Kunzwisisa Purezidhendi weIndia Mumugariro weHurumende

Purezidhendi weIndia ane chimiro chechinjo chechienzi semutungamiriri wetsika wehurumende, asi hofisi inoita basa guru mukuumbwa kwehurumende pashure pesarudzo. Nepo Mutungamiriri weSangano naDare raVatungamiriri vanoshandisa chiremera chavakuru vakuru, zviito zvaPurezidhendi zvinotungamirirwa nokungwarira neBumbiro remitemo uye kokorodzano dzakatangwa (kuvimbisa kuchinjwa kwapamutemo uye kwakarongwa kwesimba. Nyaya inopa kunzverwa kwakakwana kwemitoro yaPurezidhendi, miitiro, uye masimba akachenjera mukuumba hurumende, kufukidza gadziriro yebumbiro remitemo, mamiriro ezvinhu etsika netepikindikiro, mamiriro ezvinhu emisikata, uye zvinoitika zvenhau.

Chikamu cheBumbiro reMitemo: Zvikamu 74, 75, uye 85

Basa raPurezidhendi mukuumbwa kwehurumende rinotorwa zvikurukuru muZvikamu 74, 75, uye 85 zveBumbiro reMitemo reIndia. Chikamu 74 chinosimbisa Council of Ministeri ane musoro wake kuti abetsere nokupa Purezidhendi. Chikamu 75 chinoraira kuti Mutungamiriri weProfester achagadzwa naPurezidhendi uye kuti vamwe vafundisi vachagadzwa naPrezidhendi pazano raPuerrester. Kupfuurirazve, Chikamu 85 chinopa simba Purezidhendi kuti aronge nokuronga zvirongwa zveParamende uye kubvisa Lok Sabba. Inyaya idzi dzinoumba kuvakwa kwemitemo mukati mepuredhea.

Kunokosha kucherekedza kuti Purezidhendi anoshandisa aya masimba mukuwirirana nezano reDare raVafundisi pasi peChikamu 74 (1). Zvisinei, nhambo yapashure pekusarudza, Dare idzva raVashumiri risati raumbwa, ndiimwe yenhambo dzisingazivikanwi apo Purezidhendi angaita nokungwarira kwomunhu oga. Uku kuchenjera hakusati kuri kwakakwana asi kwakasungwa nekokorodzano dzebumbiro remitemo uye kudikanwa kwokutsigira nheyo dzehurumende yedemocratial.

Mukuwedzera kuidzi nyaya huru, Bumbiro reMitemo rinogovera hurumende inochengeta kuti itarisire nhau dzenguva dzose kutozosvikira hurumende itsva yapikirwa mu. Dare reNzvimbo yokusarudza reIndia (] eci.gov.in)) rinotarisira muitiro wokusarudza uye rinopfuudza miuyo kuPrezidhendi, uyo ipapo anotanga muitiro wokuumba.

Kufambira Mberi Nenzira Yokugadziridza Hurumende

Kuumbwa kwehurumende pashure pesarudzo yavose kunotevera muitiro wakasanogadzwa, uchibatanidza mirairo yebumbiro remitemo negadziriro yezvamatongerwe enyika. Muitiro wacho unowanzopedzenuka muzvikamu zvinoverengeka:

Kuzivisa Migumisiro Yokusarudza

Purezidhendi anowana kurukurirano yetsika kubva kuKomishinari, kazhinji kazhinji pamwe chete nendaza yemitezo yakasarudzwa nemitezo yavo yebato. Ikoku kunoratidzira mavambo echinjo yapamutemo.

Kukokwa Kuboka Guru Kana Kuti Rokutenda

Purezidhendi anozivisa mubatanidzwa wezvamatongerwe enyika kana kuti mubatanidzwa wapamberi pekunaya wakaitwa voruzhinji zvakajeka (zvinenge zvigaro 272). Kana boka rimwe rikadarika musimboti uyu, Purezidhendi anokoka mutungamiriri waro kuti aumbe hurumende. Mutoo, Purezidhendi anopa tsamba yetsika yokukokera kumukuru webato revoruzhinji, achivakumbira kubvumikisa voruzhinji vavo muLok Sabba mukati menguva inotemende yakatarwa (inowanzova mavhiki maviri).

3. Gadziriro Yehurumende Dzekodzero Dzevanhu Vane Chibvumirano

Apo kunenge kusina boka rimwe rinokunda voruzhinji, Purezidhendi anokoka mutungamiriri webato gurusa kana kuti mubatanidzwa unogona kuratidzira tsigiro yapashure porusando. Mutungamiriri wehurumende angakumbira mutungamiriri akakokwa kugovera tsamba dzetsigiro dzinobva kumamwe mapoka kana kuti mitezo yakazvimirira. Uyu muitiro wakakomba, sezvo Purezidhendi anofanira kugutswa kuti hurumende inokarakadzwa inogona kuraira voruzhinji pauriri hweImba.

