Table of Contents

Rusununguko rwokutaura runomira seimwe yekodzero dzavanhu dzinokosha zvikurusa munzanga dzehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu munyika yose. Rusununguko urwu runokosha runogonesa vanhu kutaura mifungo yavo, mirangariro, uye zvitendero pasina kutya kuongororwa kwehurumende, matsive, kana kuti chirango. Hurumende mupasi rose dzakatanga gadziriro dzakasiana - siana dzapamutemo, dziviriro dzamabumbiro emitemo, uye gadziriro dzokuronga kudzivirira iyi inotambudza apo inoienzanisa neinowirirana nedzimwe fariro dzinokosha dzenzanga. Kunzwisisa kuti hurumende dzinodzivirira sei kutaura kwakasununguka kunoda kunzvera kuoma pakati pomutemo wemitemo, kutarisira kwamarudzi ose, mipimo yekodzero dzavanhu, uye denho dzinoshanda dzinomuka mukushandisa idzi dziviriro.

Hwaro Hwedziviriro Yokutaura: Mitemo yeBumbiro reMitemo neMitemo

Rusununguko rwokutaura inheyo inotsigira rusununguko rwomunhu kana kuti rwenzanga kubudisa mifungo yavo nepfungwa pasina kutya kutsiva, kunzvera, kana kuti chirango chapamutemo, uye maruramiro orusununguko rwokutaura akarangarirwa sekodzero yomunhu muUniversal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR) nomutemo wekodzero dzavanhu wamarudzi ose. Nyika zhinji dzine mitemo yemitemo inodzivirira rusununguko rwokutaura. Iyi dziviriro yapamutemo inoshanda senzvimbo inovakwa maruramiro orusununguko okutaura paari kusimudzirwa nokudzivirirwa.

United States First Amendment

MuU.S., rusununguko rwokutaura runodzivirirwa neFirst Amendment kuBumbiro reMitemo reU.S.: "Kostative haisati ichizoita mutemo... rusununguko runoganhurirwa rwokutaura." First Amendment inovimbisa rusununguko rwokutaura kupfurikidza nokurambidza Congress kuganhurira vanobudisa nhau kana kuti kodzero dzevanhu kutaura norusununguko, uyewo inovimbisa kodzero yevagari vemo yokuungana norugare uye kukumbira hurumende yavo.

Constitution yeUS yakadudzirwa kuvimbisa dzimwe dzedziviriro hurusa dzenyika nokuda kwokutaura nokutaura. MuU.S., rusununguko rwokutaura runobatanidza maruramiro okupinda mukutaura kwokufananidzira, kushandisa mashoko akati anotsamwisa namashoko kuti vape mashoko ezvamatongerwe enyika, kuzivisa zvigadzirwa zvebhizimisi namabasa ounyanzvi (neganhuriro dzakati), uye maruramiro okusataura (zvikurukuru, maruramiro okusakwazisa mureza) kana munhu akadaro achida kudaro.

Mhaka yechiratidzo yeBrandenburg v. Ohio yakasimbisa kuti vimbiso dzebumbiro remitemo dzorusununguko rwokutaura uye dzokubudisa nhau dzakasununguka hadzibvumiri Hurumende kurambidza kana kuti kurambidza kushandiswa kwesimba kana kuti kuputswa kwomutemo kunze kweapo kudzora kupfurikidza nokuita kana kuti kuita chiito chokusateerera mutemo chiri pedyo uye sezvingabvira kunyandura kana kuti kuparira chiito chakadaro, kuita maruramiro orusununguko rwokutaura (kwezvamatongerwe enyika) muUnited States anodokuva akakwana.

Mipimo Yekodzero Dzevanhu Munyika Yose

Rusununguko rwokutaura ikodzero yakachengetwa muUnited Nations Universal Declaration of Human Rights uye inopiwa nenzira yakarongwa nemitemo yenyika dzakawanda. Iyi gadziriro yamarudzi ose inogovera mupimo wakavakirwa kuti nyika kupota nyika pakunongedzera munyika pakutanga dziviriro dzadzo dzimene dzokutaura. Universal Declaration of Human Rights inogadza kuti munhu ari wose ane maruramiro okuchengeta mirangariro pasina vhiringidzo uye kutsvaka, kugamuchira, uye kupa mashoko nepfungwa pasinei zvapo nemiganhuro.

