Hurumende yeUnited States yakaumbwa nenheyo yehwaro: kuparadzana kwamasimba. Bumbiro reMitemo rinokamuranisa hurumende yehurumende kuva mapazi matatu akasiyana - siyana(“legislative, mutariri, uye mutongi) imwe neimwe nemitoro yayo imene nechiremera. Iyi gadziriro haisati iri yetsaona; idziviriro yamaune mukurwisana noudzvinyiriri, yakaitirwa kudzivisa munhu upi noupi kana kuti boka kuti asatora simba risingadzorwi. Kupfurikidza nokumanikidzira mapazu kubatira pamwe apo anenge achiapawo maturusi okudzivisa mumwe, gadziriro inoparira ganhuriro ine simba iyo yakachengeta Hurumende yehurumende yehurumende yehurumende yehurumende yavanhu kwamazana maviri. Kunzwisisa kuti batsiridza sei kuti batsigiriki vei uye nei nhau iyi yokuparadzana vagari vose vanoda kuita zvine revo zvine revo nehurumende yavo.

Bazu Romutemo: Inzwi Ravanhu Mukuronga Mitemo

Bazu remitemo, rakatangwa muChikamu I cheBumbiro reMitemo, idare guru rokuita mitemo rehurumende yehurumende. Rinozivikanwa seboka seCongress, rine makamuri maviri: Imba yaVamiriri ne dare [[FLT]] SATE[. Iri purani rebhiyameral rakanga riri kubvumirana pane zvisina kufanira pakati pemitezo mikuru nemiduku mukati meKokorodzano yeBumbiro reMitemo, asi rinobatirawo donzo rakadzama zvikuru: kuvimbisa kuti mutemo unogamuchira kurukurirano yakakwana uye unoratidzira nhevedzano yefariro huru.

Imba Yavamiriri

Imba yakagadzirwa kuti ive imba iri pedyosa navanhu. Mitezo yayo inobatira mashoko amakore maviri, ichiaita kuti azvidavirire zvakananga kuvagari vemo. Mufananidzo wakavakirwa pavagari vemo, naizvozvo nyika dzine vamiriri vakawanda zvikuru. Iyi gadziriro inovimbisa kuti inzwi roruzhinji rinova nouremu hunoenzana. Imba ine simba rakakwana rokutanga zvikwereti zvemari (mutemo wemutero) uye kuvakuru vakuru vehurumende, kubatanidza purezidhendi.

Dare

Dare, mukupesana, rinomirira nyika zvakaenzana, mamiriro ezvinhu — Hurumende imwe neimwe inotumira vatenzi vaviri pasinei zvapo nechiverengero chavagari vemo. Senator dzinobatira mashoko amakore matanhatu, ayo anovadzivirira pamurangariro wavanhu unochinja uye anovabvumira kuva nomurangariro murefu panhau dzakaoma. Masimba akasiana eDare anobatanidza kusimbisa kugadzwa kwapurezidhendi (mitezo yecabinet yehurumende, vatongi, nhume) uye zvibvumirano zvokutsigira.

Pamwe chete, makamuri maviri anofanira kupfuudza zvimiro zvakafanana zvepepa pamberi parinogona kutumirwa kupurezidhendi. Uyu muitiro unobatanidza kutongwa kwamadare, kubhadharwa, nharo dzapauriri, uye matare anobvira esangano kuyananisa misiyano. Basa rebazu remitemo harisati riri kungoita bedzi mitemo; irowo rinotarisira bazu guru kupfurikidza nokunzwa, kunzvera, uye simba rechikwama. Somuenzaniso, Congress anodzora mari yose inopedzwa nehurumende, achipa iyo inoiswa pamusoro pezvinhu zvinokosha zvapurezidhendi.

