Table of Contents

United States Constitution inomira seimwe yemagwaro epamutemo anopesvedzera zvikurusa munhau yenyika, kuvamba gadziriro yehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu yeAmerica nokudzora. Chifo chayo muna 1788, Bumbiro reMitemo rakagadziridzwa ka 27, kutanga neBill of Rights, kugadziridza kwe 10 kwokutanga, kwatenderanwa kwakanyorwa musi waDecember 15, 1791. Kugadziridza uku kwakaumba nzanga yeAmerica, kudzivirira rusununguko rwomunhu, kukudza maruramiro evagari vemo, uye kugadziridza rugwaro rwakagadzwa kuti kusvitse zvinodikanwa nenzanga inochinja. Kunzwisisa nzanga inokosha zvikurusa kunogovera nzwisiso inokosha kukodzero nerusununguko izvo zvinorondedzera chinoitika cheAmerica.

Nepo kugadziridzwa kwebumbiro remitemo kwose kuchibatira madonzo anokosha, kugadziridzwa kwakati kwakava netapuro huru zvikuru paupenyu hweAmerica. Kuvambira padziviriro dzehwaro dzeBill of Rights kusvikira kuTsitsi reReconstructions dzakatevera Hondo yeChivili, uye kubva pakukura kwekodzero dzokuvhota kuti dzidzivirire muitiro wakafanira uye kubatwa kwakaenzana mumutemo, idzi gadziridzo dzinomirira nhamburiko inopfuurira yokuparira mubatanidzwa wakakwana zvikuru. Iyi nhungamiro yakakwana inonzvera kugadziridzwa kukurusa kuBumbiro remitemo, kunzvera mashoko adzorwa kwaro enhau, ukoshipi noukoshi hwayo hwenhau, uye tapuro inogara panzanga yeAmerica.

Kunzwisisa Kugadziridzwa Kwe Amendeji

Pamberi pokunzvera gadziridzo chaidzo, kunokosha kunzwisisa kuti Bumbiro reMitemo rinogona kuchinjwa sei. Chikamu 5 cheUnited States Constitution chinodudza mutoo une nhano mbiri dzokuchinja gadziriro yehurumende. Kugadzikiswa kunofanira kukarakadzwa zvakanaka uye kusimbiswa pamberi pokuva kushanda. Uyu muitiro wakagadzirirwa kudzikamisa pakati pechinjo yenguva dzose nekusachinjika.

Kugadziridzwa kungaitwa ndokutumirwa kunyika nokuda kwokuparadza nevoruzhinji vaviri muzvose zviri zviviri Dare neImba yaVamiririri, kana kuti nekokorodzano yenyika yakadanwa neCongress pakushanda kwemitemo yembiri yezvitatu dzenyika. Kuva rutivi rweBumbiro remitemo, kugadziriswa kunofanira kusimbiswa nevezvitatu zvehurumende (3859).

Zvikarakadzo zvinenge 11 985 zvokuchinja Bumbiro reMitemo zvakatangwa muCongress chifo cha 1789, bva 27 bedzi vakatenderwa nenzira inobudirira.Izvi zvinoratidzira mudhuri wakakwirira wamaune wakagadzwa naVavambi kuva nechokwadi chokuti tsigiro bedzi yakafara, inotsigirwa inova rutivi rwomutemo mukurusa worudzi.

Bhishopi Yekodzero Dzevanhu: Kugadziridzwa kweMitemo 1 - 10

Kugadziridza gumi kwokutanga kwakagamuchirwa ndokutumirwa kuhurumende neCongress seboka, uye gare gare kwakatenderwawo pamwe chete; ikoku pamwe chete kunozivikanwa seBill of Rights. Apo Bumbiro reMitemo rakatenderwa muna 1789, vamwe vanhu vakarangarira kuti harina kudzivirira dzimwe kodzero dzinokosha uye kuti Bumbiro reMitemo rinofanira kuchinjwa kudzivirira kodzero idzodzo. Pana December 15, 1791, chinjo dzakaitwa kuBumbiro remitemo. Idzi dzino 10 dzokutanga, kana kuti kugadziriswa, dzinovimbisa rusununguko rwakananga nekodzero; pamwe chete dzinonzi Bill of Rights.

Bhizi rekodzero raikosha zvikuru mukuchengetedza kuparadzwa kweBumbiro reMitemo pacharo. Bhishopi yeKodzero yakakarakadzwa kushora kweAssuage Anti-Federalist kuRegionmental reconstitution. Iyi gadziridzo dzakatanga dziviriro dzinokosha dzakava chinhu chikuru kuzivikanwo yeAmerica nehurumende yedemocratic.

Kugadziridzwa Kwokutanga: Fandesheni Yorusununguko

Pession First Amendment sezvinooneka ndiyo inonyanya kuzivikanwa uye inowanzokumbirwa kugadziriswa muBumbiro reMitemo.First Amendment kuUnited States inodzivisa kuita mitemo pamusoro pokutangwa kwechitendero; inorambidza kushandiswa kwakasununguka kworudzidziso; kana kuti kuganhurira rusununguko rwokutaura, rusununguko rwevanobudisa nhau, rusununguko rwegungano, kana kuti kodzero yokukumbira hurumende kuti igadzirise zvichemo. Yakagamuchirwa pana December 15, 1791, sechimwe chezvibvumirano gumi zvinoumba Bill of Rights.

Rusununguko Rworudzidziso

Gadziriro yeFirst Amendment ine zvikamu zviviri zvezvitendero: Chibvumirano chaClaus neFree Execle Claus. Apo First Amendment kuBumbiro reMitemo rakatangwa, Chibvumirano chaClaus chakajekesa kuti hurumende yehurumende yakanga isingabvumirwi kuvamba rudzidziso rwakagadzwa. Iyi dziviriro yakabuda muruzivo rwokuzviwanira rwehurumende dzavanhu, uko vatungamiriri vorudzidziso vaiwanzotakura pesvedzero yezvamatongerwe enyika inokwikwikwidza kuti iya yavakuru vakuru vakuru vehurumende vakagadzwa vehurumende. Mitezo yavafundisi veAnglican, somuenzaniso, yaibatwa basa rokuunganidza mitero kuvarwi vehurumende dzomunzvimbomo kuti vabhadharwe. Avo vakaramba kubhadhara mitero iyoyi, saavo vainoparidza vasina rezinesi, kazhinji vaipomerwa mhaka nezviremera.

