Gadziriro yapamutemo muUnited States nemimwe miganhu mizhinji yavose inokamuraniswa kuva mapoka maviri akafara: mutemo wavagari vemo nomutemo woutsotsi. Nepo ose ari maviri anobatanidza kutongwa kwedare nekakavadzano dzapamutemo, anobatira zvinangwa zvakasiana zvikuru, anotevera miitiro yakasiana, uye ane miuyo yakasiana. Kana uri muridzi webhizimisi, mutengi, nyajambwa wetsaona, kana kuti mumwe munhu anotarisana nemhosva, anonzwisisa iyi misiyano yapamutemo inokosha mukudzivirira maruramiro ako nokufambisa tsika nenzira inobudirira. Nyaya inopa kuputsika huru yemisiyano huru, mipimo, mutwaro wezvibvumikiso, uye mirangariro inoshanda yemitengo yavagari vemo inorwisana neutsotsi.

Chii Chiri Mhaka Dzisiri Dzavagari Vemo?

Nyaya dzepamutemo dzinotongwa nenhengo dzehurumende dzinonzi dzitemedzerwa nemhirizhonga dzehurumende dzinonzi dzinobatsira kana kuti dzinonzi mumwe munhu anokuvadza mumwe kana kuti anokundikana kuita basa repamutemo. Kusiyana nemhosva dzematsotsi, chinangwa chikuru chokupa mhosva hachisi chirango asi chisarudzo: dare rinotsvaka kugovera mushonga kuboka rakakuvara, kazhinji kacho muchimiro chemari kana kuti murayiro wedare unoda chiito chakati (zvakadai sokuita chibvumirano kana kuti kumisa basa rinokuvadza). Mutemo wevagari vemo unodzora mativi ose okufambidzana kwevanhu, kubva pakuputswa kwezvibvumirano zvemotokari kuenda kutsaona dzemari pamiganhuro yezvinhu.

Marudzi Anozivikanwa Navose Emhosva Dzavagari Vemo

Mutemo wavagari vemo unobatanidza mapoka maduku akawanda. Marudzi anozivikanwa zvikurusa anobatanidza:

  • [[FOLT:0] Kukakavadzana[ – Kupedzisa kwebvumirano inomanikidzirwa pamutemo, zvakadai serendi, kutengeswa kwezvinhu, kana kuti chibvumirano chebasa.
  • [ anotaura kuti – zvikanganiso zvevagari vemo zvinoparira kuvadziko kana kuti kurasikirwa, kubatanidza kuvadziko yomunhu oga (kuitika nokuwanwa, kusashanda zvakanaka kwezvokurapa), kuzvidza, kuregeredza, uye zvigumbuso zvamaune zvakafanana nokudenha kana kuti kubiridzira.
  • [ Kukakavadzana [ - Kukakavadzana pamusoro penzvimbo, miganhu, nhau dzinonetsa dzemuridzi, kana kuti varaidzo.
  • [ mutemo wemhuri unokosha [[[FLT: 1] – chatanuro, kodzero yokuchengeta mwana, tsigiro yavana, tsigiro yemhuri, kurera mwana, uye kubereka.
  • [[[FORT:0] probate nemhinganidzo dzenzvimbo - Denho kukuda, kuvimba, kana kuti kuparadzirwa kwezvinhu zvomunhu akafa.

Munhau yehurumende, boka rinounza dare rinonzi propect, uye mubato unopomerwa ndiro [ dindendindix[. Mutongi anofanira kuisa kunyunyuta kwapamutemo kudare ndokubatira pamikwiro, uyo ipapo ane banza rokupindura. Mhaka zhinji dzavanamugari vemo dzinopedzwa kupfurikidza nokutaurirana pamberi pokutongwa, asi kana kugamusana kusingabviri, mhaka inopfuurira kutongwa pamberi pomutongi (kutongwa) kana kuti dare. Nemhaka yakawanda pamusoro pemhakano dzenhau dzevagari vemo, [Foct4] ku Corne Law Laws School’s Reformation [FF]

Mutoro Woufakazi Mumhosva Dzavagari Vemo

Humwe ufakazi hunokosha zvikurusa pakati pomutemo wehurumende neweutsotsi mutoro wechibvumikiso. Munhau dzehurumende, mupurisa anofanira kubvumikisa mhaka yavo kupfurikidza ne kuisa ngwariro kuufakazi. Ihwohwu hunoreva ufakazi hunofanira kuratidza kuti [ sezvingabvira zvikuru kupfuura [ (papfuura 50%) kuti mukwidziridziri akaparira kuvadziko kana kuti akaputsa basa. Uyu mupimo wakaderera kupfuura mutoro woutsotsi, unoratidzira idikanyo yokuti chirango chavagari vemo chamari panzvimbo pekusunungurwa.

