Chibvumirano Chakanaka CheChishanu uye Mubvunzo Usingaperi Wokutarisira Simba

Chibvumirano cheGood Chishanu cha1998 chinomira serimwe rezviito zvorugare rukurusa zvezana ramakore rechimakumi maviri. Chakagumisa makore makumi matatu emasimba masimba emapoka anozivikanwa seNhamo ndokutanga hurumende yakacheneruka yakavakirwa panheyo yesimba renyika nerezvourudzi. Asi, chikamu chezvikamu zvina zvezana ramakore gare gare, chinenge chaimboratidzika kuva muenzaniso wokupedza rwisano dzakadzika zvino chinotarisana nenhamo huru. Mubvunzo wacho hausati uchingovazve nyore nyore kana simba rikavakwa panheyo dzesimba richigona kurarama, asi kuti rinofanira kupfuurira sei kuramba richikosha munharaunda inoshandurwa nechinjo yokuvapo pakuvapo kwavagari vemo, Brxit, uye kuchinja kwezvamatongerwe enyika.

Nyaya ino inoongorora hwaro hwenhau hweChibvumirano, zvipingamupinyi zvazvino zvinodzivisa kudzora kwakatsiga, uye mikana iri kumuka ingagona kuumba kugarwa kwezvamatongerwe enyika kwakasimba zvikuru. Inorangarirawo basa ravatambi vokunze uye nhano dzinodikanwa kuva nechokwadi chokuti kutsigira simba hakuvi chisaririra chorugare rwomunguva yakapfuura, asi chishandiso chipenyu nokuda kwenguva yemberi yakagoveranwa.

Nheyo Dzenhau dzeChibvumirano Chakanaka CheChishanu

Good Friver Agument(write) inozivikanwawo seBelfast Agreement() yakasainwa pana 10 April 1998 pashure pamakore ekurukurirano dzakavanzika nedzamativi akawanda. Yakaparira kuti zvisarudzo zvikuru zveNorthern Ireland neboka ramasangano akarongwa: mapoka makurusa omubatanidzwa nevezvourudzi aizogoverana nzvimbo dzoushumiri mukuwirirana negadziriro youshumiri yorumano (D'Hondt system). Chikuru “mubatanidzwa wekuvhoteranyo” urongwa hwokuvhotera hunovimbisa kuti zvisarudzo zvikuru zvaida kutsigirwa nevose vari vaviri vabatanidzwa uye vamarudzi enyika, kwete kungova bedzi voruzhinji.

Chibvumirano chakavambawo masangano okuchamhembe-outh (North/South Minister Council) kutsinhiranisa mitemo pakati peBelfast neDublin, mutumbi wekumabvazuva-Madokero (Dare reBritain neIreland) kubatanidza UK, Ireland, uye vadzori vamasangano vakaderera, uye zvivako zveBritain yeIntertenmentorgate. Idzi zvivako dzakagadzirirwa kudzongonyedza nheyo yokuti vose vari vaviri vabatanidzwa navatsigiri venyika vaiva nevavambi vemitemo yemitemo yapamutemo, uye kuti havagoni kuisa kuda kwavo pane imwe.

Chibvumirano chakanga chiri chibvumirano cho “kuparadzaniswa kworuremekedzo” uye nheyo yokuti zvisarudzo zvezvamatongerwe enyika zvinofanira kutorwa nemvumo yenzanga dzose dziri mbiri. Uyu muenzaniso wewirirano (8) unowirirana negadziriro muBelgium, Switzerland, uye Bosnia() yakaitirwa kudzivirira udzori hwevatongi uye kupa nzanga imwe neimwe nhambo pamusoro penhau dzinokosha dzokuzivikanwa.