Dziviriro dzeEurope

European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR) inoita basa rinokosha mukudzivirira kutaura kwakasununguka munyika yacho yose, Chikamu 10 cheECHR chichivimbisa kodzero yorusununguko rwokutaura, zvichienderana nezvimwe zvinorambidzwa zvakadai sokuchengeteka kwerudzi, kuchengeteka kwevanhu, uye kudzivirirwa kwevhiringidziko. Nyika dzakawanda dzokuEurope, kusanganisira France, United Kingdom, uye Sweden, dzakabatanidza mitemo yemhuri, dzichivimbisa kuti mitemo yepamutemo ishande zvakanaka.

Dziviriro Dzebumbiro reMitemo Munyika Yose

Nyika dzine vimbiso dzakasimba dzebumbiro remitemo dzinosanganisira United States, umo First Amendment inodzivirira zvakajeka rusununguko rwokutaura, uye Germany, ine Mutemo Wayo Unokosha unodzivirira rusununguko rwokufunga, rwokutaura, uye rwokubudisa nhau.

Kunze kwenyika yokuMadokero, nyika dzakadai seIndia, Japan, uye Australia dzakagadzawo mitemo yakajeka yerusununguko rwokutaura, neBumbiro reMitemo reIndia richivimbisa maruramiro kurusununguko rwokutaura nokutaura nokutaura nokutaura (kunyange zvazvo zvichidzorwa neganhuriro dzine mufungo), Bumbiro reMitemo reJapan rinodzivirira rusununguko rwokutaura, kutsikirira, uye gungano, uye rusununguko rweAustralia runorehwa rwekurukurirano yezvamatongerwe enyika, rwakabva muBumbiro reMitemo, runodzivirira kurukurirano yapachena panhau dzezvamatongerwe enyika.

Nyika dzose dzakanzverwa dzinoratidzika kuva dzinoziva zvakajeka kodzero yorusununguko rwokutaura sekodzero yebumbiro remitemo kana kuti inokosha, kunyange zvazvo rusununguko rwokutaura rusiri rwakakwana uye nyika dzose dzichishandisa ganhuriro kwarwuri pamwero yakasiyana - siyana.

Basa Rematare Mukudzivirira Kutaura Kwakasununguka

Gadziriro dzokutonga dzinobatira sevatarisiri vanotsoropodza kodzero dzokutaura, dzichidudzira gadziriro dzebumbiro remitemo uye kuva nechokwadi chokuti zviito zvehurumende hazviganhurirwi nenzira isina pamutemo.

Kuongorora Kutonga uye Kududzira Bumbiro Romutemo

MuUnited States, Dare Repamusorosoro rakatanga mutemo mukuru wemhosva unotsanangura kukura uye miganhu yedziviriro yeFirst Amendment. Kupfurikidza nezvisarudzo zvemaongororo akaitwa, matare akatanga mienzaniso inokosha inoumba mashandisirwe orusununguko rwokutaura.

Basa iri rokutonga rinovimbisa kuti kudzivirira kutaura kwakasununguka hakudzorwi nezvido zvevakuru vakuru vezvematongerwe enyika kana kuti vakuru vakuru vehurumende vangaedza kudzvinyirira kutaura kusingadiwi kana kuti kwokutsoropodza.

Kuwedzera Kutaura Kunodzivirira Kupfurikidza Nomutemo Wemhosva

Kodzero dzokutaura dzakawedzerwa zvikuru munhevedzano yezvisarudzo zvedare zvechi20 ne21 zvepamusoro zvaidzivirira marudzi akasiyana - siyana okutaura kwezvematongerwe enyika, kutaura kusingazivikanwi, mari yokutsigira nhimbe, zvinonyadzisira, uye kutaura kuchikoro; mitemo iyi yaitsanangurawo kutevedzana kwokudzivirira kwokutanga.

Bhuku rinonzi First Amendment rinodzivirira kutaura, kutaura kwakanyorwa uye kutaura kwokufananidzira, uyewo rinoita zvokutaura, pasinei nezviri mumashoko, zvinoreva zvaanotaura, zvaanoverenga, zvaanoita, zvaanoverenga, zvaanoita, zvinodzivirirwa neFirst Amendment.

