Kunzwisisa Maruwa Eectoral Netapuro Yawo Mukupfuudza

Maruwa eElectoral ndiwo mabhuroko okuvakira mativi enheyo ehurumende inomirira. Vota iri yose inoiswa munzvimbo yehurumende, hurumende, kana kuti vhota yomunzvimbomo inowira mukati menzvimbo yakarondedzerwa iyo inosarudza mumiririri mumwe kana kuti kupfuura. Chimiro, ukuru, uye kuumbwa kwamaruwa iwaya zvinosarudza kuti manzwi akadini anonzwiwa, inhaui dzinowana kuwanda, uye kuti simba rinoparadzirwa sei pakati pemasangano ezvamatongerwe enyika. Kuvhota, vadzidzisi, uye vatungamiriri vehurumende zvakafanana, kunzwisisa vagadziri veruwa runosarudzwa kunokosha kuziva kuti kutora rutivi rwavo mukudzora. Iyi inhungamiro inogovera kufambira mberi kwenzvimbo dzinodzokororwa, purogiramu yavo yokuwana, uye zvinetso zvinotyisidzira mufambiro wavo.

Maruwa Ane Maruwa Ane Mhosva Chii?

Maruwa eElectoral, anozivikanwawo semaconstitue, matafi, kana kuti maradhi, mapoka enharaunda anoshandiswa kuvhotera vamiriri kudare remitemo. Ruwa rumwe norumwe rwakagadzirirwa kuva nenhamba inodokuenzana yevagari kuitira kuti vhoti imwe neimwe itakure uremu hwakaenzana. Mumaruwa ane mitezo imwe, muvhoti inowana mavhoti akawanda zvikurusa anowana chigaro; mumaruwa ane mitezo mizhinji, vamiririri vanoverengeka vanosarudzwa munzvimbo imwe cheteyo vachishandisa mitoo yakasiana - sivi yeboka kana kuti vhoti inotambira mumwe.

Mavambo Enhau

Murangariro wokukamuranisa ndima kuva masangano akasarudzwa wakatangira kare. Roman Republic yakashandisa zvigaro zvokuvhota, uye maparamende eMiddle Ages muEurope akatsamira pamireza yenzvimbo yenzvimbo nokuda kwenzvimbo nenzvimbo. Gadziriro yazvino uno, zvisinei, yakatanga muzana muzana ramakore rechigumi namasere negumi namapfumbamwe semibato yedemokratiki yakaraira kuwirirana kwakaenzana. United States Constitution yakaraira kugoverwa kwezvigaro zveNhando pakati penyika dzakavakirwa pavagari vemo, uye British Reformation Act ya 1832 yakavamba muitiro wokuita kuti zviratidzire chinjo dzokuvaranisazve. Mukufamba kwenguva yakati, masangano akazvimiriro anozvimirira uye matare zvakava pakati pekuvimbisa kuti ruwa runoramba ruchipo rukanaka uye runooneka.

Marudzi Emaruwa eElectoral

Maruwa eElectoral anogona kuiswa muboka nenhamba yavamiriri vaanosarudza. maruwa ari oga, anoshandiswa munyika dzakawanda seUnited States, United Kingdom, uye Canada, maruwa anosarudza mumwe mutemi wemitemo, anowanzoshandiswa mumitemo inowirirana. Mimwe miitiro inobatana: somuenzaniso, inoshandisa giramu rakavhengana paivhozhokerwa bhora rimwe nokuda kwechikamu choruwa uye rimwe ramatunhu, uye mubatanidzwa wezvigaro zvakagoverwa.