Chinyorwa cheChibvumirano chakavhengana. Gungano rakaregwa kanoverengeka, zvikurukuru kubva muna 2002 kusvikira muna 2007 nemhaka yokuparara kwechivimbo muIRA inobviswa basa. Asi pashure pokunge St Andrews Accement muna 2006, simba raitamba rakadzorerwa uye rashandiswa zvinobaya zvinenge makore gumi, neDidemocratic Union Party (DUP) neSin Féin vachitungamirira mukuru wehurumende. Northern Ireland yakava nenguva yokuwedzera kwemari, mari, uye kufambidzana kwetsika. Kukamukana kworugare kwakanga kuri chaikoiko.

Zvisinei, kusashanda zvakanaka kwemuenzaniso wetsika kwakafumurwa muna 2017 apo Gurukota raidzora rakapunzika paIndat Incentive inoshatiswazve uye kusawirirana kukuru pakodzero dzomutauro weIreland, roorano imwe cheteyo yevatano, uye nhaka yezvinetso. Kutadza kwemakore matatu kwakasimbisa nhau inokosha: masangano esimba anotsamira pamasangano makurusa enzanga imwe neimwe anoshanda pamwe chete anogona kudzorwa kana mativi iwayo aramba kubatira pamwe. Muenzaniso wakaunza rugare wakatamburira kubudisa mamiriro ezvinhu anobudirira mumhoteredzo yakabudirira zvikuru.

Zvinetso Zviripo Iye Zvino Zvinotarisana Nebasa Rinofambisa Simba

Denho zvino dzinonangana nesimba rinoparirwa naro rakadzika zvikuru uye rakakura kupfuura mitsetse yenhambo nenhambo iyo yakaisa nhambo yemakumi amakore pashure peAgreence. Inobatanidza simba rinodengenyeka raBretit, kuchinja kwechiverengero chavagari vemo kwenguva refu kuri kuchinja dzikamo yakasarudzwa pakati pevatsigiri vemibatanidzwa yesimba navezvourudzi, kukura kwekukamukana kwezvamatongerwe enyika, uye chimiro chavose icho chiri kuparira jambwa zvikuru pamusoro pesimba remasangano eStormont rokubudisa panhau dzechingwa nedzinosimusodziro dzakafanana noutano, dzidzo, uye dzimba.

Brexit Pashure Pomugumisiro: Mubatanidzwa Wemitemo wokuNorthern Ireland uye Muchina Wokufema

Brexit yave iri katyamadzo imwe inodzongonyedza zvikurusa yokunze kuChibvumirano Chakanaka cheChishanu chifo chayo. Chibvumirano cheNorthern Ireland, chakabvumirana sorutivi rwechibvumirano chokurega cheUK, chakaumba tsika dzechiteshi nedzokudzorwa mugungwa reIreland kudzivisa muganhu wakaoma pachitsuwa cheIreland. Ikoku kwakafadza vagari vorudzi vaida kutengeserana kusina rwisano kuchamhembe, asi vakashatirisa vabatanidzwa vakairangarira senzvimbo yakaparadzana neGreat Britain uye tyisidziro kunzvimbo yeNorthern Ireland yeUK.

DUP yakaramba kupindazve mutungamiriri pashure pesarudzo yeChibvumirano 2022, ichiraira kuti mutemo udzorerwe kana kuti uparadzwe zvikuru. Hurumende yeUK Windsor Framework, yakabvumirana neEU muna February 2023, yakasuma “mugwagwa wejenasi” gadziriro dzokushambadza uye yakapa Northern Ireland gadziriro (“Stmont Brake”) kupikisa mitemo mitsva yomusika weEUP. Bva itiro dzeDUP dzakaramba dzichipfuurira, uye mukuru mukuru wacho akagara achienda mberi kwamakore maviri kutozosvikira pakuvamba kwechirongwa chesimba muna 2024.