Kudzivirira Kutaura Kwezvamatongerwe Enyika

Kutaura kwezvamatongerwe enyika kuri pamusimboti weFirst Amendment, sezvo Vatangi vaida hurumende yakanga ichizvidavirira kuvanhu, uko kuri chikonzero nei vakapa vagari vemo maruramiro okuramba mitemo, kutsigira kana kuti kushora, uye kutaura mirangariro yavo norusununguko, pakati pezvimwe zvinhu. Dare ragara richiziva kuti kutaura kwezvamatongerwe enyika kukafanirwa nomwero wakakwirira zvikuru wedziviriro nemhaka yokuti kunokosha kuudzori hwehurumende.

Masangano ehurumende nevakuru vakuru vehurumende vanorambidzwa kudzora kana kuti kurambidza kutaura kana kuti kutaura kana kuti mamwe mashoko akavakirwa pazviri mukati mawo kana kuti maonero, uye kutsoropodzwa kwehurumende, kusagutsikana kwezvematongerwe enyika, uye kukanganiswa kwepfungwa dzisingafarirwi idzo vanhu vangaona sedzakashata kana kuti dzinopesana netsika dzavose, nguva dzose dzinongodzivirirwa neFirst Amendment.

Kudzikamisa Kutaura Kwakasununguka Nedzimwe Kodzero: Dzinodikanirwa

Hurumende dzinofanira kudzikamisa kodzero dzokutaura zvakasununguka padzinorwisana nezvimwe zvinhu zvinokosha, kusanganisira kuchengeteka kwevanhu, kuremekedzwa, uye kodzero dzevamwe.

Kushanda Zvakanaka Nokuda Kweganhuriro

Miganhu pamaruramiro okutaura iripo munyika dzose dzakanzverwa uye inozivikanwa muInternational Country on Civil and Political Rights neEuropean Convention on Human Rights, ine ganhuriro dzakadaro dzakarongedzerwa kuchengetedza zvinangwa zvakasiyana - siyana izvo zvingabatanidza dziviriro yechengeteko yorudzi, perero yenzvimbo, chengeteko yavose, utano, perero yebasa ravose, chiremera chomunhu nezita rakanaka, mirangariro yorudzidziso, zvichingodaro.

Dziviriro yeidzi vavariro nedzokuwedzera dzinogoverwa mugadziriro dzebumbiro remitemo pamwe chete nomumutemo wemitemo nenhau, uye ganhuriro pakutaura kungava kwakafanira mumugariro wokudzongonyedzwa kwokutaura kwavose kwakadai sokudzivisa kudzongonyedzwa kwenhevedzano yavose kana kuti chengeteko, kusvibiswa, kutaura kunovenga, kunyomba nokuputswa kwechiremera chomunhu muchiverengero chakati chenyika dzakanzverwa.

Kunyandurira Masimba Masimba uye Chiito Chisina Kufanira Kutevedzerwa Nomutemo

Imwe yeganhuriro dzinozivikanwa zvikuru pakutaura kwakasununguka inobatanidza kutaura kunonyandura masimba masimba ava pedyo kana kuti chiito chokusateerera mutemo. Kutaura kunonyandura chiito chokuda kusateerera mutemo hakutaviridzwa, seizvo Dare rakatonga muBrandenburg v. Ohio (1969) kuti kutaura kunogona kuganhurirwa kana kuri kuvavarirwa kunyandura mubato usiri wapamutemo uye sezvingabvira kuita saizvozvo.

Kutaura kwokuti "kusimbisa kushandiswa kwesimba kana kuti kutyorwa kwomutemo" kunodzivirirwa neFirst Amendment "kunze uko kutendeseka kwakadaro kunonangidzirwa kukunyandura kana kuti kuita chiito chokusateerera mutemo chiri pedyo uye kunganyandura kana kuti kuita chiito chakadaro. Uyu mupimo unoisa chidzitiro chakakwirira chokuganhurira kutaura, unoda zvose zviri zviviri vavariro nebviro yekuvadziko iri pedyo.