Pakasvika nguva apo United States yakazivisa kuzvimirira muna 1776, Continental Congress yaibvumirana kuti kumanikidza vanhu kunamata pasi pechechi yakadzorwa nehurumende kwakanga kuchipesana norusununguko rwavakanga vachishanda kuti vatange.

Rusununguko Rwokutaura Nekushingaira

First Amendment inovimbisa rusununguko rwokutaura. Rusununguko rwokutaura runopa vagari veAmerica maruramiro okutaura vamene pasina kunetseka pamusoro pedzongonyedzo yehurumende. Ndirwo rutivi rukurusa rworusununguko rwokutaura. Rusununguko urwu runotambanukira kuzvimiro zvakasiyana- siyana zvokutaura, kunyange zvazvo rusiri rwakakwana.

Dare Rapamusoro reUnited States raiwanzorwisa kusarudza kuti marudzi api okutaura anodzivirirwa.Mumutemo, mashoko anorondedzerwa seanonyangadza ave asingatapurwi kare muFirst Amendment, somuenzaniso, asi kusarudza kuti chii chinokwanirisa sechinonyadzisa chave chiri chinetso. Zviito zvinonyandura kutaura zvingakuvadza vamwe — kunyandura kwechokwadi uye kana kuti tyisidziro hazvidzivirirwiwo, asi zvakare kusarudza kuti mashoko api akakwanirisa sekurudziro yechokwadi akasarudzwa pahwaro hwenhau nehwaro.

Rusununguko rwepepanhau runodzivirira chinyorwa nokuparadzirwa kwamashoko. MuNear Minnesota (1931) neNew York Times Co. United States (1971), Dare Gurusa rakatonga kuti First Amendment yakadzivirira pakudzivisa pamberi pezvidzo neapo neapo nepose. Zvisinei, kutaura kwenhema kana kuti kwokuzvidza kunonzi liber /aren's akadzivirirwa muFirst Amendment.

Rusununguko Rwegungano Nechikumbiro

First Amendment inodzivirira rusununguko rwokuungana kana kuungana norugare kana kuti kusonganirana neboka revanhu nokuda kwezvinangwa zvenzanga, zvemari, zvematongerwe enyika kana zvechitendero. Inodzivirirawo kodzero yokuramba hurumende. Gungano rinotambanudzira rusununguko rwokutaura kumapoka, panzvimbo pokungova vanhu vanongotaura semagariro e "rusununguko rwokutaura" airehwa pakutanga muFirst Amendment.

Kupesana kwebato rezvamatongerwe enyika, kubviswa kwouranda, kumanikidzwa kwavakadzi, masangano echibharo, uye masangano ekodzero dzavanhu vose zvose zvakashandisa kodzero yokuungana muzviito zvavo zvavo zvavo zvavo. Kodzero yokukumbira inobvumira vagari vemo kusaina chikumbiro kana kuti kunyange kuisa mhaka muhurumende.

Chikonzero Nei Kugadziridzwa Kwokutanga Kuchikosha

Rusununguko rwose rushanu runoshanda chinangwa chimwe chete: kudzivirira kusabvumirana, kurukurirano inosimudzira, uye kuva nechokwadi chokuti masangano ane simba anozvidavirira. Kupfuurengudzwa, First Amendment iripo kuti ichengete democracy iri mhenyu uye ichishanda. First Amendment yakaiswa pakutanga chaipo peBill of Rights nokuda kwechikonzero. Makore masere chete pashure pekupanduka kweAmerica, Kuburitswa kwavanaBaba kwakanga kwapupurira ngozi dzehurumende ingagona kudzora kutaura, rudzidziso, uye kunyunyuta. Vaiziva kuti rusununguko irwo rwakanga ruchikosha kuti Hurumende irambe ichinzvera.

Kunokosha kunzwisisa kuti First Amendment inongokudzivirira bedzi pakudzongonyedza kwehurumende. Haisati ichidzivisa kambani yomunhu oga kana mushandirwi kuita chiito chinorwisana newe nokuda kwechimwe chinhu chaunotaura, uyewo haidzivisi mayunivhesiti kusimbisa mirau yetsika. Zvisinei, kunoreva kuti vakuru vakuru vehurumende kufanana namapurisa, vakuru vezvikoro, uye vezvematongerwe enyika vomunzvimbomo havagoni kukuranga nemhaka yokushandisa maruramiro ako okutaura, kunamata, kuungana, kana kuti chikumbiro.

Kuchinja Kechipiri: Kodzero Yokutakura Zvombo

Pession yeChipiri inoti: “Miritia inosanodzorwa, ichiva iri madikanwa kuchengeteka kweHurumende yakasununguka, maruramiro avanhu okuchengeta nokutakura Zvombo, haisati ichizodziviswa. Iyi gadziridzo yave iri nhau yekurukurirano huru nejekedzo munhau yose yeAmerica, zvikurukuru pamusoro pedzikamo pakati pamaruramiro omunhu oga epfuti nemirau yavose yekotsekano.

Kugadziridzwa kwacho kunoratidzira itiro hanya yoMuvambi yokuchengeta varwi vane zvombo nokuda kwedziviriro uye kurwisana kwavo nemauto akamira. Munguva dzazvino uno, Dare rapamusoro rakadudzira iyi donzo kudzivirira maruramiro omunhu oga kuva nepfuti nokuda kwezvinangwa zvapamutemo, nepo richibvumirawo miraudzo ine mufungo. Refoundation yeChipiri inosara iri imwe yegadziriro dzinokakavadzana zvikurusa dzezvamatongerwe enyika muBumbiro remitemo, nekurukurirano dzinopfuurira pamusoro poukuru hwayo nokushanda munzanga yazvino.