Imwe yenzira dzakanakisisa dzokuona nadzo kuti Congress inoshanda sei kutevera fambiro mberi yemutemo pa .gov, nzvimbo yapamutemo yemashoko ewirirano. Imomo unogona kunyora mutemo kubva pasumo kusvikira kusumo, kutonga kwedare, uye kurava Congregation Record.

Bazu Rinotungamirira: Rinochengeta Mitemo

Chikamu II chesimba redare rinotonga mu mutungamiriri weUnited States, anobatira vose vari vaviri somusoro wehurumende uye mukuru wehurumende. Bazu guru rine mutoro wokusimbisa mitemo inopiwa neCongress, kutarisira dare rehurumende, kutungamirira dare redzimwe nyika, uye kutungamirira mauto ane zvombo. Purezidhendi anosarudzwa makore mana ari ose muElectoral College system uye anoganhurirwa kumashoko maviri ne22 Demendment.

Masimba naMabasa aPurezidhendi

Purezidhendi ane masimba anoverengeka akasiana ebumbiro remitemo: kusaina zvikwereti mumutemo (kana kuti kuisa), kugadza vakuru vakuru vehurumende (nesimbiso yeDare), kubudisa mirairo yavakuru vakuru, kupa mhesvuro, uye kubatira somutungamiriri mukuru wehondo. Mirairo yechiremera inobvumira purezidhendi kutungamirira kushanda kwehurumende yehurumende, asi inofanira kuiswa muchiremera chehurumende chiripo kana kuti chebumbiro remitemo. Simba reveto ndichimwe chezvichemo zvinokosha zvikurusa zvinobata mukuru mukuru pachivako chehurumende (/* kupfurikidza nokuramba muteveripo, mauto epurezidhendi Congresss anofunga kana kuti kuedza matatu maviri okutungamirira.

Kabhineti Negadziriro Dzehurumende

Purezidhendi anotsigirwa nedare rinoumbwa navakuru vakuru 15 vemadhipatimendi makuru (zvakadai seHurumende, Defense, Treaty, uye Ruramisiro), pamwe chete navamwe vakuru vakuru. Aya mapato namasangano awo akaderera anoita basa rezuva nezuva rehurumende, kubva pakuunganidza mitero kusvikira kumapasipoti kutungamirira kuchengeteko yezvokudya. Bazu rinotungamirira rinoshandisa mamirioni avasiri varwi navashandi vamauto, richiiita bazi gurusa zvikuru mumagariro napamari.

Rutivi rukuru rwebazu rinotungamirira ibasa raro mukuumba muitiro kupfurikidza nezviito zvokutungamirira. Masangano eFederal anopa mitemo iyo inodudzira nokushandisa mitemo, uye iyi mirau ine simba romutemo. Muitiro unodzorwa neAdministrative Procedure Act, inoda masangano kubudisa mitemo inokarakadzwa, kugamuchira tsinhiro dzavose, uye kugovera pembedzo dzinorangarirwa nokuda kwezvisarudzo zvavo zvokupedzisira. Unogona kudzidza zvakawanda pamusoro pemirau yehurumende uye muitiro wokuita mitemo pa .

Bazu Rokutonga: Kududzira Mutemo

Bazu redare, rakatangwa muChikamu III, rinopomerwa kutsanangura mitemo nokuvimbisa kuti inowirirana neBumbiro remitemo. Gadziriro yedare rehurumende inoumbwa nematare oruwa (matare edare redare), matare edunhu ekwirira, uye Dare rePamusorosoro reUnited States. Kusafanana namamwe mapazu, vatongi vehurumende vanogadzwa nokuda kwoupenyu — vachizviisa bedzi pasi pomufambiro wakanaka — unoadzivirira padzvinyiriro yezvamatongerwe enyika uye unoabvumira kuita zvisarudzo zvakavakirwa pamutemo nemuenzaniso panzvimbo pomufungo wakakurumbira.