Tyisidziro Dzechokwadi Nenetswa

Muchinoitika chayo chazvino uno zvikurusa kunzvera "tyisidziro dzechokwadi", Dare Rapamusorosoro rakarondedzera tyisidziro dzechokwadi dzisingadzivisiki kubatanidza kutaura ikoko uko mukurukuri anoreva kutaura kwakakomba kwedonzo rokuita masimba masimba asingazivikanwi nenzira isiri yapamutemo pamunhu mumwe kana kuti boka ravanhu. Iri boka rokutaura risina kudzivirirwa rinoziva kuti tyisidziro dzamasimba masimba dzinogona kuparira kuvadziko yechokwadi norutyo, kunyange apo dzisati dzakurumidza kuita chiito.

Zvipikirwa izvi zvinovimbisa kuti kudzivirira kutaura pachena hakuvi nhoo kune vaya vanotsvaka kutyisidzira, kutyisidzira, kana kuti kukuvadza vamwe.

Kupandukira uye Kutaura Kwenhema

Kureva nhema pamusoro pomumwe munhu kuti ashatise mukurumbira wavo (kureva nhema pakunonyorwa, kuchera pakutaura) kunogona kutungamirira kumigumisiro yepamutemo, sezvo kuzvidza kusingadzivirirwi neFirst Amendment. Mitemo yokubvisa inodzivirira mukurumbira womunhu nepo ichiri kuchengeta dziviriro dzakasimba nokuda kwekutaura kwechokwadi nenhau dzeitiro hanya yavanhu vose.

Nharo Yokutaura Kworuvengo

Kubatwa kworuvengo kunosiyana - siyana zvikuru munyika dzakasiyana - siyana uye kunomiririra imwe yenzvimbo dzinokakavadzana zvikuru dzemutemo werusununguko rwokutaura.

MuUnited States, kutaura kworuvengo kunodzivirirwa zvikuru muFirst Amendment, kwakavakirwa papfungwa yokuti harisi basa rakakodzera rehurumende kuedza kudzivirira vanhu papfungwa uye pfungwa dzavanowana dzisingadiwi, dzisingafarirwi, kana kuti kunyange kutogumbura zvikuru; panzvimbo pezvo, basa rehurumende nderokudzivirira rusununguko rwevanhu rwokutaura vachiedza kubvumira kutaura pfungwa dzisingafarirwi uye dzinopesana uye kunokurudzira kukurukurirana zvakasimba panyaya dzevanhu kunyange apo kukurukurirana kwakadaro kunenge kuchikanganisa kutaura kunogumbura kana kuti kworuvengo kunokonzera vamwe kunzwa kurwadziwa, kutsamwa, kana kuti kutya.

Nyika dzakawanda dzeEurope dzinorambidza kutaura kusingabvumirwi nokuparadza kukuru, kubatanidza Austria, Belgium, Canada, Czech Republic, Hungary, Israel, Liechtenstein, Lithuania, Lithuania, Lituania, Netherlands, Poland, Portugal, Slovakia, Switzerland neRomania. Germany, uye Netherlands dzinoziva zvakananga miganhu yokutaura kunoreva kuramba kana kuti kurumbidza utsinye hwakaitwa mukati meKuparadza kukuru, nomutemo weGermany uchirambidza kudzorwa kwe "rugare rwavose munzira inoputsa chiremera chavanyajambwa [vehurumende yeNazi] kupfurikidza nokurumbidza, kurumbidza, kana kuti kururamisa kutonga kweNational Socialistism kwesimba roust. ”

Ganhuriro Dzenguva, Nzvimbo, uye Dzomunhu

Munzvimbo dzavose, kufanana nemigwagwa yavose, mapaka, uye zvivako zvehurumende, kutaura kwakadzivirirwa zvikurusa; zvisinei, hurumende inogona kuisa nguva, nzvimbo, uye ganhuriro pakutaura kuva nechokwadi chokuti haidzongonyedzi nhevedzano yavose. Iyi ganhuriro yokusatora rutivi inobvumira hurumende kudzora migariro yokutaura pasina mirangariro yakati kana kuti mashoko.

Yunivhesiti ingagamuchira ndokushandisa nguva, nzvimbo neganhuriro nomutoo nokuda kwokutaura nemibato, uye iyi nguva isina kuganhurirwa, nzvimbo nemiitiro ganhuriro zvakaiswa kuva nechokwadi chokuti kudzidzisa kweyunivhesiti, kudzidza, nzvero, basa uye mishoni yokutarisira yokushivirira zvinogona kuitika pasina kudzongonyedzwa. Iyi nheyo inoshanda kwete bedzi kumasangano edzidzo asi kumiraudzo yehurumende yokutaura mumibato yavose.