Basa Remaruwa Eectoral Muhurumende Inosarudzwa Nomunhu Anoda Kutongwa

Maruwa eElectoral anoshumira mabasa anoverengeka anokosha mugadziriro yedemokrase. Chokutanga, anogovera rugwaro rwenhau rwemunhu , achivimbisa kuti nzanga imwe neimwe ine mutsigiri akatsaurwa muimba yomutemo. Chechipiri, anogadza [[[[FLT:]]] kuvakwa : masangano anoziva kuti mumiririri wavo ndiani uye anogona kuvhota kuti achengete kana kuti atsive munhu iyeye. Wechitatu, maruwa anobvumira nhau dzenyika dzokugara [ kugamuchira ngwariro, kubva kumasangano ezvirongwa. Pakupedzisira, maruwa anochengeta [FLT] .[FLT]

Zvisinei, kushanda kwemimiririri kunoenderana zvikuru nokuti miganhu yeruwa inoremekedza nzanga dzomusikirwo uye miganhu yevagari vemo inowanzoita kuti pave nemitemo inogamuchira zvikuru.

Kusikwa Kunoitwa Maruwa Eectoral: Muitiro Wokuchengetedza

Muitiro wokunyora miganhu yeruwa unozivikanwa sokuchinja mativi (kana kuti kudzorwa mune dzimwe nyika). Kunoitika panguva nenguva, zvikurukuru pashure pokuverengwa kwavanhu, kuchinjira nokuda kwechinjo dzavagari vemo. Nhano dzinobatanidzwa dzinosiana kupfurikidza nepesvolv asi dzinowanzotevera nhevedzano yakafanana.

Kuverenga uye Kuda Kuwana Zvokudya

Mashoko echiverengero chavagari vemo akarurama inheyo yokugoverana. Nyika zhinjisa dzinoita kuverenga vanhu makore gumi ari ose, dzichiunganidza mashoko pamusoro poukuru hwechiverengero chavagari vemo, zera, dzinza, uye pokugara. MuUnited States, kuverenga kweCensus Bureaual kunotema kuti zvigaroi zvesangano rimwe nerimwe zvinogamuchirwa kupfurikidza negadziriro inonzi kugoverano. Pashure pokugoverwa, masangano ehurumende kana kuti masangano akazvimirira anokwevera miganhu yenyika imwe neimwe munyika imwe neimwe, achivimbisa kuti ruwa rumwe norumwe rune nhamba dzakafanana navanhu. Nheyo ye "munhu mumwe, vhotaro yorudzo" inoda kuti kutsauka mukuva nomwe kukwakaenzana kururano nefariro dzapamutemo, asi matare ane mipimo inodzo inodzo inodzoro inodzorwa zvikuru, zvikurukuru nokuda kwamaruwa amasangano enyika.

Mupimo Unoderedza

Kunze kwokuenzana kwevanhu, mitumbi inochengetedza miganhu inorangarira mipimo yakasiyana - siyana yokuparira maruwa akanaka uye anobudirira.

  • Kubatana[: maruwa anofanira kuva akaumbwa noruwa, kudzivisa zvimiro zvakasiana izvo zvinokarakadza kutwasanudza.
  • [[FT:0] Kubatana[: Rutivi rwuri rwose runofanira kuva rwakabatanidzwa, rusina zvitsuwa zvaparadzaniswa.
  • Masangano eChinodikanwa[[[FLT: 1]: Mitezo inofanira kuremekedzana muukama hwemari, hwetsika, kana kuti hwenzanga, zvakadai senharaunda dzedzinza kana kuti maruwa omumaruwa.
  • Kudzivirirwa kweMari yeMaritity Voting Rights: Munyika dzakawanda, maruwa haafaniri kuderedza simba rokuvhota remarudzi mashoma kana kuti mutauro. MuUnited States, Voting Rights Act inorambidza zvirongwa zvoruwa izvo nenzira yamaune kana kuti nenzira inobudirira zvinobvisa vavhoti vashomanene.
  • Pulitical Fairness: Dzimwe nyika dzinoda zvakajeka kuti maruwa asakweverwa kukuda rimwe boka kana kuti chitsotsi.

Iyi mipimo inowanzopesana. Somuenzaniso, ruwa rwakabatanidzwa rungaparadzanisa nzanga inobatana, nepo ruwa rwakagadzirirwa kubatanidza nzanga rungava rusingawirirani. Mitumbi inoyera inofanira kudzikamisa iyi mibato yokushambadza, uye zvisarudzo zvavo kazhinji kazhinji zvinodenhwa nemitemo.