Kugadziridzwa Kwechina: Kudzivirirwa Pakutsvakurudza Kusina Upenzi

Kuda kuti zvibvumikirwe nezvikonzero zvingangova zvichikonzerwa uye kurondedzera zvakananga nzvimbo ichanzverwa uye vanhu kana kuti zvinhu zvinofanira kutorwa. Uku kugadziridzwa kwakabva muzvinocherwa nehurumende yeBritain zvinopa mitongo uye kubetsera kwakabvumira kunzvera kukuru, kusingadzorwi.

Gadziriro yeChina ine revo huru nokuda kweruramisiro youtsotsi, maruramiro okuvandika, uye ukama pakati pavagari vemo navanochengeta mutemo. Matare akakudziridza kuganhurira kukuru pamusoro pechinoumba "kutsvaka kwendangariro", apo zvibvumikiso zvinodikanwa, uye icho chisati chiripo kudikanwo yezvinodikanwa. Muzera ramakombiyuta, Kudzivirirwa kwechiChina kwatambanudzirwa kukurukurirano dzamagetsi namashoko, kunyange zvazvo kushandiswa kwenheyo dzechi 18 dzechiNgeri kusvika kunheyo dzechi 21 kuruzivo rwokugadzirwa kwezvinhu nechapamusoro kuchinopfuurira kunopfuurira.

Kugadziridzwa Kwechishanu: Kuitwa Kwakakodzera uye Kudzivirirwa Pakuzvishora

Find Find Amendment ine dziviriro dzinoverengeka dzinokosha nokuda kwavanhu vanopomerwa mhaka. Inoda kupiwa mhaka huru nokuda kwemhaka dzakakomba dzedare redare, inorambidza ngozi yakapetwa kaviri (kuva anoedzwa nokuda kwemhosva imwe cheteyo), inodzivirira pakuzviparadzanisa umene, inovimbisa muitiro wakafanira womutemo pamberi pokurasikirwa noupenyu, rusununguko, kana kuti zvinhu, uye inoda kuripirwa bedzi apo nzvimbo yomunhu oga inotorwa nokuda kwokushandiswa pachena.

Kudzivirirwa pakuzvidzivisa zvimwe rutivi runozivikanwa zvikuru rweFind 5 Amendment, kuchipa chitsama chamashoko chinoti "kutora chikamu chechishanu". Iyi dziviriro inovimbisa kuti vanhu havagoni kumanikidzwa kuzvipupurira vamene mukuita mhaka. Gwaro reClaus rakadudzirwa zvikuru kudzivirira kodzero dzinokosha uye kuva nechokwadi chemiitiro inoruramisira mumiitiro yepamutemo. Kutora Claus kunova nechokwadi chokuti apo hurumende inodzora nzvimbo yakakurumbira, varidzi vezvinhu vanowana muripo wakakwana.

Kuchinja Kwechitanhatu: Kodzero Yokutongwa Zvakanaka

Dare Rechitanhatu Rekupfuudzira rinovimbisa kuti utsotsi hunopomerwa mhosva nokukurumidza uye pachena nedare rinobetsera vatongi risina rusaruro, kuti riziviswe nezvemhosva dzavanopomerwa, kuti vataure nezvapupu, kuti vamanikidzire zvapupu kupupurira nokuda kwavo, uye kuti zvibatsirwe nezano rokuzvidzivirira kwavo.

Kodzero yezano yakadudzirwa kuraira kuti vakwirirwi vanopomerwa vagoverwe namagweta pandyiko dzehurumende mumhaka dzoutsotsi dzakakomba. Chikamu cherwisano chinovimbisa kuti vakwirirwi vanogona kuyambuka zvapupu zvinorwisana navo. Pamwe chete, idzi dziviriro dzinoumba mavambo omusengwa wegadziriro yedare retsotsi reAmerica kumitongo yakarurama uye kupiwa mhaka yokusasarura.

Kuchinja Kwechisere: Kurambidzwa Kwechirango Choutsinye Nechisina Kuzivikanwa

Kugadziridzwa uku kunoratidza kuenzana kwekunzwisisa kutsaurwa kwevanenge vapiwa mhosva uye kubatwa zvakanaka kwevaya vane mhosva. Chirango chechiNgezi chave chiri nyaya yokupiwa mhosva dzakawanda, zvikurukuru pamusoro pechirango chorufu, mamiriro ezvinhu ejeri, uye miitiro yokutongerwa mhosva.

Matare akadudzira iyi chinjo yokuchinja nemipimo yenzanga yoruremekedzo, kureva kuti zvirango zvinogamuchirika munhambo dzapakuvamba zvingarangarirwa kuva zvisina murairo nhasi. Kuchinja kunobatira sechekedzo pasimba rehurumende rokuranga, kuvimbisa kuti zvirango zvetsotsi zvinoramba zviri zvakaenzana uye zvine unhu.

Mvudziro Yechina Neyechigumi: Kodzero Dzakachengetwa Nesimba

Ninth Amendment inoitira hanya kuti kuronga maruramiro chaiwo kungadudzirwa kuramba kana kuti kubvisa dzimwe kodzero dzinochengetwa navanhu.Inotaura kuti kurongeka kwamaruramiro akati muBumbiro reMitemo hakusati kuchizorangarirwa kuva kurambwa kana kuti kuparadzanisa vamwe vanochengetwa navanhu.Ichi chibvumirano chinoziva kuti vanhu vane maruramiro anopfuura ayo akarongwa zvakajeka muBumbiro reMitemo.

Chikamu chegumi cheTen Amendment chinochengeterwa hurumende kana kuti vanhu masimba ose asina kupiwa kuhurumende yehurumende kana kuti kurambidzwa kunyika.