Chii Chiri Mhaka Dzoutsotsi?

Nyaya dzeutsotsi dzinosanganisira mufambiro unonzi kupara mhosva kuhurumende, kuruzhinji, kana kuti munzanga yose. Hurumende_(mutongi, hurumende, kana kuti nzvimbo) ) tambudza vanhu kana kuti masangano anopomerwa mhosva. Chinangwa chomutemo weutsotsi kuranga zvakaipa, kudzivisa basa routsotsi romunguva yemberi, kudzorera vatadzi, uye kudzivirira vanhu. Kutenderwa kwemhosva kunogona kuguma nefaindi, kugadziriswa, kutendwa, basa romunzanga, kana kuti kuiswa mujeri.

Zvikamu Zvoutsotsi

Mhosva dzeutsotsi dzinopinda mumapoka makuru matatu akavakirwa paukombi:

  • [ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
  • Misdemirs[[FL:1] - Utsoropodzo hwakakomba hunowanzorangwa negore rimwe mujeri, faindi, kana kuti kurongerwa. Mienzaniso inobatanidza kuba kuduku, kudenha kuri nyore, kutyaira mupesvedzero (mhosva yokutanga), uye mufambiro usina nhevedzano.
  • Kupaza [ - Kupunzika Kuduku uko kazhinji kazhinji kunoguma bedzi nenguva yakaisvonaka uye isina jeri. matikiti emotokari namarara mienzaniso inozivikanwa navose.

Mumhaka yeutsotsi, hurumende inomirirwa nomuchuchisi (gweta reruwa, gweta reUnited States, kana kuti gweta rehurumende), uye mupomeri mukwidzi. Bumbiro remitemo rinovimbisa maruramiro akati kuvapomeri voutsotsi, kubatanidza maruramiro kugweta, maruramiro okuramba akanyarara, uye maruramiro okutongwa kwokukurumidza. Vashushi vane chisarudzo kana vachinyora pomero uye pomero dzichaunza, zvakavakirwa paufakazi nefariro yavose.

Mutoro Woufakazi Mumhosva Dzeutsotsi

Murovereri mutongo unofanira kubvumikisa mhaka yomukwiridziri kupfuura panikiro ine mufungo. Uyu ndiwo mupimo wakakwirira zvikurusa woufakazi mugadziriro yapamutemo, unoratidzira miuyo yakakomba yepwiso yetsotsi nenheyo huru yokuti kuri nani kurega munhu ane mhaka akasununguka kupfuura kuisa mhaka munhu asina mhaka. Kupanikira kune mufungo hakurevi kuva kwechokwadi chose chose, asi kunoda kuti vatongi vapwi vapwiswe zvakasimba nemhaka yomupomeri. Kana pane tsananguro ine mufungo, inowirirana nokusava nemhaka, mukwidzirirwi anofanira kusunungurwa. Dzidza zvikuru pamusoro pouyu mupimo Mutsana weProgiro yepanikiro yepanikiro yepanikiro ine mufungo[FFFF].

Misiyano Huru Pakati Pemhosva Dzevagari Vemo Nedzematsotsi

Kunyange zvazvo nyaya dzehurumende nedzematsotsi dzichitongwa mudare rimwe chete uye dzichitaurwawo nevamwe, kusiyana kunoverengeka kungaita kuti dzisiyane.