Kudzora Kwomutemo Kunodzora Kusingadzorwi

Anoita miganhu ine revo huru nokuda kweruramisiro. Munyika dzakawanda, kudzorwa kunoitwa nebato musimba muimba yomutemo, iyo inoparira rwisano yomuzvarirwo yefariro. Ikoku kunogona kutungamirira kuidzora mirau yamaune kuti ive nebetsero huru. Kudzora , nhamba inowedzera yemiganhu yakatendeukira ku [[FL: 0] kudzorwa kwemasangano efariro [. aya matunhu, anoumbwa navagari vemo kana kuti magorobhadhisi akagadzwa, anovavarira kunyora mepu dzakavakirwa pamitengo isina kutora rutivi. Mitemo inobatanidza California Rediciatic neBoundation Com Commissionsion in United Kingdom uye Brount Comptions. Magens anoumba masangano eUnited States anogadzira magentinetic kana kuti anobudisa magate naano ezvamatongerwence.

Kutapura Kwemaruwa eElectoral Pakushambadza Nokusarudza

Kunyange kuchinja kuduku mumiganhu yemiganhu kunogona kuchinja magariro ehurumende, zvichichinja kuti iboka ripi kana kuti boka ripi rinoshandiswa nevoruzhinji.

Kutanga Nokutsigira

Maruwa anokweverwa zvakanaka anoita kuti vavhoti vanzwe vakabatana nemumiriri wavo anogona kusimudzira. Apo vatsigiri vanoona ruwa rwavo senzanga inowirirana nefariro dzinogoveranwa, vane bviro huru yokutora ndokuonana nomumiriri wavo. Nenzira inopesana, maruwa anokwikwikwidzana zvikuru anganyandura kubuda kwakakwirira nemhaka yokuti vhoti iri yose inonzwa ichida kusarudza, nepo maruwa akakotsekana (pane boka rimwe) anogona kuodza mwoyo kuvimbisana. Kufunda ne Brennan Center yeRumbiso yakawana kuti mepu dzegerryderder mepus dzinoderedza nhamba yezvigaro zvemakwikwikwi, kuchitungamirira kukuva chakaderera.

Betsero Yepakati Nokushanda Kwadzo

Gerrymanindering ishatiso inozivikanwa zvikuru yesimba roruwa. Kunoda zvimiro zviviri zvikuru: kuisa pfungwa muruwa rushoma, uye [[FLT]] uye kusvetuka. Kuparadzira vatsigiri vebato kumativi mazhinji nokudaro kuti vari vashomanene muruwa rumwe norumwe; vanoisa pfungwa dzavo mumaruwa mashomanene, vanopambadza mavhoti avo. Nzira dzose dzinobvumira boka mukudzora kudzorwa kwezvigaro zvechitsvuku kukunda nhamba hurusa yezvigaro zvine ukama. Somuenzaniso, mavhotera 52% ehurumende angachengetedzwa 60% yezvigaro kana mepu dzakadirwa. Dare gurusa reUnited States rinobvumira kusava neravidzo huru kugona kugadza chiverengero chakatina. [mubatanidzwa mumitemo inosarira mberi kwemitemo]

Kubudirira uye Kuronga Kunoita Kubudirira

Kuwanda kwevagari voruwa kunosarudza kuti vapi vangada kupfuvura sei uye kuti vangatsigira sei. Muruwa rweDemocratic kana kuti Republican, kusarudzwa kukuru kazhinji kazhinji ikwikwidzano inoparira, kusunda vakwikwidzi kukwirira kunzvimbo yebato. Muruwa rwamakwikwi, vada kufunda vanofanira kudzikamisa mashoko avo kuti vahwine vavhoote. Miganhu yeruwa inotapurawo kuisa mari: muzvigaro zvakakotsekana zvikuru zvingakwidza mari zviri nyore zvikuru, nepo vapi vanodenha maruwa akakwidzwa vanotarisana nehondo inokwirira. Mukuwedzera, tsvukuringing inogona kumanikidza mumikwidzani inotengwa muruwa rumwe cheterwo, kuparira hondo huru dzinoderedza nhamba yemanzwi ane mwero.