Kugadziridza Kuchinjira Kumwe: Kuchinja Sosaiti yeAmerica

Kugadziridza kwechi13, kwechi14, uye kwechi15 kunobata nouranda, dziviriro yakaenzana nekodzero dzakati dzebumbiro remitemo; pamwe chete, izvozvi zvinozivikanwa seReconstruction Amendments. Iyi gadziridzo nhatu, yakasimbiswa mumigumisiro yeHondo yeChivili, yakashandurwa zvikurukuru nzanga yeAmerica noukama pakati pehurumende yehurumende nehurumende. Inomirira nhamburiko yorudzi yokutaura nezvenhaka youranda uye kutanga hwaro nokuda kwekodzero dzavagari vemo nehuenzani.

Kugadziridzwa Kwechigumi Nechitatu: Uranda Hunobudirira

Hurumende yechi13 zvichida ndiyo inogadziridzwa inokosha zvikurusa munhau yeAmerica. Yakasimbiswa muna 1865, yakanga iri yokutanga yemigadziridzo mitatu ye "Reformation" yakagamuchirwa nokukurumidza pashure peHondo yevagari vemo. Kugadziriswa kunodudza, kuti: "Hapana uranda kana kuti uranda hwokusazvidira, kunze kwechirango nokuda kwemhosva apo boka racho richava rapiwa mhaka, richavapo muUnited States, kana kuti nzvimbo ipi neipi inodzorwa nomutemo wavo.

Varanda vazhinji vakanga vatosunungurwa noruzivo rwokuziva kuti vapinzwa pasi paPurezidhendi Lincoln, asi Ivhu ra13 Refusion rakasimbisa chinzvimbo chavo chapamutemo savarume navakadzi vakasununguka. Emancip Proclation yakanga iri nhambo yenguva yehondo yaingoshanda bedzi kuhurumende mukupandukira uye ingagona kuva yakashorwa kana kuti kuchinjwa pashure pehondo. Hurumende ye135th Amendment, nokupesana, yakabvisa zvechigarire uranda muUnited States yose senhau yomutemo wemitemo.

Kutsiva chirango choutsotsi kwakava netapuro dzinogara, kuchitungamirira kukurukurirano pamusoro pokusunungurwa kwevasungwa, zvikwata zvinosungana, uye kusungwa kwavazhinji. Nepo kugadziriswa kwacho kusingawanzodudzirwa nematare, tapuro yakwo panzanga yeAmerica haigoni kunyanyoziviswa. Kwakaratidzira mugumo wetsika yakanga yavapo muNorth America kwamazana maviri amakore uye kwakagadza nzvimbo nokuda kwerwisano inopfuurira nokuda kwekuenzana kwedzinza nekodzero dzavagari vemo.

Kugadziridzwa Kwechigumi Nemana: Kudzivirirwa Kwakaenzana Negadziriro Yakafanira

Geneth Amendment, yakasimbiswa muna 1868, ndeimwe yedzisimudzo dzinovapo nedzinowanzova dzapamutsiro muBumbiro reMitemo. Ino udzame hweSayenzi Yodzivirira Claus, Claus, Mutezo weChibvumirano, uye zvikamu zvine chokuita neConfestercy nevakuru vakuru vazvo. Kugadziriswa kwacho kwakagadzirirwa kudzivirira kodzero dzevaranda vachangobva kusunungurwa uye kuva nechokwadi chokuti nyika hadzigoni kuramba kodzero dzinokosha kumunhu upi noupi.

Kunzi Claus Mugari Wemo

Vanhu vose vakaberekwa kana kuti vakasikwa muUnited States, uye vari pasi poudzori hwayo, vagari veUnited States neHurumende mavanogara. ichi chirevo chakadzongonyedza chisarudzo chakaipa cheDare Gurusa Dred Scott, icho chakanga charangarira kuti vagari veAmerica veAfrica havagoni kuva vagari vomunyika.

Kugadzirira Kwakafanira uye Kudzivirirwa Kwakaenzana

Gemendment ye14th Accomment’s Sign Proces Claus inorambidza kutaura kubva pakunyima munhu upi noupi woupenyu, rusununguko, kana kuti zvinhu pasina muitiro wakafanira womutemo. Ichi chitsama chadudzirwa ku "chikamu cheChinyorwa cheRegill of Rights" chikurusa, kuita kuti dziviriro idzodzo dzishande kuhurumende pamwe chete nehurumende. Kuvamba neGtlow v. New York (1925), Dare rapamusoro rakashandisa First Amendment kuruware-jour, (a muitiro unozivikanwa sechinongedzero cheGumbidzo yeGreace Claus of the 1448th Amendment.)

Weact Protection Claus inoda kuti nyika dzipe dziviriro yakaenzana yemitemo kuvanhu vose vari musimba ravo. Iyi rugwaro yave iri fandesheni yezvisarudzo zvekodzero dzevagari vemo, kubatanidza Brown v. Board of Education (iyo yakagumisa muganhu wapamutemo muzvikoro), Loving Virginia (iyo yakakurira zvirambidzo paroorano yemarudzi akasiyana- sianei), uye Obergefell v. Hodges (inozivikanwa neroorano youmwe). Nhlangano weSayemente Clausleastem inopfuurira kukumbirwa muzvinoitika zvinobatanidza rusaruro rwakavakirwa padzinza, vatano, mavambo orudzi, uye mamwe mavara.

Kuchinja Kwechigumi Nechishanu: Kupa Kodzero Varume veAfrica vokuAmerica

Yakasimbiswa muna 1870, Finute Amendment inorambidza hurumende yehurumende uye inotaura kuti inoramba kodzero yokuvhota yakavakirwa pa “dzinza, ruvara, kana kuti mugariro wekare wouranda. Inochengeta vagari vemo maruramiro ekodzero pasinei zvapo nedzinza ravo, ruvara, kana kuti uranda hwakapfuura. Kugadziriswa kwakanga kwakaitirwa kuvimbisa kodzero dzokuvhota kuvanhu veAfrica veAmerica pashure peHondo yeChizvarwa.