Dare Rapamusoro Zvikurusa

Dare rapamusoro zvikurusa munyika yacho uye rine chisarudzo chokupedzisira pamibvunzo yebumbiro remitemo. Chishandiso charo chine simba zvikurusa ndi hwirudzuro yezvokutonga , chiremera chokuzivisa mitemo kana kuti zviito zvavakuru vakuru zvisina kubatana. Iri simba rakatangwa muchiratidzo Marbury v. Madison[, umo Mutongi Mukuru John Marshall akanyora kuti “ndiro ire nedhipati redare kutaura kuti mutemo." Chifocho, Dare rakarovanyanya mazana emitemo yehurumende nehurumende.

Dare rinongonzwa chikamu chiduku bedzi chenhau dzinopiwa kwariri − zvikurukuru inenge 70 kusvikira ku 80 pagore kubva painopfuura 7 000 mikumbiro. Zvisarudzo zvinosarudzwa kupfurikidza ne “muitiro wecertiori”, unoda mavhoti avanenge vana vevatongi vapfumbamwe. Zvisarudzo zveDare racho zvakagadza muenzaniso unowirirana nokuda kwematare ose akaderera uye zvinogona bedzi kuchinjwa nechisarudzo chakatevera cheDare Gurusa kana kuti kugadziridzwa kwebumbiro remitemo.

Mimwe yemitongo yapashure zvikurusa yeDare Gurusa yakaumba upenyu hweAmerica: Brown v. Board of Education (1954) yakagumisa kusarurana kwedzinza muzvikoro zvavose; Manda v. Arizona [196] yakatanga chinodikanwa kuti mapurisa azivise maruramiro awo; Citizens United v.FEC[FLT:] (20:0) inoshandurazve mutemo wemari yemitengo. Chisarudzo chimwe nechimwe chinoratidzira basa rejudia muidziso nokuchengeta maruramiro omutemo.

Kuti uongorore nhau dzazvino uye kudzidza zvakawanda pamusoro pebasa reDare, shanyira [[FLT: 0] website yeDare Rapamusorosoro.

Makero Nedzikamo: Kuganhurira Kunoita Mapazu Mumwe Nomumwe

Unyanzvi hwokuparadzana kwamasimba huri musati mungova bedzi mukukamuranisa chiremera, asi mukupa bazu rimwe nerimwe mutoo wokudzivisa nawo kupindira navamwe. Iyi tsika ye michero nedzinodzikamisa [ inovimbisa kuti hakuna bazi rimwe rinogona kudzora hurumende. Bumbiro reMitemo rinogovera masimba akawanda anobatira pamwe uye anodzivisa kubata zvisina kufanira.

Kuongorora Mutezo Padare

  • Dare reHurumende rinogona kukurira dare rapurezidhendi nevoruzhinji vari mumakamuri ose ari maviri.
  • Dare rinosimbisa kana kuti kuramba kugadzwa kwapurezidhendi (mitezo yecabinet, vatongi, nhume).
  • Dare rinodzora mashandisiro aro emari uye rinogona kuderedza zvirongwa zvevakuru vakuru.
  • Imba inogona kubvisa purezidhendi, uye Dare rinogona kumubvisa pahofisi yake.
  • Dare rinogona kuongorora uye kuita kuti nyaya dzitarisirwe kuti dzitarisire zviito zvevakuru vakuru.

Mukuru Mukuru Anoongorora Mutemo

  • Purezidhendi anogona kurayira mutemo unopiwa neCongress.
  • Purezidhendi anogona kudana kuti Congress murusando chairwo (kunyange zvazvo simba iri risati ramboshandiswa).
  • Mutevedzeri wapurezidhendi wacho anoshanda sapurezidhendi weDare uye anogona kuvhota kuti zvisave nyore.
  • Purezidhendi anogona kubudisa mirayiro uye mirayiro inoumba mashandisirwe emitemo.