Zviratidzo Zviduku uye Vanhu Vanofarira

Maruwa eElectoral ane tapuro ine simba pamimipimo yedzinza, dzinza, uye mitauro mishoma. Pasi peVoting Rights Act, zvigaro zvine nhau yorusaruro zvinofanira kuvamba maruwa akawanda kana vavhoti vashomanene vakafara uye vakanangidzirwa. Maruwa iwaya anobetsera nzanga shomanene kusarudza vadaviri vakasarudzwa. Zvisinei, kuisa vanhu vashomanene muruwa rumwe kunogonawo kuderedza pesvedzero yavo nokupambadza zvimwe zvivhoti zvingabetsera vakasarudzwa sevanhu vanotungamirirwa mumaruwa ari pedyo. Kuoma kwemitevedzero pakati pokugovera kumirira (boka rinoumba bhiringi) uye kumirira mamiriro okunze echiuto okusarira pasina kudzosa. Maruwa anorambawo kurukurirano makuru mumutemo mutsva. [[FLD:]

Matambudziko Nenzvimbo Dzinoitirana Nhamo Muruwa RweElectoral

Kunyange mugadziriro dzapamutemo dzakanakisisa, vavhoti vanotarisana nedenho dzinopfuurira dzinotyisidzira pfungwa dzehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu.

Kuroverera: Kuruka Nokupombera

Pasinei zvapo nemitemo nemirau yedare, kufambiswa kwemitemo kwakaisvonaka kunopfuurira. Fambiro mberi mukunyora dzinobvumira vagadziri kutevedzera mamirioni emepu ndokusarudza iyo inokudza betsero dzinowedzera apo inooneka kuva isina kutsiga. Iyi algorithmiling gergermaning inoita kuti zvive zvakaoma zvikuru kuti matare aone kusarura kwemaune nemhaka yokuti mepu ipi neipi yomunhu oga inogona kururamiswa nemipimo isina kutsigariranwa. Vachinji vanotaura kuti masangano okuzvimirira bedzi nemipimo yakajeka yakajeka, inomanikidzirwa anogona kudzivisa uku kushatapu.

Zvinetso Zvepamutemo uye Kutonga Kwedare Repamusorosoro

Gadziriro dzokuisa muganhu muRevised Recomment Act. Zvirongwa zveDare Gurusa reChiuru zvakagara zvichiitwa. MuUnited States, 2020 denderedzwa rokuverenga vanhu rakawana matare akawanda anorevesa matare edzinza kana kuti anopesana, anodzorwa nokusadzorwa kwekodzero, kana kuti kuputswa kwenhau dzeKorejitari yeReginition. Zvisarudzo zveChitonga chapamusoro 2019 mu [FLT:] Ruchuko v. Chisarudzo chaMamiriro [[FLT: 1] [FLD] [FLD]] zvinodzivisa nenzira inobudirira suogo redare rehurumende kudzorosa, kuendesa matare ehondo kumatare ehondo kumatare ehurumende. Mamwe matare makurusahurumende akakunda kuputsa matare ehurumende, achidzosa kudzosera kurwisana nomutemo. Mune dzimwe nyika dzinozvirongwa zvezvamatongerwe enyika haadzo

Kuchinja Kwevagari Vemo Nokutorwa Kwevanhu

Kuchinja kwavagari vemo nokukurumidza kunogona kuita kuti maruwa ave asina kuenzana pakati pekuverenga vanhu. Mumaganhu asingachinji kazhinji kazhinji, nharaunda dzomumaguta dzingava pasi pekupinzwa apo nharaunda dzomumaruwa dzinowana pesvedzero isingaenzaniswi. Ichi chinetso, chinozivikanwa sekusashanda zvakanaka, chinonetesa nheyo yomunhu mumwe, vhoti imwe. Somuenzaniso, muganhu weUnited Kingdom unohwirudzura nhambo dzinoitika makore masere kusvikira kugumi namaviri ari ose, asi kunonoka kwenguva refu kwakatungamirira kurumano makuru avagari vemo. Dzimwe nyika muUnited States dzakaraira nenzira yapamutemo kuva dzinoyera pashure perusarudzo rwuri rwose kuti dzichengete kuenzana, asi ikoku hakuwanzoitika.