Zvisinei, chipikirwa cheFinute Amendment yechi15 chakaregeredzwa nenzira yakarongeka nokuda kweiri rinenge zana ramakore kupfurikidza nemiitiro yakasiana - siana yokusasarura inobatanidza kunzvera kurava nokunyora, mitero yokuvhota, zvitsama zvasekuru, zvigaro zvavachena, uye masimba masimba chaiwo netyisidziro. Iyi mhinganidzo yakabvisa nenzira inobudirira vagari veAfrica vazhinjisa veAmerica muSouth pasinei zvapo nevimbiso yebumbiro remitemo. Kwakanga kusati kuri kutozosvikira kusvikira kuKupikirwa kwekodzero dzekodzero dzemitemo yeChikamu 15 muzana reMitemendedzero kwakavamba kusimbiswa nenzira ine revo, kuratidzira kuti kodzero dzemitemo yemitemo inoda zvose zviri zviviri kudzivirira kwapamutemo nedzero yezvamatongerwe enyika kuzadzika.

Kuwedzera Utongi Hwechidhori: Kupa Vanhu Kodzero

Kupfuura Firefendment yechi15, dzimwe gadziridzo dzinoverengeka dzakawedzera maruramiro okuvhota ndokuita kuti hurumende yehurumende yeruzhinji yeAmerica ibatanidzwe zvikuru.Idzi rwisano dzinopfuurira kutambanudzira kuparadziko kuvagari vose ndokubvisa mhinganidzo kukutora rutivi kwezvamatongerwe enyika.

Kuchinja Kwechigumi Nechipfumbamwe: Kudzorwa Kwavakadzi

Pepanhau rechi19 rakabvumirwa musi waAugust 18, 1920. Rinovimbisa kodzero yokuti mugari upi noupi weUnited States avhote, pasinei zvapo nevatano yavo yokubereka nayo, achipa nenzira inobudirira vakadzi kodzero yokuvhota. Chibvumirano chinoti: “Kodzero yevagari veUnited States yokuvhota haisati ichizorambwa kana kuti kunyoreswa neUnited States kana kuti neHurumende ipi neipi nemhaka yevatano.

Demendi Yokupedzisira yechi19 yakanga iri mugumo werwisano yamakumi amakore nevavambi vakaronga, vakashora, vakaisa mapurisa, uye vakatsungirira kuiswa mutorongo namasimba masimba kuti vawanire kodzero dzokuvhota nokuda kwavakadzi. Sangano ravakadzi raibatanidza zviverengero zvakadai saSusan B. Anthony, Elizabeth Cady Stanton, Alice Paul, uye vamwe vasingaverengeki avo vakatsaurira upenyu hwavo kuichi chikonzero. Sangano racho rakashandisa mano akasiyana - siyana, kubva pakukumbira kune rugare kukusateerera kwavagari vemo, uye rakavaka zvikamu zvakabatanidza mapoka akasiana - siana mumapoka namaruwa.

Kushandiswa kweIcedentith Amendment kwakamirira kukura kukuru kwehurumende yehurumende yeruzhinji yeAmerica, kwakapeta kanenge kaviri kusarudzwa kwakakodzera. Kwakaratidzira fambiro mberi inokosha mukurwira chiyero chevarume, kunyange zvazvo vakadzi vakapfuurira kutarisana nezvimwe zvimiro zvokusarura uye mhinganidzo kuti vasatora rutivi rwakazara mune zvamatongerwe enyika. Chikamu chekuchinja chakaratidzirawo simba ravagadziri vemidzimuti inochengetwa nourongwa hwebumbiro remitemo kupfurikidza nemitoo yehurumende yehurumende.

Kugadziridzwa Kwechimakumi Maviri Nezvina: Mitero Inoshatisa

Yasimbiswa muna 1964, Amendimendi Amakumi maviri namashanu inorambidza zvose zviri zviviri Congress nehurumende kubva pakuisa kodzero yokuvhota muvhoti pakubhadhara mutero wevhota kana kuti mumwe mutero. Mitero yokuvhota yakanga yashandiswa, zvikurukuru munyika dzokuMadokero, kubvisa vavhoti vasina kuvimbika, zvikurukuru vagari veAfrica. Kupfurikidza nokuraira muripo wemitero kuti vavhotire, iyi mitemo yakaparira mhinganidzo yemari kukutora rutivi kwezvamatongerwe enyika izvo zvakatapura zvikuru avo vane mitengo yakaganhurirwa yemari.

Dare reChibvumirano chamakumi maviri neFourth Amendment raiva rutivi rwesangano rekodzero dzevagari vemo ra1960, iro raitsvaka kuputsa zvivako zvepamutemo zvokusarura dzinza nerusaruro. Nepo kugadziriswa kwaingoshandiswa bedzi kuvhota, Dare Gurusamende gare gare raitonga muHarper v. Virginia Board of Evotions (19666) muvhoti dzemitero yokuvhota yaidzorwa yaipesanawo neSarudzo yeSarudzo yePrement Claus yeGenetic yeGenetic. Iyi yakasimbisa nheyo yokuti kuvhotera ikodzero inokosha isingafaniri kuiswa papfuma kana kuti panzvimbo yemari.

Mhedziso Yamakumi Maviri Nechitanhatu: Kuderedza Nguva Yokufara Kusvika Ku 18

Chibvumirano Chamakumi maviri neSixth Amendment, chakatenderwa muna 1971, chakaderedza zera rokuvhota kubva pa 21 kusvika ku18 muvhoti dzose dzomuhurumende, dzehurumende, uye dzomunharaunda. Chibvumirano chinoti: “Kodzero yevagari veUnited States, vane makore gumi nemasere okukura, haifaniri kurambwa kana kunyoreswa neUnited States kana kuti neHurumende ipi neipi nemhaka yezera.

Simba reiyi gadziridzo rakauya zvikurukuru kubva munhambo yeHondo yeVietnam, apo vanhu vaduku vakataura kuti kana vakanga vakura zvakakwana kunyoreswa nokurwira nyika yavo pazera ramakore 18, vanofanira kuva vakura zvakakwana kuti vavhote. Chiziviso chokuti "vakura zvakakwana kurwa, vakura zvakakwana kuvhota" vakabata uyu murangariro. Kuchinja kwacho kwakakarakadzwa naCongress pana March 23, 1971, uye kwakasimbiswa munguva yakanyorwa nguva inodokusvika mwedzi mitatu chete, kuchikuita kugamuchirwa kwokukurumidza mukupera kwenhau kweU.S.