Kunyange pashure pokudzorerwa, mutemo nenhaka yawo zvinopfuurira kuchetura ukama hwemasangano. Masangano anorangarira kuzivikanwa kwawo kuri mutyisidziro; vagari vorudzi navazhinji vanoramba vari muEU vanorangarira chibvumirano sedziviriro iri madikanwa nokuda kworugare. Nhau yacho yakudza pfungwa yokuti kudzora simba mutambo wezero-sum uko mhindu yenzanga imwe iri kurasikirwa neimwe, panzvimbo pegadziriro yenzvimbo yenzvimbo imwe yokugara.

Kuchinja Kwezvamatongerwe Enyika uye Kuderera Kwechivimbo

Makwikwi etsika pakati peDup neSinn Féin anowanzofukidza zvinodikanwa zvavagari vemowo zvavo. Kunyangira nguva dzose kunoratidza kuti nepo vazhinji muNorthern Ireland vachitsigira simba rinotsigira nheyo, kuvimba mumasangano ezvematongerwe enyika kwakaderera. Masangano anowanzova nenhambo refu dzokusashanda (zvisingawanzoitiki kubva muna 2017 kusvikira ku 2020 kusvikira ku 2022) vakakurisa chivimbo. Vazhinji (vaduku zvikurukuru naavo vanozivisa savabati kana kuti vazivi vorudzi) vanoonwa negadziriro inowanzoratidzika kuva inoshanda pamberi pemitambo yemitemo yemitemo pamusoro pokudzora.

Kumuka kwePcentrist Alliance Party, iyo zvino ine nzvimbo dzine 18% dzevhoti, kunoratidzira chishuvo chechimiro chidukusa chezvamatongerwe enyika. Alliance nokuda kwe “nguva yemberi yakagoverwa” uye pane dzimwe nguva yakakwanisa kupesana pakati pemibatanidzwa yemasangano. Zvisinei, inoramba isina kuiswa mumurairo wenzvimbo dzeSangoridhest neSeptant Gurust, izvo zvakachengeterwa mapoka makurusa echibatanidzwa nevezvourudzi. Mutevedzeri wehurumende, kupfurikidza negadziriro, kuisa nzanga mbiri semapoka makuru ezvematongerwe enyika, kuchikuita kuti kuome nokuda kwemapati echikwata checommuny kupesvedzera zvizere.

Chinjo Yokuona Zvinhu Zvacho: Nzvimbo Yakachinjika Inosimudzwa

Chimwe chezvinetso zvinokosha zvikurusa ndechokuchinja kwetsika yechiverengero chavagari vemo. 2021 yakaratidza kuti vagari vemo veKaturike muNorthern Ireland vakanga vakwira kusvika ku 45.7%, nepo chiverengero chavagari vePurotesitendi chakanga chamira pa 43.5% (hkutanga vaPurotesitendi vaipfuura vaPurotesitendi zvikuru kubvira pakasikwa nyika muna 1921. Iyi kombamiro inoratidzirwa mumufambiro wokuvhota: chikwata chenyika (chikurukuru chiSin Féin) uye mapoka eparabhuriki zvino zvino anowana mavhoti akawanda kupfuura mapoka omubatanidzwa muzvivhoti. Sinn Féin akava mubatanidzwa mukurusarudzo muChirungu muna 20222.

Nepo demography isiri nguva yemberi, uye kwete vose vaKaturike vanotsigira chinzwano cheIreland, chinjo ine tapuro huru dzendangariro pavabatanidzwa, avo vanorangarira nzvimbo yavo mukati meUK iri kuderera. kungashingisawo varwi kuti vamanikidzire kunzvera muganhu, mutoo wevhoti yechinzwano cheIreland yakapiwa muGood Wear Aptional. Hurumende yeUK yakataura kuti migariro yedandendium haisati yasangana, asi nhau yokuronga nguva nounei yakabva mukufungidzira kwedzidzo yezvokufungidzira kwezvesayenzi kunhau yezvamatongerwe enyika inopfuurira.