Vaitisi Vehurumende Kutsigira uye Kudzivirira Kutaura Kwakasununguka

Kupfuura pakutanga kudzivirira kwepamutemo, hurumende dzinotsigira nokushingaira kutaura norusununguko kupfurikidza nezvirongwa zvakasiyana - siyana, mapurogiramu, uye zvitsigiro zvesangano.

Kutsigira Kubudisa Nhau Nemapepanhau

Mapepanhau akasununguka naanozvimirira anobatira sechinhu chinokosha chenzanga yehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu, achigovera vagari vemo mashoko ari madikanwa kuita zvisarudzo zvokuziva uye kuita kuti hurumende dzizvidavirire.

Free Press Claus inodzivirira kubudiswa kwamashoko nemirangariro, uye inoshanda kumhatsa huru yezvinobudisa nhau, uye muNear Minnesota (1931) uye New York Times Co. United States (1971), Dare Gurusa rakasarudza kuti Mutengo WePromende Wapakuvamba wakadzivirirwa pakudzivisa kurambidzwa kuongorora kwapamberi pevhu. Iyi dziviriro mukurwisana nezvinodzivisa kuganhurirwa pamberi pezvisaitiko inovimbisa kuti hurumende hadzigoni kudzivisa kubudiswa kwamashoko isati yasvika kuvanhu vose.

Purogiramu Yedzidzo Nokuziva Vanhu

Hurumende uye masangano edzidzo anoita kuti vanhu vanzwisise kodzero dzokutaura nokudzidzisa, kuita zvirongwa zvokuzivisa vanhu nezvevanhu, uye kudzidzira vanhu kuti vazive kuti kodzero dzavo ndedzipi uye kuti mabasa anoitwa nevanhu ava anogona kunzi aitwe.

Utongi hwehurumende namasangano avose zvinoita basa rinokosha zvikuru mukusimudzira rusununguko rwokutaura. Ohio State University yakazvipira kutsigira kodzero dzeFirst Amendment uye kutsigira kutaura kwedzidzo kwesangano, uko kuri Dzidzo nokuda kwounzi, uye mutemo weFirst Amendment neOhio unodzivirira zvakajeka kodzero dzevadzidzi, vadzidzi, vadzidzisi, vashandi uye vashanyi payunivhesiti kuti vapinde mukutaura nemibato inonyandura pamutemo.

Kudzivirira Kodzero Yokunyunyuta Nokuungana

Kazhinji kacho, vakuru vakuru vanoremekedza kodzero yebumbiro remitemo rokuungana kwevanhu vose. Kodzero yokuramba zvine rugare uye kuungana inomirira chinhu chinokosha chokutaura kwakasununguka, kuchibvumira vagari vemo kutaura zvose zvinovanetsa uye kutsigira kuchinja. Hurumende dzinodzivirira kodzero iyi dzichichengeta mano okuita kuti vanhu vachengeteke uye varongedzerwe.

Masangano enhau ekodzero dzevanhu anodzivirira kodzero dzokurambana anoita kuti kodzero dzemagariro evanhu dzifambire mberi uye dzichinje mune zvematongerwe enyika. Hurumende dzinonyatsodzivirira kutaura kwakasununguka dzinoziva kuti kubvumira kusabvumirana nokuramba, kunyange pazvisinganzwisiswi zvakanaka kana kuti zvisina kunaka, dzinosimbisa panzvimbo pokunetesa masangano ehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu.

Kujeka uye Kuwana Mashoko

Rusununguko rwokutaura rwakabatana zvikuru nokuwana mashoko. Hurumende dzinosimudzira kutaura kwakasununguka kupfurikidza nokuva nechokwadi chokujeka mumabasa ehurumende, kugovera kusvika kwavose kuzvinyorwa zvehurumende, uye kudzivirira varidzi veriva vanofumura chakaipa. Rusununguko rwemashoko runogonesa vagari vemo kuwana mapepa ehurumende nemashoko, kuzivisa hurukuro yavose yakaziviswa nokuzvidavirira kwehurumende.