Chibvumirano chamakumi maviri nezvitanhatu chakakudza zvikuru kuvhota kupfurikidza nokuisa mamiriyoni evaduku veAmerica. Yakaziva kuti vakura vemakore 18 vane kukura kwakakwana uye njodzi munzanga yokutora rutivi mukuita zvisarudzo zvehurumende inosarudzwa nehurumende. Kugadziridza kwacho kwave kune miuyo inogara nguva refu pamatongerwe enyika eAmerica, kuchitanga vhoti yepwere iyo vanoda kuvhota munhimbe dzavo nemitemo.

Dzimwe Gadziridzo Dzinokosha

Nepo kuchinja kwakurukurwa pamusoro apa kuri pakati pechinjo hurusa, dzimwe chinjo dzinoverengeka dzakava netapuro dzinokosha pahurumende yeAmerica nenzanga.

Kuchinja Kwechigumi Nechitanhatu: Mutero Wemari Inotambirwa Nehurumende

Ratisimudzwa muna 1913, Sunday Amendment yechi 16 inopa Congress simba rokubhadhara mutero wemari weLevy pasina kuugovana pakati pehurumende dzakavakirwa pavagari vemo. Simba re 16th Amendment yaiva mhaka yeDare rePamusorosoro reU.S. Pollock v. Murimi weLoan & Trust Co., iro raidavira kuti mutero wemari panzvimbo wakanga wakaenzana nomutero wakananga uye nokudaro wakarambidzwa pasi peChikamu I, chikamu 9 cheBumbiro reMitemo. Apo iyi yakapfuudzirwa neDare reMitemo muna 1909, kwakangove kunomutsa nharo. Kwakaita makore anoverengeka uye chinjo huru munyika yezve yezvamatongerwe enyika isati yagamuchirwa muna 1913.

Mutero wemari wazova manyuko makuru emari yehurumende yehurumende, kutsigira mari chinhu chiri chose kubva kudziviriro yenyika kusvikira kumapurogiramu enzanga. Kugadziridza kwakachinja zvikurukuru ukama pakati pavagari vemo nehurumende yehurumende ndokugonesa kukura kwepurogiramu dzehurumende namabasa mumazana ose ezana ramakore rechi20 nerechi21. Nepo pakwakaitirwa nharo apo waigamuchirwa, mutero wemari zvino rutivi rukuru rwemitemo yeAmerica.

Kuchinja Kwechigumi Nechigumi Nezviviri: Kusarudzwa Kwakananga Kwavasarudzi

Ratisimudzirwa muna 1913, Seventeenth Amendment yakatanga sarudzo yakananga yeSanita kupfurikidza nevhoti yakakurumbira yeU.S. inotsiva gadziriro yapamberi apo vamiririri vakasarudzwa nevanopa chibvumirano chehurumende. Isati yagadziriswa muna 1913, vatenzi vakasarudzwa nemitemo yehurumende, uko kwakatungamirira kuuori hunofungwa mune zvematongerwe enyika uye sangano kubvumira vagari vemo kuvhotera zvakananga vatenzi vavo. Kutsiviwa kwacho kwakapfuudzwa netsungidzo duku, asi kwakava nomugumisiro usina kurongwa wokuparira nyongano pamusoro penzira pamusoro penzira pamusoro penzira yokutsiva nayo matare ehurumende ayo akasiya hofisi yavo pamberi pomugumo wezvibvumirano zvavo.

Kugadziridzwa kwakanga kuri rutivi rwechinjo huru yeNguva inofambira mberi yapamutevedzero yehurumende yehurumende nechidzorero chakakurumbira zvikuru. Yakapindura funganyo pamusoro pouori, matare okugadza Hurumende akarongeka, uye nzwisiso yokuti vamiriri vakabviswa zvikuru kuvanhu vavamiriri vavo. Sarudzo yakananga yavatengi yakaita kuti Dare ridavire zvikuru kumurangariro wavose uye yakasimbisa kuzvidavirira kwehurumende yehurumende yehurumende.

Kuchinja Kwechigumi Negumi Negumi Negumi Neviri: Kutongwa uye Kudzorerwa

Demende ye18, yakapfuudzwa neCongress December 18, 1917 ndokutendera January 16, 1919, yakarambidza kugadzirwa, kutengeswa, uye kutakura doro rinodhakisa muUnited States. Iyi mhedziso yakaratidza mugumo wenhamburiko dzesangano rokudzora kugadziriswa kwezvinetso zvemagariro evanhu kupfurikidza nokurambidza kwebumbiro remitemo.

Zvisinei, Chirango chakabvumikisa kuva chakaoma kubatira ndokutungamirira kumiuyo isina kurongwa kubatanidza kumuka kwoutsotsi hwakarongwa, kuzvidza kwakapararira kwemutemo, uye kurasikirwa nemari yomutero. Iyi bvumirano, yakasimbiswa muna 1933, yakadzoserazve kugadziriswa kweChibvumirano cha 1920. Yakaita kuti mitemo yehurumende irambidze zvinodhaka ndokudzokera kunyika simba rokugadza mitemo yavo vamene yezvinodhaka. Ndiyo bedzi inotsiva imwe nyaradzo yakananga.

Chinjo yeChibvumirano Chamakumi maviri okutanga, yakatenderwa muna 1933, yakasiana munhau yebumbiro remitemo reAmerica sechinjo bedzi yokugadziridza gadziridzo yakare. Kunoratidzira kuti chinjo dzebumbiro-mitemo dzinogona kuchinjwa apo dzinobvumikisa kuva dzisingashandiki kana kuti kurasikirwa netsigiro yavose. Chinoitika cheProjita nedzorero yacho zvinopa zvidzidzo zvinokosha pamusoro pemiganhu yokushandisa ganhuriro yebumbiro remitemo kudzora mufambiro wenzanga noukoshi hwebvumirano yavose mukutsigira mitemo.