Kutonga Kunonzvera Mamwe Mapazi

  • Matare anogona kuzivisa mitemo isiri pamutemo nokuongorora kwokutonga.
  • Matare anogona kurova zviito zvevakuru vakuru zvinopfuura chiremera chebumbiro remitemo.
  • Vatongi vehurumende vanogadzwa nokuda kwoupenyu, vachivaita vakasununguka padzvinyiriro yezvamatongerwe enyika.

Macheki Pajeri

  • Purezidhendi anogadza vatongi vehurumende, uye Dare rinovasimbisa.
  • Congress inogona kushora ndokubvisa vatongi vomubatanidzwa nokuda kwemhaka huru uye zvisakafanira.
  • Misangano inogona kuchinja simba rematare ehurumende (nezvimwe zvaasingakwanisi kuita).
  • Dare rinogona kuronga kuchinja kwemitemo kuti pasave nechisarudzo chokutonga.

Aya masimba anobatana anoumba gadziriro umo bazu rimwe nerimwe rinofanira kutaurirana nokubvumirana pane zvisina kufanira. Somuenzaniso, kana purezidhendi akabvisa mutemo, Congress anogona kuedza kudzora, asi kana usina vhoti, dare rinomira. Nenzira yakafanana, kana matare akatonga mutemo, Dare rinogona kuunyorazve kuti ripedze zvinetso zvebumbiro remitemo kana kuti, muzvinoitika zvisingazivikanwi, rikarakadza kugadziriswa kuti kuchinja Bumbiro remitemo rimene.

Mavambo Enhau: Hurumende Yakadzikama

Murangariro wokuparadzanisa masimba ehurumende une mavambo muuzivi hwekare, asi kushanda kwawo kwazvino uno kwakabva kumuzivi weFrance Baron de Montesquieu, ane bhuku Mudzimu weMitemo[[[FLT:]] (1748]) wakataura kuti rusununguko runodzivirirwa zvakanakisisa apo chibvumirano, mukuru wehurumende, uye mabasa okutonga anoitwa nemitumbi yakasiana. Vagadziri veAmerica vakadzidza Montesquieu uye vakabatanidza pfungwa dzake muBumbiro remitemo. [[FLT:] Fideralist.[FOct:] Nhamba], James Madios [FLD], akanyora: “Kuziva, uye kunofanira kuitirwa kurwisana nechidongo. Chishuvo chavanhu chinofanira kubatanidzwa nechikwano chavanhu nekodzero chapamutemo.[Ftrup] Mune .[FLT]

Unogona kurava mashoko akazara e Murongi Nhaka. 51[FT:1] paIndaneti pa Raibhurari yenhungamiro yeFederalist Papers.

Chikonzero Nei Mapazu Matatu Achikosha Nhasi

Munhambo yekuparadzana kukuru kwezvamatongerwe enyika nechinjo yokukurumidza, kuparadzana kwamasimba kunoramba kuri kunokosha sekare. Vatsoropodzi pane dzimwe nguva vanotaura kuti kunzvera nokudzikamiswa zvinotungamirira kukupererwa nezano nokusashanda. Nepo kuri kwechokwadi kuti gadziriro inogona kuderedza kuita zvisarudzo, kuti kunonoka kunoronga: kunomanikidza kurangarira, kunovaka bvumirano, uye kunodzivirira maruramiro mashomanene. Simba risina kudzorwa, kunyange apo rinoshandiswa nevavariro dzakanaka, rinogona kupinda muudzori. Mapazu matatu anogovera dziviriro yourongwa mukurwisana nokuredhiyo.

Rangarira muenzaniso wemisi ichangobva kupfuura iyi: apo purezidhendi anopa murairo wavakuru vakuru unopfuura chiremera chedare, vatapurwa vanogona kudenha mudare. Bazu redare ipapo rinohwirudzura kana nhevedzano yacho ichiwirirana neBumbiro remitemo nemutemo uripo. Nenzira yakafanana, kana Congress ikapfuudza mutemo unoputsa kutaura kwakasununguka kana kuti muitiro wakafanira, matare anogona kuuparadza. Gadzirirowo inovimbisa kuti purezidhendi haagoni kufuratira zvisarudzo zvehurumende zvokutsigira bvumirano.