Kariro yenzvero yomuganhu − kunyange kana makore ari kure — inoparira kurwisana nesimba mukati memasangano esimba. Masangano eUnion anotya kuti kushanda navatsigiri venyika dzokuchamhembe kuchadzika nzira kuIreland yakabatana; vagari vorudzi vanoona kuvadziko yokubatana serambidzo kugamuchira chinjo dzehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu. Chimiro chehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu, chakagadzirirwa kudzora rwisano yakaomeswa, zvino chinofanira kufambisa chinyorwa chemitemo chemvura chenguva yemberi.

Mikana Yokumutsidzira Nokuchinja

Pasinei zvapo nedenho dzinotyisa, gadziriro yamasimba inobatanidza haisati iri isingagadziriki. Kune nzira dzinoenda kugadziriro inogara zvikuru neinobatanidza zvose, asi dzinoda kutendeseka pamusoro peutera hwomuenzaniso wazvino uye kudisa kunobva kumativi ose kubvumira.

Kuchinja Kwesangano: Kuita Kuti Basa Rinoderedza Simba Rive Nani

Nharaunda imwe iri pachena yokuvandudza kushanda kweGungano neMubatanidzwa weChibvumirano weChibvumirano chinowirirana chinovimbisa kuti mapoka makurusa anopinda munzvimbo muhurumende, asi kunorevawo kuti mapato anogona kuisa nomutoo unobudirira mumuitiro wacho kupfurikidza nokuramba kuvamiriri vasingashandisi mazita. Zvikarakadzo zvinoverengeka zvakafambira mberi, kubatanidza:

  • Kuderedza kushandiswa kweChikumbiro cheConnect icho chinobvumira vashomanene veMMLAS kuvhara mutemo panhau dzinotapurika. Uyu mutoo wakanga wakaitirwa pakuvamba kudzivirira maruramiro enzanga asi wakashatiswa kudzivisa mutemo unofambira mberi pamusoro pokuenzana kweroorano nokubvisa mimba.
  • Kupinza chishoro chakarongwa kuitira kuti mapoka arege kuzvidavirira muhurumende pasina kuwanisa masangano. 2020 New Enumber, New Approach yakabatanidza gadziriro dzechishoro chemumvuri, asi haisati yatongotendwa zvizere.
  • Kuisa muitiro wokugadza nokuda kwaVabatiri Vokutanga naSereshi vaManister, zvokuti kuwa kwamakore maviri hakuteveri kumira kuri kwose kwezvamatongerwe enyika. Imwe pfungwa ndeyokuva ne “mutarisiri” werimwe sangano kana vakasarudzwa Vokutanga naSeptant vasingagoni kubvumirana.

Kuchinja kunofanira kuva kwokungwarira kusasekesa nheyo huru yebvumirano yokubatana, iyo inoramba iri madikanwa inopiwa ukuru hwemapoka. Asi inogona kuita kuti gadziriro itsungirire zvikuru kumadutu ezvematongerwe enyika asingadzivisiki.

Kubatanidzwa Kwepwere uye Kuzivikanwa Kwomubatanidzwa

Rutivi runorondedzera rweChibvumirano chapashure peChishanu chakanaka neNorthern Ireland kubuda kwechizvarwa chisina kuva neNhamo zvakananga. Vanhu vazhinji vari pasi pe 30 vanozivisa zvakawanda ne “Northern Ireland” kana kuti“ Europe” kuzivikanwa kupfuura nezviratidzo zvemibatanidzwa kana kuti zvenyika. Iri boka harina kusununguka zvikuru nechimiro chezvamatongerwe enyika chegamuchidzanwa uye rinofarira zvikuru nhau dzakafanana nokuchinja kwemamiriro okunze, utano hwendangariro, uye ndyiko youpenyu.