4. Kugadzwa kweMutungamiriri Wehurumende neDare Revashumiri

Kana mutungamiriri akakokwa angoratidzira mano avo okuraira voruzhinji, Purezidhendi anovagadza nenzira yapamutemo saMutungamiriri wePurezidhendi. Kugadzwa kwacho kunonyorwa mugwaro pasi poruoko rwaPurezidhendi nechisimbiso.Mutungamiriri wePurezidhendi mutsva ipapo anopa zano Purezidhendi pamusoro pokugadzwa kwavamwe vafundisi. Purezidhendi anopa mhiko dzehofisi nokuvanda kuMutungamiriri wePrime naDare raVamiririri, sepatatu Shotejini yeBumbiro reMitemo.

5. Muedzo Womudenga

Munhambo pfupi pashure pokupika, hurumende itsva inofanira kubvumikisa voruzhinji vayo pauriri hweLok Sabba kupfurikidza nevhoti yechivimbo. Iyi muedzo wouriri unowanzoitiswa murusando rwokutanga rweParamende itsva. Purezidhendi anogadza mutauri wepro-tem kuti atarisire muitiro uyu. Kana hurumende ikatadza kuchengetedza voruzhinji, Purezidhendi anofanira kunzvera zvimwe zvisarudzo, zvakadai sokukoka mumwe mutungamiriri kuti aumbe hurumende kana kuti, kana pasina hurumende yakatsiga inobvirira, kubvisa Lok Sabba nokuda kwesarudzo itsva.

Uchenjeri hwaPurezidhendi muParamende Yehung

Kushandiswa kukurusa kwechisarudzo chapurezidhendi kunoitika apo kusarudza kunoguma neparamende yakaturikwa, kureva kuti hakuna mubatanidzwa kana kuti mubatanidzwa usati waparadzwa unodzivirira voruzhinjiwo zvavo. Muchinoitika chakadaro, Purezidhendi ane chiremera chebumbiro remitemo chokusarudza kuti ndiani wokukoka kuumba hurumende. Simba iri harisati richidzorwa; rinoshandiswa rakavakirwa parangariro dzinoverengeka:

  • Boka rimwe gurusa rinotaura: Purezidhendi angakoka boka rimwe gurusa kuedza kuumbwa kwehurumende, kunyange kana ikakundikana kuva vazhinji. Ikoku kwakavakirwa pakokorodzano apo boka gurusa rinowana banza rokutanga.
  • Mubatanidzwa wePopu nevoruzhinji vakajeka: Kana boka ramapoka richigona kuratidzira voruzhinji kupfurikidza netsamba dzetsigiro, Purezidhendi achakoka mutungamiriri wemubatanidzwa iwoyo.
  • Kushanda nokusashaika: Mutungamiriri wehurumende anorangarira bviro yokuti hurumende inokarakadzwa icharamba yakatsiga. Mubatanidzwa usingataniki ungatungamirira kuhurumende inogara kwenguva pfupi, ichisunda Purezidhendi kunzvera dzimwe nzira.
  • Hapana chivimbo chivhota: Kana mutungamiriri akakokwa akakundikana kubvumikisa voruzhinji mukati menguva yakatarwa, Purezidhendi angakumbira muedzo wapauriri kuti uitwe nokukurumidza murusando chaiko, kana kuti kukoka mumwe mutungamiriri anotaura kuva netsigiro hurusa.

Muzvinoitika zvakakomba, kana pasina hurumende inobudirira inogona kuumbwa, Purezidhendi angatendeukira kubvisa Lok Sabha pasi peChikamu 85(2) uye kuraira sarudzo itsva. Iyi inzira yokupedzisira uye inoshandiswa bedzi apo kumwe kusarudza kwose kunenge kwapera. Chisarudzo chaPurezidhendi ipapo chakavakirwa pazano reDare raMapiona rinobva, asi munhambo yapashure pokusarudza hurumende itsva isati yaumbwa, Purezidhendi angashanda parusarudzo rwake/kutonga kwake amene.

Masimba akachenjera aPurezidhendi ave ari nhau yekurukurirano yapamutemo neyezvamatongerwe enyika. Dare Rapamusorosoro, mumhaka yechiratidzo S.R.Bommai v. Union yeIndia (1994), rakasimbisazve kuti chiito chaPrezidhendi chinofanira kuva chinowirirana negadziriro yehurumende yedemokrati uye kuti kuedza kwapauriri inzira yakanakisisa yokupedza nayo makakatanwa pamusoro poruzhinji.