Mhedziso Yakabvumiranwa Yamakumi Maviri: Miganhu Yemitemo YaPrezidhendi

Apfuura neCongress March 21, 1947 ndokutendera February 27, 1951, hapana munhu achasarudzwa kuva muhofisi yaPurezidhendi kanopfuura kaviri, uye hapana munhu anenge atora nzvimbo yaPurezidhendi, kana kuti ashanda saPurezidhendi, kwemakore anopfuura maviri eshoko iro mumwe munhu akasarudzwa kuva Mutungamiriri wenyika achasarudzwa kanopfuura kamwe.

Iyi gadziridzo yakaitwa kuti ive yakarongwa gamuchidzanwa ramanhambo maviri rakatangwa naGeorge Washington uye richiteverwa napurezidhendi vazhinjisa kutozosvikira Franklin D. Roosevelt, uyo akasarudzwa kuva namashoko mana. Kugadziriswa kwakakarakadzwa neRepublican Congress nokukurumidza pashure porufu rwaRoosevelt uye kuratidzira funganyo pamusoro pokuisa simba rakanyanyowanda mumunhu mumwe kupfurikidza nokuwedzera. Kunovimbisa kutendeuka kwenguva dzose muPuciannertisty uye kunodzivisa kutangwa kwomutungamiriri akaroverwa.

Mvura Yakapedzerwa Yamakumi maviri namashanu: Kubudirira Kwapurezidhendi Nokushatiswa

Yakasimbiswa muna 1967, Amakumi maviri neF5t Amendment inojekesa miitiro yokutevedzana kwapurezidhendi uye inogadza miitiro yokubata nourema hwapurezidhendi. Inopa kuti Mutongi weSanihedhendi ave Mutungamiriri parufu, kubviswa, kana kuti kubviswa kwaPrezidhendi, uye kutanga miitiro yokuzadza nzvimbo muMasimba anodzora uye yokutamisa purezidhendi kwechinguvana apo Purezidhendi anenge asingakwanisi kuita mabasa ehofisi.

Chinjo yakasundwa neitiro hanya dzakamutswa pashure pokuurawa kwaPrezidhendi Kennedy uye nezvinoitika zvapakuvamba zvokuremara kwapurezidhendi. Kwave kuchikumbirwa kanoverengeka, kubatanidza apo Mapurezidhendi apa purezidhendi akafunga kuva purezidhendi uye apo purezidhendi vakatamisirwa simba kwechinguvana mukati memiitiro yokurapa. Kuchinja kunogovera kujeka nokudzikamiswa kunokosha nokuda kwokuchinja kwapurezidhendi uye kuvimbisa kupfuurira kwehurumende mukati menjodzi.

Bumbiro Romutemo Ripenyu: Kududzira Nokushandisa

Kugadziridza kuBumbiro reMitemo hakusi rugwaro rwakare asi mutemo mupenyu unofanira kutsanangurwa ndokushandiswa kumigariro inochinja. Dare, zvikurukuru Dare Rapamusorosoro, rinoita basa rinokosha mukusarudza icho chinjo dzebumbiro remitemo dzinoreva mukushanda. Tsigiro yeBumbiro remitemo inobatanidza kudzikamisa nzwisiso yapakuvamba yegadziridzo nezvinodikanwa zvenguva ino uye zvinokosha.

Nzira dzakasiana - siana dzokududzira dziripo, kubva mutsika yapakuvamba (iyo inotsvaka kushandisa revo yapakuvamba yavose yorugwaro rwebumbiro remitemo) kuupenyu hwebumbiro remitemo (ihwo hunorangarira Bumbiro remitemo serinowirirana nenzanga). iyi kurukurirano pamusoro pedudziro hadzisati dzichingovawo zvadzo dzedzidzo asi dzine miuyo chaiyoiyo yenyika nokuda kwekodzero dzavanhu, simba rehurumende, uye muitiro wenzanga.

Dzidziso yokubatanidza, iyo Dare rapamusoro rakashandisa nako Bill of Rights kudzivirira hurumende kupfurikidza neKill yeGauditionth Resprendment kupfurikidza neStatus Procession Claus, inoratidzira kuti kududzira kwebumbiro remitemo kunogona sei kukudza ukuru hunoshanda hwekugadziridzwa. Kubatanidzwa kweFirst Amendment kwakavamba norusununguko rwokutaura nokubudisa muGitlow v. New York (125), kushandisa kwapachena rudzidziso muna Hamilton v.C. (1934), rusununguko rwegungano kana kuti rusununguko rwechikumbiro muDe Jonge v. Oregon (1937), uye Kugadzwa kwaClaus muEverson.

Kukwidziridzwa Kunopfuurira KweMitemo Yebumbiro remitemo

Kugadziridzwa kweBumbiro reMitemo kunoramba kuchikosha zvikuru muupenyu hweAmerica. Rusununguko rweFirst Amendment runopfuurira kukumbirwa mukurukurirano pamusoro pekutaura kwakasununguka pasocial media, kutaura kwerusununguko rwechitendero, uye masangano okuramba. Kudzivirira kweChina kunoitwa neunyanzvi hutsva hwokuongorora uye miitiro yemashoko.

Kugadziridza kodzero kunotarisana nedenho itsva sezvo nyika dzichigamuchira mitemo yakasiana - siana yesarudzo nemiitiro zvingatapura kusvika kunzvimbo yekodzero yomunhu oga nechiremera chehurumende, musoro mukuru wegadziridzo dzakawanda, unopfuurira kupokanidzwa munzvimbo dzinovambira pakudzora pfuti kusvikira kukuitazve ruramisiro kwamatsotsi kusvikira kumipimo yakapararira.

Kunzwisisa gadziridzo dzebumbiro remitemo kunokosha nokuda kwougari hwemo hunozivikanwa. Iyi gadziridzo inorondedzera maruramiro ane vaAmerica, ganhuriro pasimba rehurumende, uye mipimo iyo rudzi runotsvaka kutsigira. Dzinomirira zvose zviri zviviri zviitwa nerwisano dzinopfuurira, kunyora fambiro mberi yorudzi kuzvinangwa zvarwo zvapakuvamba nepo dzichibvuma kuti basa rokuumba mubatanidzwa wakakwana zvikuru haritongotongopedzwa.