Mapoka ezvamatongerwe enyika ave achinonoka kuchinjira kuiyi nhambo yetsika. Kuva nomuvhoti muduku kunoda kupfuudza kupfuudzira kupfurikidza nemibvunzo yebumbiro remitemo uye kupa mabasa avose. Kunorevawo kugadzira nzvimbo dzedzidzo nemabasa enzanga, uye zvirongwa zvemibatanidzwa yakasiyana - siyana, uko vanhu vanobva mumigariro yakasiana---------tsika. Kupinda muboka redzidzo reIntegrated Education, uko kunounza vana veKaturike nevePurotesitendi pamwe chete muchikoro chimwe chete, vave vari mumwe wenhamburiko dzinobudirira zvikurusa dzekuvaka rugare, asi ichiri kudzidzisa bedzi 7% yevadzidzi vanobva mumapoka nedzidzo imwe cheteyo zvinofanira kuva chinhu chokutanga.

Kushandira Pamwe Kwemari Sehwaro Hwebatano Yezvamatongerwe Enyika

Chibvumirano Chakanaka cheChishanu nguva dzose chairangarira batira pamwe yemari sechinhu chikuru chorugare. Runyararo rwakakweva mari yakananga yokumwe kubva kumakambani akadai seAllstate neCiti, uye nzvimbo dzokushanyira nzvimbo dzakawedzera.

Post-Brexit, Northern Ireland ine nzvimbo yechienzi: rutivi rwendima yetsika dzeUK asi ichiri inowirirana nemirau yeEU yezvokutengeserana yezvinhu. Iyi mibato miviri inopa mikana yemari kana mabhizimisi achigona kufamba nokuoma. Hundsor Frameom ye “recule". Inodzosa bhizimisi neGreat Britain, asi kusagadzikana kwezvamatongerwe enyika kunoenderera mberi kwakaodza mwoyo vamwe varondi.

Batira pamwe yeBallegal North- South South . yakadai somutarisiro youtano pamuganhu, mitsetse yesimba, uye kugadziridzwa kwomugwagwa weA5 kubva kuDerry kuenda kuDublin(*) zvinopa betsero dzinooneka dzinosimbisa kutsigirana. Dare roUshumiri reNorth/Southern, pasinei zvapo nokushandiswa kashoma, rinogovera mutoo wokufambisira mberi mabasa akagoveranwa. Ngwariro yezvoupfumi inopfuura zvamatongerwe enyika zvesekete ingagona kupa nzanga dzose fariro yakatsigarwa mumasangano akatsiga.

Basa Renzanga Yamarudzi Ose

Chibvumirano Chakanaka cheChishanu chakabviswa nokubatanidzwa kwokushingaira kubva kuhurumende dzeUK, Ireland, uye US, uye European Union yakagovera tsigiro yezvemari uye chiono chokuzivikanwa kweEurope.

United States, kupfurikidza nenhume chaidzo dzinotevedzana dzeNorthern Ireland, yakapfuurira kukurudzira kurukurirano nokuisa mari. Purezidhendi Biden, uyo anotaura kazhinji kazhinji nezvenhaka yake yeIreland, akanyoreswa somunhu oga. EU inoramba iri manyuko makurusa emari yokutsigira gadziriro dzorugare, kubatanidza kutanga kwerugare. Hurumende dzeUK neIreland dzakatarisira pamwe chete kuitwa kweChibvumirano uye dzakapinda mumagumo akafa(aposveze neAdminiti yeChiuru Chamakore, New Approach muna 202020 uye hurukuro dzakatungamirira kudzorerwa kweChibvumirano cheHurumende muna 2024.

Zvisinei, nzanga yamarudzi ose yakatarisanawo netsoropodzo nokuda kwokudzikama kwokuyananisa kwechokwadi. Nhamburiko yokuchengeta masangano ari mapenyu pane dzimwe nguva yakabvumira mapoka akawanda anochinja kunonotsa kuchinja. Basa rine tsiye nyoro zvikuru rinobva kuBritish-Irish Intergovernmental Conference ingagona kusunda nokuda kwechinjo dzechivako dzinoita kuti simba rive shoma.

