Mavambo Enhau Okuparadzana Kwesimba

Nheyo yokuparadzanisa chiremera chehurumende kuva mapazi akasiyana - siyana ine mavambo akadzika muuzivi hwezvamatongerwe enyika. Nepo vafungi vakare saAristotle naPolybius vakakurukura hurumende yakavhengana, yakanga iri muzivi weFrance Baron de Montesquieu [ uyo akapa kuparadzanisa kwamasimba kwazvino uno kwakananga zvikurusa. Mubasa rake 1748 [FLT:] Mudzimu weMitemo , Montesquieu ada kuti kuisa mifungo yomutemo, mutariri, uye simba rokutonga mumunhu mumwe cheteyo kana kuti muviri nenzira isingadzivisiki zvinotungamirira kuudzoro. Iye akasimbirira kuti aya mabasa matatu ashandiswe namasangano akaparadza.

Mifungo yaMontesquieu yakafamba mhiri kweAtlantic uye yakaumba zvikuru Bumbiro reMitemo reU.Framers, rakasangana muPhiladelphia muna 1787, rakanga rakatsunga kudzivisa kushandiswa zvisina kufanira kwesimba kwavakanga vawana mupasi paMambo George III. Vakakweva zvikuru Montesquieu pamwe chete namanyoro aJohn Locke, uyo akanga atangira kusianisa pakati pomutemo, mukuru mukuru, namasimba anodyisa. Bumbiro remitemo rakavarirwa rakatsvaka ku “dhivide ndokuronga mahofisi anoverengeka nomutoo wakadaro kuti rimwe nerimwe rigova nzvenga rive nzvenga parimwe, sezvo James Maparo akanyora mu [FLT:][FLD1].[FFF:[FP][FFP] [3]

Mumazana amakore akatevera, pfungwa yacho yakagamuchirwa nehurumende dzinosarudzwa navanhu munyika yose, kunyange zvazvo miitiro yakati ichisiyana.

Mapazi Matatu eHurumende

Kuparadzaniswa kwemasimba kunobatanidza hurumende kuva mapazi matatu akaenzana: muiti wemitemo, mukuru wehurumende, uye mutongi. Bazu rimwe nerimwe rine masimba akasiyana uye rinotarisirwa nemamwe. Ichi chivako hachisati chichingodzivisa bedzi chinhu chipi nechipi kuwana simba rakanyanyowanda asiwo chinomanikidza mapazi kubatira pamwe nokubvumirana pane zvisina kufanira.

Bazu Romutemo

Bazu remitemo rine mutoro wokugadza mitemo, kuronga bhajeti, uye kumirira kuda kwavanhu. MuUnited States, iri bazi rinoumbwa neCongress, sangano rebimeral rinoumbwa neDare neImba yaVamiririri. Imba inoratidzira ukuru hwechiverengero chavagari vemo, nepo Dare rinopa mufananidzo wakaenzana kuhurumende imwe neimwe(a inobvumiranisa simba iro rimene riri pakati penyika huru neduku.

Hurumende ine masimba akawanda akakwana: inogona kuzivisa hondo, kukwidza mitero, mari, kudzora kutengeserana kwenyika, uye kuva vakuru vakuru vehurumende.

Bazu Rine Vatungamiriri

Bazu ravakuru rinopomerwa kusimbisa nokushandisa mitemo inopfuudzwa nedare. Rinotungamirirwa naPurezidhendi, rinobatanidzawo Mutungamiriri weSaniheridhe, Kabhineti, uye masangano ehurumende akawanda. Purezidhendi anobatira vose vari vaviri somusoro wehurumende nomusoro wehurumende, achiraira mauto soMutungamiriri wedare uye achiitisa muitiro wokumwe.