Mamiriro Ezvinhu Anokosha: Hapana Kuzviregerera, Kuzvidzora, uye Kutonga kwaPurezidhendi

Basa raPurezidhendi mukuumbwa kwehurumende rinotambanuka kupfuura nhambo yekusarudzwa kwapashure pekusarudzwa. Mukati menhambo yehurumende, zvinoitika zvakadai sokusazvivimba, kutsauka pasi poMutemo weTendiyoti (Mutemo weAnti-Defefe), kana kuti kuputsika kwemichina yebumbiro remitemo kunogona kudzorera Purezidhendi mumuitiro wokuumbwa.

Hapana Kufamba Kusingabvumiki

Kana kusafamba kwokuvimba kukaitwa muLok Sabha, hurumende inorasikirwa nevoruzhinji vayo. Mutungamiriri weHurumende anorega basa, uye Purezidhendi anofanira kutanga muitiro wokuumba hurumende itsva. Miitiro mimwe cheteyo inoshanda: Purezidhendi anokoka mutungamiriri webato kana kuti mubatanidzwa unogona kuraira voruzhinji. Kana pasina mutungamiriri akadaro aripo, Purezidhendi anganyungudza Lok Sabba.

Kukanganisa Nokururamisa

MuMutemo weAnti-Defefera, vaiti vemitemo vanopinza mungozi kubviswa kwemiganhu. Zvisinei, kubatanidza kana kuti kukamukana kwamapoka kunogona kutungamirira kuchinjo mukuvakwa kwehurumende. Kana hurumende ikarasikirwa nezhinji yayo nemhaka yokupanduka, Purezidhendi angakumbira Mutungamiriri weProfester kubvumikisa voruzhinji vavo zvakare. Mutungamiriri wehurumende haapindiri munhau dzomumabato asi anovimbisa kuti hurumende inofarikanya chivimbo cheLok Sabha.

Kutonga kwaPurezidhendi (Nzira 356)

Munhau yokundikano yemichina yebumbiro-mitemo munyika, Purezidhendi angaisa Kutonga kwaPurezidhendi pasi peChikamu 356. Ikoku kunobatanidza kubviswa kwehurumende yehurumende nokurongwa kwemabasa ayo naPrezidhendi. Nepo iri iri gadziriro yenzvimbo yehurumende, rakafanira kuumbwa kwehurumende nemhaka yokuti Purezidhendi angabvisawo gungano remitemo rehurumende uye rongedzero itsva. Kushandiswa kweChikamu 356 kwave kuri mudzokororo yedare, zvikurukuru mu S.R.BMAINKATA YACHONGA, iyo inoganhurira kushandiswa kwacho kusingako.

Zvakaitika Kare uye Mienzaniso Isingaoreki

Nhau yokusarudza yeIndia inogovera mifananidzo inoverengeka yebasa raPurezidhendi mukuumbwa kwehurumende, zvikurukuru mumamiriro ezvinhu akateyiwa eparamende.

[[FLT: 0]1977:[[FLT ,] Pashure peEmergency, Data Party yakakunda Congress.D. Jatti akakoka Morarji Desai, mutungamiriri webvumirano hurusa yapamberi pepukuti iumbe hurumende. Desai akabvumikisa voruzhinji vake zvakanaka.

[[FLT: 0]199: Congress yakarasikirwa nevoruzhinji vayo, uye National Front mubatanidzwa, wakatungamirirwa naV.P. Singh, akabuda sechiumbwa chikurusa. Mutungamiriri wehurumende Rekatariman akakoka Singh kuti aumbe hurumende, uye akakwanisa kuratidzira tsigiro kubva kuBharatiya Janata Party neKuruboshwe.

19996: Sarudzo dzakaguma neparamende yakaturikwa neBJP ichibuda sebato rimwe gurusa. Purezidhendi Shankar Dayal Sharma wakakoka Atari Birar Vajakee kuumba hurumende, asi BJP yakakundikana kuunganidza tsigiro yakakwana uye yaibviswa pashure pamazuva 13. Purezidhendi ipapo akakoka United Front community, iyo yakaumba hurumende pasi pe H.D. Devewda. Ichi chinoitika chakasimbisa chisarudzo chaPrezidenti mumugariro wezvamatongerwe enyika unochinja.

1988: Rimwe Boka rakaona BJP ichitungamirira mubatanidzwa wainzi National Democratic Alliance (NDA). Purezidhendi K.R. Narayan akakoka Vajhayee, uyo akabvumikisa nenzira inobudirira voruzhinji vake pashure pomuedzo wouriri.

2014 na 2019:[[FLT :1] Musarudzo dzose dziri mbiri, BJP yakawina voruzhinji vakachena pachayo, ichipfavisa basa raPurezidhendi. Pranab Mukherjee naRam Nath Navindra Mondi akakumbira Narendra Modi kuumba hurumende pasina kurangarira kupi nokupi kwakawedzerwa.