Kuziva Vanhu Nedzidzo

Vavhoti vazhinji havazivi kuti miganhu yoruwa inotapura sei kumirira kwavo. Nzvero dzinoratidza kuti voruzhinji veAmerica havagoni kuziva maruwa avo vamene eruwa kana kuti chimiro chawo. Uku kusaziva kunoita kuti zvive nyore kuti vezvamatongerwe enyika vashandise mepu pasina kudzorwa kwavose. Gadziriro dzedzidzo dzeCPICOF dzinotsanangura muitiro wokuwedzera kukura uye dzinosimbisa simba regerrymanisterings kuti vape simba rokuvhotera kuti vade mepu dzakarurama. Masangano akafanana ne National Conference of Legislatures inogovera zvishandiso zvokunzwisisa miitiro yokunyora mashoko ari mhiri.

Maonero Anoita Nyika Yose: Nyika Dzakasiyana - siyana Dzinobata Sei Maruwa Enyika Dzakasiyana - siyana

Nepo pfungwa huru yemaruwa anosarudzwa iri munyika yose, nyika dzinosiyana zvikuru mumatsananguriro adzinoita miganhu, dzinodzikamisa chiverengero chavagari vemo nokuzivikanwa kwenzanga, uye dzinovimbisa kuratidzirwa kwakanaka.

United States

Miganhu yemitemo yeruwa nehurumende inodzorwa nemitemo yehurumende munyika dzakawanda, kunyange zvazvo nhamba inowedzera inoshandisa mibato yakazvimirira. Muitiro wacho unobvisa zvikuru uye unopesana. Maruwa anofanira kuva akaenzana zvikuru muvagari vemo, asi kubatana nenzanga dzefariro hazvimanikidzikidziki chose. Voting Rights Act inoda kurangarirwa chaiko kwemapoka mashoma. Mugumisiro igadziriro inowanzoparira shanje dzakanyanyisa uye nhamba huru yezvigaro zvakakotsekana.

United Kingdom

United Kingdom inoshandisa zvirongwa zvina zvakazvimirira zvemiganhu (zveEngland, Scotland, Wales, uye Northern Ireland) kunyora zvibvumirano zveInday of Commons. Masangano anotevera mitemo yavanhu vakaenzana, kubatana, uye kuremekedza miganhu yomunzvimbomo (yakadai sezviverengero nemakamuri). Paramende inofanira kutendera kurumbidza kwokupedzisira, asi kuramba hakuwanzowaniki. Sangano iri shoma kupfuura muUnited States, kunyange zvazvo kutsoropodza kuripo kupfuuregwa kwemataundi.

Canada

Maruwa ezvirongwa zvehurumende zveCanada, anonzi kutasva mabhiza, anokweverwazve makore gumi ari ose kupfurikidza nemiganhu yakazvimirira yemuganhu nejenaredzi, inoumbwa nomutongi nemimwe mitezo miviri inogadzwa nomukuru mukuru wedare rinovhota. Komishoni inoita kuti vanhu vatonge voruzhinji uye inofanira kurangarira kuva nokuenzana kwechiverengero chavagari vemo (nekushivirira kwene 9325% muzvinoitika zvechienzi), nzanga dzefariro, namativi enzvimbo. Partisan inobvumirwa. Muitiro wacho unorangarirwa zvikuru seyorusarura uye usiri weparatis.

Germany

Germany inoshandisa gadziriro yakavhengana yemitemo. Nyika inokamurwa kuva maruwa 299 ane mitezo imwe, asi mugove wokupedzisira wezvigaro muBundestag unogadziridzwa kupfurikidza nenhiro dzebato kuti uwane mirau inowirirana munyika yose. Miganhu yoruwa inotorwa neFederal Regation Government, yakaenzana, wilding, uye ruremekedzo nokuda kwemiganhu yenyika. Nemhaka yemiganhu yemiganhu yeruwa, gerrydering ine muuyo yakaganhuriro yakaganhurirwa pachiyero chenyika yose, kunyange zvazvo ichingogona kutapura kuti vadaviriri vanosarudzwa vakasarudzwa.