Masimba makuru makuru anobatanidza mano okuisa mutemo weveto, kugadza vatongi vehurumende nenhume (nesimbiso yeDare), nhau inokanganwira, uye inoita mitemo nokutendeka. Simba reveto icherekedzo yakananga pabazu romutemo, kunyange zvazvo Congress ichigona kuudzora nechiverengero chikuru chezvikamu zviviri muzvitatu mudzimba dzose dziri mbiri. Mapurezidhendi anoshandisawo pesvedzero huru kupfurikidza nemirairo yehurumende, iyo inonangidzira nokudzika mitemo yehurumende. Nepo iri madikanwa nokuda kwemitevero inoshanda zvakanaka, mirairo yavakuru vakuru vanofanira kuramba vari mukati memiganhuro yemitemo yemitemo kana kuti misero yengozi yokutonga.

Kukura uku kwakamutsa mibvunzo yakawanda pamusoro pokukura kwakafanira kwesimba rapurezidhendi (h] a iri pakati pekuparadzaniswa kwemasimba ehurumende.)

Bazu Rokutonga

Bazu rinotonga rinoturikira mutemo uye rinosarudza kana zviito zvehurumende zvichiwirirana neBumbiro reMitemo.MuUnited States, bazi iri rinoumbwa neDare Rapamusorosoro nematare ehurumende akaderera akatangwa neCongress. kuzvimirira kwedare redare rinotonga kunodzivirirwa noupenyu hwakakodzera nokuda kwavatongi vomubatanidzwa, vachiva pasi pomufambiro wakanaka, unovadzivirira padzvinyiriro yezvamatongerwe enyika.

Chishandiso chine simba zvikurusa chebazu rinotonga ndechinohwirudzurwa [.[1] chiremera chokuzivisa mitemo kana kuti zviito zvehurumende zvisiri zvehurumende. Kunyange zvazvo chisati chadudzwa zvakajeka muBumbiro reMitemo, iri simba rakatangwa neDare gurusa munhau yechiratidzo . [[FLT]] [[FLT]] [[FLT] [5] [185]. Kuhwirudzura Dare rinobvumira matare kuputsa mutemo unopfuurwa neDare kana kuti zviito zvinoitwa naPumbi Hurumende inoputsa Bumbiro remitemo. Izvo zvinoita kuti bazi rekuyera rapachokwadi, rinokwanisa kunzvera zvose zviri zviviri propatikate.

Zvisinei, dare redare remitemo harina kutadza kuvamba miganhu. Harigoni kuvamba nhau; rinofanira kumirira kuti kukakavadzana kusvike pamberi paro kupfurikidza ne “nhau kana kuti gakava”. Mukuwedzera, mamwe mapazu anopesvedzera vatongi kupfurikidza nomuitiro wokugadza uye kupfurikidza nesimba reCongress rokuita (kana kuti kubvisa) matare akaderera uye kukarakadza gadziridzo dzebumbiro remitemo dzinogona kukurira rondedzero dzedare.

Makepi Nedzikamo Zvinoshandiswa

Kuparadzana kwemasimba hakuna zvakunoreva pasina kuongorora uye kudzikamisa. Bazu rimwe nerimwe rine nzira dzakati dzokudzivisa nadzo dzimwe, richivimbisa kuti simba haringoparadzani chete asiwo rinozvidavirira kune vose. Mienzaniso inotevera inoratidza kuti kuongorora uye kudzikamisa zvinoshanda sei muhurumende yeU.S.:

  • Presidential verto nescommional remonement: Mutungamiriri wehurumende anogona kuramba mutongo unopfuudzwa neCongress, asi Congress inogona kukurira chiwiti noutsiru mumakamuri ose ari maviri. Ikoku kunosunda matavi kukurukura.
  • Sarudza kusimbiswa kwokugadzwa: Purezidhendi anoisa vatongi vehurumende, vanyori vedare, uye nhume, asi Dare rinofanira kuvasimbisa. Ikoku kunopa bazu romutemo basa mukuumba mapazu edare neamatare.
  • Kuhwirudzurwa kwemitemo: Dare Rapamusorosa rinogona kushayisa simba mutemo upi noupi warinowana usingawirirani nemitemo, uchinzvera zvose zviri zviviri mapazu emitemo neanotonga.
  • Simba rekutendisa: Imba inogona kudzosa (mutengo) Purezidhendi, Mutongi, kana kuti vamwe vakuru vakuru vehurumende nokuda kwe “mhosva huru namabhinya,” uye Dare rinoitisa kutonga. [Mapurezidhendi maviri] Andrew Johnson naBill Clinton] vakambobviswa pamberi pechingabvira.
  • Simba reProfeta rechikwama: Dare bedzi rinogona mari yakafanira nokuda kwemibato yehurumende. Ikoku kunopa simba pamusoro pezvirongwa zvehurumende namasangano.
  • Kugadza kwapamutambo noudzori:[[FLT: 1] Congress inogona kuchinja chiverengero chevatongi veDare rapamusorosoro (kunyange zvazvo zvisingawanzoitiki) uye inogona kuganhurira simba redare rapamusorosoro, mukuwirirana neganhuriro dzebumbiro remitemo.

Iyi dare rehurumende ringareva kuti hakuna bazi rinogona kuita pasina donzo pakupedzisira kwenguva refu. Purezidhendi angapa mutongo, asi Congress inogona kudzora; Dare Rapamusoro Zvikurusa ringaparadza mutemo, asi Congress inogona kukarakadza kugadziriswa kwebumbiro remitemo kushandura kutonga; Purezidhendi angapa mirairo yavakuru vakuru, asi Chibvumirano chinogona kuderedza kushanda kwavo. Uku kudzikama kukuru ndiko kunoita kuti tsika ive nesimba itsungirire ($na), uye, padzimwe nguva, inodzosera mberi zvinokangaidza.

Chikonzero Nei Kuparadzana Kwesimba Kuchikosha

Kunzwisisa kubatsira uku kunobatsira kutsanangura nei nheyo yacho ichiri chinhu chinokosha kuurongwa hwemitemo munyika yose.

Kudzivirirwa Kwoudzvinyiriri

Chinangwa chikuru chemasimba okuparadzanisa ndechokudzivisa munhu upi noupi kana kuti boka kuti risawanzire chiremera chakanyanya. Sezvakanyorwa naJames Madison, “Kuunganidzwa kwemasimba ose, mitemo, dare, uye jaji, mumaoko mamwe chetewo ... kunganzi irondedzero chaiyo yeudzvinyiriri.” Nokutanga nzvimbo dzamasimba masimba dzakawanda dzinofanira kubvumirana hurumende isati yagona kuita chiito, tsika inoparira kusawirirana kunovapo navarindi pakubatwa zvisina kufanira. Nhau inoratidza kuti hurumende dzisina kuparadzana kwakadaro nechaunga chadzo, kana kuti majunta, kana kuti nyika imwe chete yehondo inorerekera kurerekera kudzvinyirira.

Kudzivirirwa Kwekodzero Dzemunhu Mumwe Nomumwe

Apo simba rinoparadzirwa, kwakaomera hurumende kudenha vanhu vashomanene kana kuti kupesana kwakanyarara. Bill of Rights inopa dziviriro dzakajeka, asi dziviriro idzodzo dzakasimba bedzi sezvinonzvera sangano kuti rivagombedze. Mutongi akazvimirira anogona kuvhura mitemo inoputsa kutaura kwakasununguka, rusununguko rwechitendero, kana kuti muitiro wakafanira. Mutezo wemitemo unopindura kuvavhoti unogona kudzivisa kudzorwa nemukuru mukuru. Kuparadzana kwemasimba nokudaro kunoparira dziviriro yechivako iyo inosimbisa maruramiro okuzvimirira.

Kurudziro Yokuzvidira Nokubvumirana Pane Zvisina Kufanira

Nemhaka yokuti bazu rimwe nerimwe rine chengedzero pamusoro pedzimwe, chinjo yetsika inoda kurukurirano nebvumirano yakafara. Ikoku kunononozetsa muitiro wemitemo navanoronga mitemo kurangarira mirangariro yakasiana. Bidaralism, presidential vento, uye hwirudzuro yokutonga zvose zvinoparira gadziriro umo matanho okukurumidzira kana kuti okunyanyisa akaoma kuisa. Nepo pane dzimwe nguva vatsoropodzi vanobvisa giramu, vavambi vakaronga noune tsika iyo inoparira dzikamo nebvumirano yemwero.