  • [[FOLT:0] Purpose:[ mhaka dzomunharaunda dzinovavarira kupedza gakava nokutsiva vanyajambwa; mhaka dzoutsotsi dzinovavarira kuranga vatadzi ndokudzivirira nzanga.
  • Partition: Munhau dzevagari vemo, mupurisa ibato ravanhu voga; mumhaka dzoutsotsi, hurumende (muurayi) inounza pomero mukwirirwi.
  • [[[FT:0] Chibvumikiso: Chiviti: Kufungisisa ufakazi (kunenge kuti). Khambara: pasina panikiro ine mufungo.
  • Kurudyi kugweta: Munhau dzavagari vemo, mapati anofanira kubhadharira magweta avo amene (kunze kwomutemo wakati wemhuri kana kuti nhau dzokudzinga neyamuro yapamutemo). Mumhaka dzoutsotsi, hurumende inofanira kugovera gweta nokuda kwavapomeri vanopomerwa mhaka vakatarisana nenguva yetorongo.
  • Kodzero dzechitsotsi: Vapomeri vane maruramiro ebumbiro remitemo kukutonga kwedare rinobetsera vatongi nokuda kwemhosva ipi neipi netongero inobvira yemwedzi mitanhatu. Vatongi vehurumende vangakumbira dare rinobetsera dare muzviitiko zvizhinji, asi harivimbiswi nokuda kwemarudzi ose ezvirevo.
  • [ Mari dzinobhadharwa: Migumisiro yavagari vemo inobatanidza kuvadziko dzemari, mirairo, kuita kwakananga, kana kuti kutonga kwokubvisa. Matsotsi anobatanidza faindi, kusungwa, basa renzanga, kana kuti chirango chorufu.
  • Appals:[ Mativi ose ari maviri anogona kukumbira mumhaka dzehurumende. Mumhaka dzoutsotsi, kuchuchisa kazhinji kazhinji hakugoni kukwidza kusunungurwa (nokuda kwedziviriro dzine ngozi dzakapetwa kaviri), asi mukwirirwi anogona kukwirira kupwiswa.

Kuwa - wanda Kwemhosva Dzevagari Vemo Nedzematsotsi

Mufambiro unogona kuparira zvose zviri zviviri mhaka youtsotsi. Somuenzaniso, mutyairi akadhakwa anoparira tsaona ine ngozi angatarisana nepomero dzoutsotsi nokuda kwokuuraya munhu netsinga (utsotsi) uyewo anopomerwa nemhuri yanyajambwa nokuda kworufu rwakaipa. O.J. muparadzi wemhosva weSimpson anopomerwa mhaka yokuponda muna 1995 haana kudzivisa kutonga kwake kwehurumende nokuda kwerufu rwakaipa, umo akawanikwa ane mhaka yapamutemo ndokurairwa kubhadhara chirango. Mitezo miviri inoshanda yakasununguka, nemipimo yakasiana yebvumikiso nemitemo yakasiana. dare routsotsi rapa mhaka yemhosva harisati richingoerekana richiita mutongo wavagari vemo, nemhaka yokuti mhaka yavagari vemo inoshandisa chinyorwa chakaderera choufakazi.

Zviratidzo Zvepamutemo Mumhosva Dzevagari Vemo Nedzematsotsi

Kunyange zvazvo kuwanda kwezvigaro zvakafanana ne(_fleath, budis, vercation, shoo, kukwirira) nhano dzakananga nenzvimbo dzenguva zvichisiyana zvikuru pakati penhau dzevagari vemo nedzeutsotsi. Kunzwisisa izvi kunogona kuderedza funganyo ndokukubetsera kushanda nenzira inobudirira negweta rako.

Kutongwa Kwemhosva

  1. : Mutemi anonyora nyunyuto ichitaura maidi nezvibvumikiso zvapamutemo. Mukwirirwi anofaira mhinduro, sezvinobvira kubatanidza matsivi kana kuti zviito zvokudzinga.
  2. Zvipikirwa: Vose vari vaviri vanotaurirana kupfurikidza nemibvunzo yakanyorwa (mibvunzo yakanyorwa), zvikumbiro (kana kuti chipupuriro pasi pemhiko), zvikumbiro zvezvinyorwa, uye zvikumbiro zvokupinda. Iyi nhambo inogona kupedza mwedzi kusvikira kuinopfuura gore.
  3. Kutora nzvimbo dzenhau: Mibato ingasaidzira rutongeso rwokupfupikisa, kubvisa ufakazi, kana kuti kumanikidza kuwana.
  4. [ Misangano yetsika kana kuti kuyananisa: matare akawanda anoda kuti matare aedze kugadzikisana pamberi pokutonga.
  5. : Rutivi rumwe norumwe runopa kutaura kwokuzarura, ufakazi (ufakazi hwechapupu, magwaro), uye nharo dzokupfiga. Mutongi kana kuti vatongi vanopa chisarudzo ipapo ndokupa chisarudzo.
  6. Kufamba nokukwirira zvenhau: Varasikirwi vangakumbira mutongi kuchinja chisarudzo kana kuti kuderedza kuvadziko, uye gare gare kukwirira kudare rapamusoro.