Nguva Yemberi Yemaruwa eElectoral: Ruzivo Rwokugadzira Zvinhu uye Kuchinja

Sezvo ruzivo rwokugadzira mapurani ruchiva nesimba zvikuru uye kuzivikanwa kwevanhu kuchiwedzera, gakava pamusoro pokuti maruwa anosarudzwa zvakanaka angaitwa sei riri kuwedzera.

Kuderedza Kukura kwemitemo

Maarufabheti ekombiyuta anogona zvino kuita zviuru zvezvirongwa zvoruwa mumaminiti, achisvitsa zvisarudzo zvakadai sekubatana, chiverengero chavagari vemo chakaenzana, kana kuti kururama kwechibvumirano. Ikoku kunobvumira vatsigiri nevanotsiva kuratidzira kuti mepu yakasarudzwa nedare remitemo ichinhu chisina kutsarukana(datendirwa kana kuti yakakashaniswa zvikuru kupfuura dzimwe nzira dzinobvira. Matare akavamba kugamuchira ufakazi hwakadaro sechibvumikiso chekubatanidza kwemaune. Zvisinei, maarusaiti ndeo haatsi seakarendi sezvipinzwa zvavo; kana mipimo imene iri yakashata, miuyo ichavewo. Kujekamura nokunzvera kwapachena kunokosha.

Kuchinja

Vatsigiri vari kukura vesangano nokuda kwokuchinja kwegadziriro yezvivako kuti vaderedze tapuro yokusveta mutsara woruwa pamufananidzo. Izvi zvinosanganisira:

  • Makomani anoisa miganhu [ nenhungamiro dzakajeka, dzinogombedzerwa nerambidzo pakurangarira mashoko anoparadzanisa.
  • Maruwa eMulti ari mitezo anoshandisa mireza kana kuti kuvhota kwakarongwa, uko kunogona kubvisa kudikanwa kwamaruwa ane mitezo imwe ayo anodzorwa nyore nyore.
  • Kuvhota kwakarongwa uye kuwanda kwezvikamu zvakaenzana (vhoti inotakurika) zvinobvumira vavhoti kuti varoore kuva vadzori vamaodha, kuvimbisa kuti zvigaro izvozvo zvinoratidzira kuda kwavose vakasarudzwa panzvimbo pokuva vatsigiri venyika.
  • [ Kugadza Chiratidzo cheKodzero kujekesa mipimo nokuda kwedzinza nerusaruro.

Dzimwe nyika, kufanana neNew Zealand neIreland, dzakagamuchira miganhu yakazvimirira yemuganhu namaruwa ane mitezo yakawanda nebudiriro huru. iyi mienzaniso inopa zvidzidzo nokuda kwedzimwe hurumende dzinosarudzwa navanhu dzinotsvaka kuvandudza kumirira.

mhedziso

Maruwa eElectoral haasi mativi asina hukatarwa pamepu", iwo zvishandiso zvine simba zvinoumba simba rezvamatongerwe enyika, kuvhota, uye kunaka kwemireza. Kunzwisisa kuti maruwa anorongwa sei, mipimo inofanira kuvatungamirira, uye kusazvibata kunogona kuitika kunokosha nokuda kwomubato mumwe nomumwe muhurumende inosarudzwa navanhu. Sezvo ruzivo rwokugadzirwa kwezvinhu ruchichinja uye vanhu vachichinja, kudikanwa kwemiitiro inova pachena, inoyera, uye inozvidavirira kuchava iri yokukurumidzira zvikuru. Voter, vadzidzisi, uye vagadziri vemiitiro vanofanira kuramba vakangwarira, vachisundwa nokuda kwezvirongwa zvinoisa nzanga nezvimiriro zvakafanana pamberi pezvikombo zvehurumende inosarudzwa. Kungogona kuva nechokwadi chokuti vhota.