Kuzvidavirira Nokuona Zvinhu Zvakajeka

Kuparadzana kwemasimba kunoparira mapfundo akawanda outariri. Mukuru mukuru anofanira kupindura kuCongress nokuda kwezviito zvawo, uye mutongi unopa vagari vemo mukana wokudenha hurumende kukunda. Apo simba rinonangidzirwa, kuzvidavirira kunotambura nemhaka yokuti kune mitumbi mishoma yakazvimirira yokunzvera chakaipa. Nenzira yakapesana, gadziriro yakaparadzaniswa inokurudzira kunzvera, kunzwa, uye kunzvera pachena. Kupa murairo, nepo kusingawanzoshandiswa, icherekedzo ine simba iyo inoyeuchidza vakuru vakuru kuti vasane.

Zvinetso Zvazvino Uno Zvokuparadzana Kwesimba

Kuchinja kwematongerwe enyika, kuchinja kweruzivo rwokugadzira zvinhu, uye kuchinja kwetsika kwakaedza kudzikamisa zvinhu munzira idzo vakavamba vaisagona kukarira.

Kuchinja Dzvene Nokuvhara

Zvichida denho inooneka zvikurusa kuderera kwebatira pamwe yebipartisan. Apo mapazu emitemo neanotungamirira anodzorwa namapoka akasiyana, kuvhara kunowanzoguma nokuvharwa kwehurumende, kurongerwa kwanonoka, uye kumira kwemitemo. Kunyange apo rimwe boka rinodzora mabazu ose ari maviri, mapoka omukati anogona kuomesa chiito. Dzimwe nyanzvi dzinotaura kuti gadziriro yemuvambi inoshanda zvakanakisisa apo mapoka anenge asina simba uye anoregeredzwa; nhasi anoparira kuvhara mativi ose ari maviri.

Chiremera Chikuru uye Chiremera Chinodzora

Kubvira muzana remakore rechi20, purezidhendi wevanhu vose ava vakakudza simba ravo nokurayira vakuru vakuru, zviito zvokutungamirira, uye zvirongwa zvehondo pasina kubvumirwa nesangano. “rondedzero yedare rinotonga” inoti Purezidhendi ane simba rakakwana pabazi revakuru vakuru, kusanganisira simba rokutungamirira vakuru vose vehurumende. Vatsoropodzi vanopikisa kuparadzana kwemasimba nokuderedza basa reCuarter. Vatungamiriri vehurumende vanoongorora mapurogiramu okuongorora, kurova kwemabhomba, uye kutaura kwekurumidziro vakasimudzira nharo pamusoro pokuti mukuru mukuru mukuru wehurumende adarika pamuganhu wemitemo.

Kutonga Kunopesana.

Dare redare, uyewo, rakatarisana netsoropodzwa nokuda kwokudarika basa raro. Apo matare anopa mhaka yemitemo yakafara iyo inoparira nomutoo unobudirira muitiro, vanopomerwa mhaka ye “kuita chiito chemitemo.” Nenzira inopesana, apo vanonyanyozviisa kune mamwe mapazu, vangakundikana kudzivirira maruramiro emitemo. Gakava pamusoro petsika dzapakuvamba. Bumbiro remitemo rinoshanda zvakafanana neizvi zvinonetsa. Nepo simba rehwirudzuro yedare richikosha, kurovedzwa kwaro kunofanira kudzikamiswa kupfurikidza nokuremekedza vavariro yemitemo uye kuita chisarudzo chehurumende yehurumende.