Kutongwa kwevagari vomunyika kunowanzova kusina tsika kupfuura kutongwa kwoutsotsi, uye mumativi akawanda mhaka dzinopedzwa muedzo usati watongwa kupfurikidza nokusashanda zvakanaka kana kuti kugadzikiswa.

Kuparwa Kwemhosva

  1. [[FLT: 0] Kuisa mutemo kana kuti kuraira: kuendesa anofungidzirwa muchitokisi kana kuti kumutsa kuranga kwokuoneka mudare.
  2. [[FLT: 0] Kunyora nokuoneka kwokutanga:[[FL:1] Mukwiri anoziviswa nezvepomero ndokupiwa zano ramaruramiro. Bail akagadzwa kana kuti mukwirirwi anosunungurwa pakuzivikanwazve.
  3. Kutonga kwokusaidzira kana kuti kupomero kukuru kwedare rinobetsera vatongi: Mumhaka dzemhosva, hurumende inofanira kuratidza chisakiso chinobvira kupfuurira. Vatongi vakuru vangabudisa mhaka mumhaka dzomubatanidzwa kana kuti dzimwe nyika.
  4. [[FOL:0] Kuzvidavirira:[ Mukwiri anopinda muchikumbiro: ane mhaka, kwete ane mhaka, kana kuti asina makwikwi.
  5. Miitiro yokufumura neyapamberi pedare: Kuchuchisa kunofanira kushandura ufakazi hwokupa uchapupu (zvinhu zveBrady). Nhendo dzingadenha kuzara kwoufakazi kana kuti kutsvaka kudzvinyirira ufakazi hunowanwa nenzira isiri yapamutemo.
  6. Purani: Nhevedzo hurusa youtsotsi (inopfuura 90%) inosarudza kupfurikidza nebvumirano yechikumbiro, apo mukwirirwi anobvuma kupomera mhaka kupomero duku kana kuti kugamuchira mutongo wakaderedzwa.
  7. : Kana pasina chikumbiro chikasvikwa, mhaka inoenda kukutonga. Kupomera kunopa ufakazi kutanga, kuchiteverwa nedziviriro. Mukwirirwi angasarudza kupupurira kana kuti kuramba akanyarara. Vatongi (kana kuti mutongi) vanofanira kusvika chisarudzo chakabata chekupwiswa mumativi mazhinjisa.
  8. Kuisa mugadzikiso: kana mukwirirwi akawanirwa mhaka, mutongo wakaparadzana unosarudza chirango. Vatongi vanotsamira panhungamiro dzokutonga ndokurangarira zvinhu zvinoparira kana kuti zvinodzikamisa.
  9. [[[FOL:0] Appal:[ Mukwiri angakwidza mhaka kana kuti mutongo. Muroveri wemhaka haagoni kukwirira mhaka.

Miitiro youtsotsi inodzorwa zvikuru nedziviriro dzebumbiro remitemo — The Fourth Amendment (search and syndrome), Findment (kuzviparadzanisa), Sikisith Amendment (kodzero yezano nerwisano), uye Eighth Amendment (chirango chechienzi). Iyi dziviriro haishandi kuvaridzi vehurumende nenzira imwe cheteyo.