Muenzaniso unobetsera wokuenzanisa muitiro worugare muBasque Country, umo mubatanidzwa wezvoupfumi, kurukurirano inowirirana, uye kuchinjika kwesangano zvakaderedza masimba ezvematongerwe enyika nokunatsiridza udzori. Vatambi vemarudzi ose vanogona kugoverana miitiro yakanakisisa ndokupfavisa kurukurirano pamusoro pokuchinja, asi mutyairi mukuru anofanira kuva ane zvamatongerwe enyika zvomunzvimbomo.

Mugumo: Kushanda Nesimba Panzvimbo Yemichinjikwa

Chibvumirano chaGood Chishanu chakabudirira mukugumisa masimba masimba makuru echiyero nokugadzira gadziriro yokutonga kwavose. Kwakarurama kukudza chiitwa ichocho. Asi mubatanidzwa wezvamatongerwe enyika zvino unobatwa pakati pesimba riviri: mufungo wesekete wakagarwa nhaka weNhamo nokubuda, matongerwe enyika akawanda enzanga yapashure pekuzvidira. Simba ringashanda kana mapoka makuru maviri achibata mumwe nomumwe setyisidziro dziripo panzvimbo pezvishongo zvapamutemo zvezvamatongerwe enyika.

Kuti nguva yemberi ive inoshanda, vabatanidzwa vose vanofanira kugamuchira zvokwadi dzinoverengeka dzisinganzwisiswi. Nokuda kwavabatanidzwa: chinjo yechiverengero chavagari vemo inoreva kuti pesvedzero yehurumende ichakura bedzi, uye kuedza kumisa miitiro yedemocracy kuchabvisa vavhoti ndokukuvadza Union. Nokuda kwavarwi venyika: nzvero yomuganhu haisati iri isingadzivisiki kana kuti iri pedyo, uye kusundirwa nokuda kwomumwe munhu nguva isati yasvika kugona kubvisa ganhuriro yose yorugare; kushanda mukati memasangano okuvandudza upenyu ndiyo nzira inobudirira zvikurusa yokuvaka nayo nhau yechinzwano. Nokuda kwemapati ekommo akabatana akafanana neAlliance: anofanira kupiwa basa guru zvikuru mukuronga zvinhu, kunyange kana mitemo yokushanda nokukurumidza ichiripo munzvimbo yemahofisi makuru.

Makore gumi anotevera achava akakomba. Mutevedzeri wesimba rinodzorwa namagetsi waratidza kuti unogona kutambanudzwa asi hauparadzwi. Nokuchinja kwokungwarira(muganhu, upfumi, uye tsika) kungachinjira kuzvinhu zvitsva. Pasina kuchinja kwakadaro, ngozi haisati iri kudzokera kuhondo yakashongedzerwa, asi kuora zvishoma nezvishoma kukuva kusatsarukana, uko masangano aripo papepa asi anokundikana kuraira vanhu kuva nechivimbo. Vanhu veNorthern Ireland vakafanirwa nokuri nani kupfuura izvozvo. Vakafanirwa nezvamatongerwe enyika zvinopfuura mativi maviri echibatanorumbiso rwomubatanidzwa worudzi runorwisana norwenyika uye vanokurukura zvinetso chaizvoizvo zvezana ramakore ramakumi maviri okutanga.

Vatsigiri vokunze (-UK, Ireland, EU, uye US) vanofanira kupfuurira kuisa simba rehurumende nepfuma yemari, asi mutoro mukurusa uri kuvatungamiriri vomunzvimbomo. Ushingi hwezvamatongerwe enyika, kubvumirana pane zvisina kufanira, uye kudisa kuisa zvakanaka zvinozivikanwa navose pamusoro peboka hazvisati zviri zvimwe zvinotsiva; izvo ndizvo zvinoparira zvinokosha nokuda kweinjini yesimba rinodzorwa. Good Wearday Agreement yakagovera injini. Zvino inguva yokuvandudza mativi akasakara.