevedzera kwachero kwegwaro rehurumende. Akasiana, ane simba, uye anoguma zvikuru. Anoumba upenyu hwezuva riri rose hweAmerica munzira idzo Bumbiro reMitemo reU. rinosadaro. Paunobhadhara mitero yezvinhu, unotumira vana vako kuchikoro chavose, kutyaira mumigwagwa mikuru, kana kuti kuoneka mudare rehurumende, uri kushanda mukati megadziriro yetsika yehurumende yako. Ruraviko yedzidzo yakanaka, murairo wenyika, chirongwa chehurumende yomunzvimbomo, kutsigira mitero yemibato yavose, -- izvozvi zvose zvinodzorwa zvikurukuru nomutemo wemitemo wenyika.

Asi, mitemo yehurumende inogamuchira ngwariro shoma zvikuru muhurukuro yavose kupfuura Bumbiro reMitemo reUnited States, ichiita kuti vanhu vakawanda vokuAmerica vasaziva kuti gwaro ravo rehurumende rine kodzero dzinokosha negadziriro.

Basa Rematare Ehurumende

Dare rehurumende rinoita basa rinokosha mukududzira mabumbiro emitemo. Mudzimwe nyika, dare guru rehurumende rakabudisa mitemo inopa maruramiro nedziviriro zvinopfuura izvo zvinozivikanwa neDare Gurusa reU. iri "hurumende itsva," yakatanga muma 1970, yakatungamirira kudziviriro dzinokosha dzakavakirwa pahurumende munharaunda dzakadai semari yedzidzo, kuva woga, kutaura kwakasununguka, uye muitiro woutsotsi. Dzimwe nyanzvi dzehurumende dzinotaura kuti matare ehurumende ari kuva vadziviriri vakuru vekodzero dzavanhu munhambo yehurumende yokutonga.

Mugumisiro: Gadziriro Yavatongi Vane Simba

kusawirirana pakati pebumbiro remitemo rehurumende neBumbiro reMitemo reU.S. haisati iri nhau yokuti iri nani kana kuti inokosha zvikuru. Imwe neimwe inobatira basa rakasiana mukati megadziriro yehurumende yeAmerica. Constitution inosimbisa gadziriro yorudzi, inovimbisa maruramiro makuru, uye inogadza mutemo mukurusa wenyika. Mitemo inounza udzori kuswedera pedyo navanhu, inogovera mitemo ine udzame yehurumende nenhau dzomunzvimbomo, uye inopa mimwe dziviriro inoratidzira mipimo yakasiana nezvinodikanwa zvehurumende imwe neimwe.

Pamwe chete, zvinogadzira gadziriro inodzikamisa chinzwano chorudzi nemhatsa dzomunzvimbomo, uye dzikamo nokuchinjika. Bumbiro reMitemo reU.S. rinogovera kuvakwa kunogara, nepo mabumbiro emitemo ehurumende anobatira sedare benyu, rinogamuchira iro rinochinjira kumigariro inochinja. Nokuda kwavagari vemo vanoda kunzwisisa kuti hurumende yavo inoshanda sei, kana kuti vanoda kuva vatsigiri vanobudirira zvikuru nokuda kwechinjo, zivo yezvinyorwa zvose zviri zviviri inokosha. Nguva inotevera unosarudza pabumbiro remitemo rehurumende kana kuti kurava pamusoro pechisarudzo chinobva kudare rako gurusa rehurumende, uchava uchiva namamwe amativi ane simba zvikurusa uye anoshatiswa pasi pehurumende yeAmerica.