Kutemwa Kwezvatisingakwanisi Kuita

Mitongo yose iri miviri yavagari vemo neyoutsotsi inodzorwa neganhuriro dzenguva. inonzi mitemo yeganhuriro (sokutevera pashure pokunge chiito chapamutemo charambidzwa. Munhau dzavagari vemo, ganhuriro yenguva inosiana zvikuru norudzi rwezvinotaurwa. Somuenzaniso, kuvadziko yomunhu oga ine muganhu wamakore 2 /3, nepo kuputswa kwebvumirano kungava namakore 4 ne6. Mitemo yeutsotsi yeganhuriro yakaoma zvikuru: utsotsi hwakakomba hwakafanana nokuponda kazhinji kazhinji kazhinji hahuna muganhu wenguva, nepo mafeloni angave namakore 3 296, uye vasakafanira kazhinji kazhinji kazhinji kazhinji kuva namakore 1 /2. Kunokosha kubvunza mumiririri wemitemo nokukurumidza kushaiwa iyi miganhu.

Basa Revatakuri Mumhosva Dzevagari Vemo Nedzeutsotsi

Mibato nemisengwa zvavagweta zvinosiana zvichitsamira pakuti vari kubata nhau yevagari vemo kana kuti youtsotsi. Munhau dzavagari vomunyika. Munhau, magweta anomirira vatengi mukurukurirano, kutaurirana, kutora mhaka. Basa ravo guru nderokutsigira fariro dzomutengi wavo uye kuwana muuyo wakanakisisa unobvira (kureva kuisa chirango nokuda kwomupomerwi kana kuti kuderedza mhaka. Mumitoro yeutsotsi, magweta anodzivirira ane basa remitemo rokugovera betsero inoshanda, inobatanidza maruramiro anodenha engwariro, anobatanidza maruramiro anodzivirira kodzero dzomushuviririrwo, uye kutsvaka chikumbiro chakanaka zvikurusa. Vatongi, pane rumwe rutivi, vane musengwa chaiwo wokutsvaka ruramisiro, kwete kungowana; vanofanira kubudisa ufakazi hufakazi husingaruramisirwi. [FF], dare rinovimbisa mabasa echiito chikwane.[0]

Nhamo Dzinoshanda Nechokuita Kana Uchibatanidzwa

Munyaya dzehurumende, gweta rinogona kuyera zvauri kutaura, kukupa zano rokuzvibhadharira, uye kuronga mitemo yakasiyana - siyana. Munhau dzechitsotsi, kana kuti kuva negweta rinodzivirira kunotsoropodza kubvira panguva yokusungwa; chinhu chipi nechipi chaunotaura kumutevedzeri wemitemo chinogona kushandiswa pauri. Usaedza kutaura nevaongorori pasina mumiririri wako.

Kuwedzera pane izvi, chengeta zvinyorwa zvehurumende, mapepa ehurumende, matsamba, mapikicha, mabhiri okurapa, uye humwe ufakazi. Munyaya dzoutsotsi, nyora mashoko ebatano ipi neipi nemapurisa, kubatanidza misi, nguva, uye zvapupu. Kunzwisisa misiyano iri pakati pomutemo wehurumende noweutsotsi kunogonawo kukubatsira kutarisira zviitiko: kukwidza matare hakugoni kuendesa mumwe munhu kujeri, uye kutenderwa kweutsotsi kungasakwanisa kutsiva nyajambwa. Sangano imwe neimwe inoshanda basa rakasiyana, uye pane dzimwe nguva zvose zviri zviviri zvinodikanwa kuti uite ruramisiro yakazara.

mhedziso

Mamiriro enhau epamutemo akaoma, asi kukamukana kukuru pakati pomutemo wevagari vemo nevoutsotsi kunopa gadziriro inokosha yokunzwisisa nenge rudzi rwose rwega rwega rwega rwega rwega rwega. Nemhaka dzemhosva dzinobatanidza kukanganisa kwevakuvadziko uye kuronga kuti vakuvara vadzoke nokubhadhara kana kuti kusunungura. Zvisarudzo zvinobatanidza zvikanganiso zvavose voruzhinji uye zvinoda kuranga mutadzi achidzivirira nzanga. Mutoro weufakazi, magariro, marura, uye migumisiro inobvira zvinosiyana zvikuru. Nokuziva izvi, unogona kukurukura zviri nani zviri pamutemo, kukurukurirana zvakanaka nomumiririri wemitemo, uye kudzivirira kodzero dzako. Nokuda kwokuwedzera kurava, [[FLT:] No] Nhamba yenhau yepamutemo inopa tsananguro dzakanyatso dzekupomerwa mhosva dzevagari vemo [FLT:], uye [FLT] . .