Kumuka Kwegadziriro Dzoutungamiriri

Nyika yazvino uno inoita denho yechienzi kukuparadzaniswa kwamasimba. Zvirongwa zvakafanana neNdengedzero, Federal Commission, uye Secureties and Exchange Commission System Syvigional (kuronga murairo), mukuru (kudzorwa kwemitemo), uye dare rinotonga zvinopa basa rose mukati momutumbi mumwe. Uku kuiswa kwechiremera kunogara pasina kupesana nerondedzero yamagamuchidzanwa. Dare Rapamusoro rakarwisana neizvi kupfurikidza nedzidziso yakafanana nedzidziso isina kuvimbika (iyo inoganhurira simba reDare rokugadza chiremera chemitemo) uye simba rokubvisa (zvakaita dare rinopfupikisa dare rinopfupikisa pamutemo remitemo yapakuvamba).

Ruzivo Nekugadzirwa Kwezvinhu

Zvirongwa zvinodzivisa kurukurirano kana kuti kuunganidza mitauro zvinogona kudzorwa noungwaru huduku, zvichimutsa kunetseka pamusoro pezvinhu zvoga uye kudzikamiswa kwemasangano. Kuparadzana kwemasimba kunoda kuti zvirongwa izvi zvive nomutemo mukuru uye kutungamirira kwedare, asi kukurumidza kwekuchinja kweruzivo rwokugadzira zvinhu kunowanzoita kuti dare reCongress nematare zvishande zvakanaka.

Kuparadzana Kwesimba Mumurangariro Wakaenzana

Muenzanisiro weU.S. haisati iri nzira bedzi yokushandisa nayo kuparadzana kwamasimba. Masangano akawanda ehurumende anosarudzwa navanhu anoshandisa gadziriro yeparamende umo mukuru mukuru (gurukota remhosva nekabati) anotorwa kubva muvoruzhinji vemitemo, kubatanidza mapazu maviri. Nyika dzakadai seGermany, Canada, uye Japan dzinobatanidza zvinhu zvegadziriro dzose. Mamwe marudzi, kufanana neSwitzerland, ane vakuru vakuru vakuru vakabatana avo vanoparadzirazve simba. Kunzwisisa izvi zvinoratidzira kuti kuparadzanisa masimba hakusati kuri dzidziso imwe huru yedzidziso yose asi nheyo inogona kugadziridzwa kutsika dzezvamatongerwe enyika dzakasiana-tsika negadziriro dzesangano.

Mumiitiro yeparamende, mukuru mukuru anozvidavirira kudare uye anogona kubviswa kupfurikidza nevhoti yechivimbo. Ikoku kunoparira rudzi rwakasiana rwechekero: mukuru mukuru anofanira kuchengeta tsigiro yoruzhinji rwemitemo kana kuti kutarisana nechitsivo. Munguvayo, vatongi vanozvimirira mumiitiro yeparamende vachiri kuita hwirudzuro yedare, kazhinji kazhinji namatare emitemo akasimba emitemo. Mutemo wemitemo wetsinhirano pamutemo unopa zvidzidzo zvikuru zvokuti sei pfungwa huru yamasimba akaparadzaniswa inogona kuchengetwa kunyange sezvo udzame hwesangano huchisiana.

Mupeto: Chengeta Kudzikama

Kuparadzaniswa kwemasimba hakusi chinhu chinopfuurira asi chinodikanwa chenguva dzose chinobva kuvagari vemo, vakuru vakuru vakasarudzwa, uye vatongi kuti vachengete dzikamo yokungwarira pakati poudzori hunobudirira nehurumende yakaganhurirwa. Sezvo Bumbiro remitemo reU.S. rinopinda muzana ramakore raro rechitatu, nheyo yacho inoramba ichikosha sekare: pasina iro, rusununguko rwatinodisa rwaizova rwuri mungozi. Kunzwisisa kuti tsika ino inoshanda sei — uye kutsigira masangano anoitsigira (h) ibasa romugari wemo ari wose muhurumende inosarudzwa navanhu.

Nokuda kwokuravazve, nzvera [[FLT: 0] rugwaro rwakazara rweBumbiro reMitemo reU.S. paNational Archives, Marbury v. Madison[ chisarudzo paCornell Legal Information Institute, uye FEDARLARC Page No.[5]