Rimwe basa rinokosha rokuparadzana kwemasimba nderokuti kuverengwa kwe . Nemhaka yokuti bazi rimwe nerimwe rine mitoro yakasiyana, vagari vemo vanogona kuziva kuti idi rehurumende rine mutoro wechiito kana kuti kukundikana. Kana mutemo wakanyorwa zvisina kutsarukana, vhoti vanogona kuita kuti vamiririri varo vazvidavirire. Kana sangano rikaita kuti mutemo usave wakarurama, mutongi anogona kupindira. Kana purezidhendi akasadzora, Congress anogona kuongorora kana kuti kunyange kusaongorora. Uku kujeka ndiko kuvirira kwechapupu chedemocracy.

Zvinetso Zvenguva Ino uye Magakava

Gadziriro yacho haisati iri isina dzvinyiriro. Kukura kwehurumende yokutonga kwakamutsa mibvunzo pamusoro pemiganhu yakafanira pakati pesimba ravakuru vakuru neromutemo. Dzimwe nyanzvi dzinotaura kuti Congress yakapa chiremera chikuru zvikuru kumasangano ehurumende, ichipinganidza mipimo yokuzvidavirira. Vamwe vanotaura kuti bazu rinotungamirira rakaunganidza simba kupfurikidza nokushandiswa kwoutsinye kwemirairo yavakuru vakuru neziviso. Chigadziko chakatarisanawo nenzvero, zvikurukuru pamusoro pokusashandiswa kwechiremera nesimbiso nokuda kweva negadziriro yedare gurusaiti, izvo zvazova zvinova zvinova zvinova zvinova zvinotsiva zvikuru.

Pasinei zvapo neizvi zvinetso, chimiro chinokosha chinopfuurira. Bumbiro reMitemo rinogovera miitiro nokuda kwokuchinjika: kuchinja, chinjo dzemitemo, uye tsananguro dzinochinja nematare. Mapazu matatu, nepo pane dzimwe nguva achipesana, anopfuurira kushanda mukati megadziriro yakabvumikisa kuva yakasimba zvikuru.

Mugumisiro: Basa Ravanhu Mukuchengeta Dzikamo

Kuparadzana kwamasimba hakusati kuri muchina wokuzviparadza umene; kunoda kutora rutivi kwokushingaira kunobva kuvagari vemo. Sarudzo ine ruzivo inonzwisisa kuti bazu rimwe nerimwe rinoshanda sei(uye kuti iro rinonzvera sei) nderedziviriro yakasimba zvikurusa pahunyengedzeri hwehurumende. Kuzivisa muvhoti, kusangana navamiriri, kutevera zvisarudzo zvedare, uye kupinda muhurukuro yavose inzira dzose umo vanhu vanobetsera kuutano hwetsika.

Mapazu matatu ane basa nemhaka yokuti ane nheyo yokuti hakuna munhu ari pamusoro pomutemo (8) kwete kunyange vaiti vomutemo vamene. Kupfurikidza nokukamuranisa simba nokumanikidzira batira pamwe, Bumbiro reMitemo rinoparira hurumende iyo yose iri yose iri miviri yakasimba zvakakwana kuita chiito uye yakaganhurirwa zvakakwana kudzivirira rusununguko. Munyika umo masangano edemocracy anotarisana nedzvinyiriro yenguva dzose, mwero wakafanirwa nokunzwisisa, kudzivirira, uye kukoshesa.

Nokuda kwaavo vanoda kunyudza zvikuru, Consitution Annoteated inopa kunzvera kwakakwana, kwamashoko kupfurikidza nokushandisa kweBumbiro remitemo, kubatanidza nyaya dzinotanga bazu rimwe nerimwe namasimba aro.