Mienzaniso iyi inoratidza kuti kunyange zvazvo basa raPurezidhendi richigara rakajeka kana ruzhinji ruine, zvinova zvakaoma kunzwisisa munguva dzezvamatongerwe enyika.

Kuenzanisa Nemamwe Masangano Ehurumende Inosarudzwa Nehurumende

Purezidhendi weIndia muurongwa hwehurumende anogona kuenzaniswa nouhwo hwavamwe vakuru venyika muhurumende dzinosarudzwa navanhu. MuUnited Kingdom, mambo (Mambo Charles III) anogadza Mutungamiriri Mukuru akavakirwa pamutungamiriri webato navazhinji muImba yeCommons. Basa ramambo rinongova retsika bedzi, uye uchenjeri hahuwanzoshandiswa. Mukupesana, Purezidhendi weIndia ane mwero wakati kuti nokuda kwechiito chokuzvimirira muparamende yakaturikwa, kunyange zvazvo kombamiro yacho yave iri yokutevera makokorodzano akafanana neUK.

MuUnited States, Purezidhendi mukuru wehurumende uye mukuru wehurumende, akasarudzwa zvakananga neElectoral College.Hurumende haibatanidzi mutungamiriri wenyika mumwe chete; Purezidhendi akasarudzwa anoshanda panzvimbo yakagadzwa. Gadziriro yeIndia yakasiyana pakuti Purezidhendi anogadza Mutungamiriri Mukuru anofanira kuva nechivimbo cheParamende, achiratidzira kubatanidzwa kwemasimba ehurumende nemitemo.

Mugadziriro dzeparamende dzakadai seGermany, Federal Purezidhendi (Bundespräsident) anokarakadza mutendi weChancello kuBundestag. Kana pasina vazhinjisa vanowanwa, Purezidhendi anganyungudza Bundestag pashure penhambo yakatarwa. Ikoku kwakafanana nechisarudzo chaPrezidhendi weIndia muchinoitika cheparamende yakaturikwa. Zvisinei, vhoti yeGermany inovaka kusavimba kunoita kuti hurumende ive yakaumbwa zvikuru.

Gadziriro yebumbiro remitemo yeIndia inofukidza noune Purezidhendi namasimba akachengetedzwa kuti achengete chengete chengeteko nehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu. Aya masimba haasati achisi akasiana asi anoramba achishanda mumatongerwe enyika echimurenga azvino uno. Constitution yeIndia inogovera hwaro hwapamutemo, nepo kokorodzano dzezvamatongerwe enyika dzinovimbisa kushanda zvakanaka.

Kutora Nhungamiro Nokugumisa

Purezidhendi weIndia anoita basa rinokosha rebumbiro remitemo mukuumbwa kwehurumende, kubva pakugadza Mutungamiriri weHurumende kuti abvise Lok Sabhah apo kunenge kusina hurumende yakatsiga inogona kuumbwa. Nepo zviito zvakawanda zvapurezidhendi zvakavakirwa pazano reDare reVafundisi, nhambo yapashure pechisarudzo ndechinosimbwa chakatanhamara apo Purezidhendi anoshandisa chisarudzo. Gadziriro dzebumbiro remitemo, pamwe nekokorodzano dzakagadzwa, zvinogovera gadziriro yakasimba iyo yakaita zvose zviri zviviri zvikuru zvikuru nezvinooma zvakabatanidzwa mumakumi manomwe amakore.

Muitiro wacho unojeka: pashure pokunge Ecommution Commission yazivisa miuyo, Purezidhendi anokumbira mutungamiriri anobvira woruzhinji, anoitisa muedzo weuriri kana kuri madikanwa, uye anogadza nenzira yapamutemo hurumende. Mumigariro chaiyo yakadai separamende yakasungirwa kana kuti kusazvivimba, zvisarudzo zvaPurezidhendi zvinotungamirirwa nokudikanwa kuva nechokwadi chokuti hurumende inoraira chivimbo cheLok Sabba. Zvinyorwa zvenhau zvinoratidzira kuti chisarudzo chaPrezidhente chave chakashandiswa nenzira yokuchenjera, kazhinji kazhinji kacho chikavapo muhurumende dzakatsigarira.

Kunzwisisa basa raPurezidhendi kunobetsera vagari vemo kunzwisisa nzvero nedzikamo zviri muhurumende inosarudzwa navanhu yeIndia. Hofisi yaPurezidhendi haisi chitambi cherabha bedzi; muchengeti weBumbiro remitemo mukati mechinjo dzinotambudza. PRS Legislative Research (sprinia.org) inogovera kunzvera kwapanhambo nenhambo kwamasangano emitemo, ichipa imwe nzwisiso mukuvambwa kwehurumende. Kupfurikidza nokuomerera kutsika dzamabumbiro-mitemo nerefemocracyism, Purezidhendi anobetsera kugadziridzwa kwegadziriro yedemocracy yeIndia.