Kuchinja Kwakavimbiswa uye Chinjo Dzomunguva Yemberi

Kugadziridza kwakataurwa nevamwe vanhu kwakaita kuti pave nenharo huru, dzakadai seWealmetic Rights Amendment (iyo ingarambidza zvakajeka rusaruro runobva pabonde), kugadziridza kudzikamisa mari yehurumende, kugadziridza kubvisa zvisarudzo zveDare Repamusorosoro, uye kugadzirisa kugadzirisa zvirongwa zvokugadzirisa mari yezvirongwa zvemushandirapamwe kana kuti Electoral College.

Chinetso chokuderedza Bumbiro reMitemo chinoreva kuti chinjo dzinokarakadzwa dzinofanira kuva netsigiro yakafara, inopfuurira mhiri kwamatunhu akasiyana - siyana nemirangariro yezvamatongerwe enyika. Iyi danda rakakwirira rinovimbisa dzikamo ndokudzivisa chinjo dzokukurumidzira, asi kunorevawo kuti Bumbiro reMitemo ringanonoka kuparira chinjo dzenzanga kana kuti kukundikana kupedza zvinetso zviri kubuda nokukurumidza sokuda kwaizoita vamwe.

Gadziriro yokuvandudza imene inoratidzira chiono chavatangi chehurumende inowana chiremera chayo kuvanhu asi yakarongedzerwa kudzivisa zvinhu zvikuru zvechinguvana kuita chinjo huru. Kugadziridzwa kwenguva yemberi sezvingabvira kuchapfuurira kupindura mibvunzo inokosha pamusoro pekodzero, kumirira, uye basa rakafanira rehurumende munzanga yeAmerica.

Mugumisiro: Kukosha Kusingaperi KweMitemo Inotevedzerwa Nebumbiro Remitemo

Kugadziridzwa kweBumbiro reMitemo reUnited States kunomirira nhamburiko inopfuurira yerudzi yokunatsa nokuvandudza gadziriro yaro yehurumende nokutambanudzira chipikirwa chorusununguko nokuenzana kuvagari vose veAmerica. Kuvambira paChivimbo chekodzero dzenheyo kusvikira kuTsinhiro yeTsitsi reReconstation of American, kubva pakukura kwekodzero dzokuvhota kusvikira kugadziridzwa kwegadziriro yehurumende, idzi gadziridzo dzakaumba chinoitika cheAmerica munzira huru.

Kugadziridza kunokosha zvikurusa kwapaFirst Amendment kudzivirira rusununguko rukuru, Kubviswa kweHBTM kubviswa kwouranda, vimbiso dzeKirenda yeMinei yeFiremendement dzedziviriro yakaenzana nemuitiro wakafanira, Kuwedzera kwekodzero dzokuvhota kwechi15 nechi19, uye dzimwe dzinokurukurwa muiyi nhungamiro ($__________) kuumba nheyo yemitemo yehurumende yehurumende yeAmerica yehurumende yegutsaruzhinji nerusununguko rwomunhu. Idzo dzose dziri mbiri zvishuvo zvakakwirira zvenyika uye kurwisa kwayo kurarama maererano nemitemo iyoyo.

Kunzwisisa idzi gadziridzo hakusati kuchingovawo zvako muitiro muzivo yenhau asi chinodikanwa chinoshanda nokuda kwomunhu upi noupi anoshuva kunzwisisa maruramiro avo, anotora rutivi nenzira inobudirira muudzori hwedemocracy, uye anobetsera kukurukurirano dzinopfuurira pamusoro perevo nokushandiswa kwenheyo dzemitemo. Bumbiro reMitemo, serakavandudzwa, rinoramba riri gwaro benyu rinopfuurira kuumba mutemo weAmerica, zvamatongerwe enyika, uye chaunga.

Sezvo vagari vemo vanobatanidzwa nezvinetso zvenguva ino — kubva panharo pamusoro pekutaura kwakasununguka muzera remitauro kusvikira kumibvunzo pamusoro pokusvika kwokuvhota, kubva pakuchinja kweruramisiro youtsotsi kusvikira kudziviriro dzavagari vemo — kugadziridzwa kwebumbiro remitemo kunogovera zvose zviri zviviri gadziriro yokunzvera uye chiyeuchidzo chemipimo yakatungamirira rudzi munguva dzakapfuura dzechinjo nerwisano. Kugadziridzwa kunoratidzira kuti Bumbiro remitemo rinogona kushanduka kuvambana nemigariro mitsva nepo richichengeta kupfuurira nenheyo dzinokosha.

Nokuda kwaavo vanotsvaka kukudza nzwisiso yavo yomutemo webumbiro remitemo nehurumende yeAmerica, vachinzvera kugadziridzwa kwemashoko muudzame(] kurava rugwaro, kufunda zvinoitika zvenhau, uye kunzvera mashoko enhau (inokosha). Zviwanikwa zvakadai se National Constitution Center [, National Archives [, uye [[FLT]] Conforect.Geneticment Anetic .Genetics Anetichect inogovera mashoko akavimbika pamusoro pechimutekisi nerondedzero.

Nhau yokugadziridzwa kwebumbiro remitemo pakupedzisira inhau pamusoro pesimba ravanhu veAmerica nokuda kwehurumende yavo vamene uye musengwa wavo wokuita nzanga yakarurama zvikuru neyakasununguka. Chinjo imwe neimwe inomirira zvisarudzo zvakaitwa nezvizvarwa zvakapfuura pamusoro porudzi rwavaida kuvaka uye maruramiro avaida kudzivirira. Kunzwisisa idzi gadziridzo dzinobetsera zvizvarwa zvinopfuurira kushanda ikoko, kuchichichinjira nheyo dzebumbiro remitemo kuzvinetso zvitsva nepo zvichiramba zvakatendeka kumipimo inogara, kuenzana, uye kuzvimirira kwoutongi hwehurumende kuti zvive zvazvinowirirana.