Matambudziko Okudzivirira Kutaura Nerusununguko Mazuva Ano

Kunzwisisa matambudziko aya kunokosha kuti tichengetedze rusununguko rwokutaura zvakanaka, asi hurumende nenzanga dzinokwanisa kuzvidzivirira mumamiriro ezvinhu anenge achichinja.

Kutaura Nemakombiyuta uye Kubudisa Zvinobudisa Nhau

Kumuka kweInternet nesocial network kwachinja nzira iyo vanhu vanokurukura nayo nokuzvitaura vamene. Dzimwe nyanzvi dzemitemo dzakataura kuti nhau dzegamuchidzanwa dzorusununguko rwokutaura dzinoti "tyisidziro huru yokutaura kwakasununguka" itsoropodzwa kwe "nyika dzinodzvinyirira", uye kuti "kuchine ruzivo kana kuti kutaura kwakashata" kunogona kukurirwa uye kunofanira kukurirwa ne" kutaura kuri nani" panzvimbo pokunzvera () kushaikwa kwamashoko, asi uku kushaikwa kwakapararira mukati mezana ramakore rechi 20, uye nokusvika kweInternet, mashoko akasvika, "asi kufungwa kwavateereri" kushoma.

Zvikurukuru muzera rezvinobudisa nhau zvenzanga, apo rusununguko rwokutaura runogona kurangarirwa semvumo yokuparadzira mashoko anokuvadza, kudheerera vamwe, uye kusimudzira ruvengo nokusashivirira, itiro hanya dzakamuka pamusoro pokuti kutaura kwakasununguka pane dzimwe nguva kunogona kuparira kuvadziko huru kupfuura yakanaka.

First Amendment inodzivisa bedzi ganhuriro dzehurumende pakutaura uye haidzivisi ganhuriro pakutaura dzinoiswa navanhu voga kana kuti mabhizimisi, kureva Facebook uye dzimwe nzvimbo dzinobudisa nhau dzenzanga dzinogona kudzora kana kuti kuganhurira kutaura kunoiswa pazvikuva zvavo nemhaka yokuti masangano akavanzika.

Zvingatadzisa Kusununguka

Vose vari vaviri hurumende navatambi vasiri venyika vakatyisidzira rusununguko rwokutaura nokutaura mumakore achangobva kupfuura aya.Vatori venhau kupota nyika vanotarisana nenetsoropodzo, tyisidziro, uye masimba masimba nokuda kwokushuma kwavo. Hurumende dzakazvipira kudzivirira kutaura kwakasununguka dzinofanira kuva nechokwadi chokuti vatori venhau vanogona kushanda zvakakotsekana uye pasina kutya kutsiva.

Kudzikamisa Kuchengeteka Norusununguko

Hurumende dzinowanzotarisana nedzvinyiriro yokuganhurira kutaura nezita rechengeteko yorudzi kana kuti chengeteko yavose. Nepo itiro hanya dzekodzero dzapamutemo dziripo, ganhuriro dzakafara zvikuru dzinogona kuderedza rusununguko rukuru. ganhuriro dzapakutaura dzakawanwa muChina neUkraine, uye kunyange zvazvo Bumbiro reMitemo reChina richizivisa kuti vagari vemo vanofarikanya rusununguko rwokutaura norusununguko rwezvinobudisa nhau, idzi rusununguko runoganhurirwa zvakasimba nemitemo yakananga nemiraudzo.

Kuda kugadzirisa matambudziko okuchengeteka pasina kuisa pfungwa panzvimbo yekudzivirira vanhu kana kuti kushora hurumende, kuongorora mitemo, uye kurambidza kunenge kwakanyatsorongwa kunobatsira kuti kuchengetedza kusakanganisa kodzero dzerusununguko zvisina kufanira.

Kudzivirira Vatauri Vakanaka

Vasingagari muUnited States vane kodzero dzeFirst Amendment uye kodzero idzodzo dzinodzivirira pachirango kana kuti kutsiva (kubatanidza nokudzingwa) nokuda kwokutaura. Kusimbisa dziviriro iyoyo yakasununguka inotambanukira kuvanhu vose, pasinei zvapo nenzvimbo yougari hwemo, inomirira nheyo inokosha. Vagari vemo vanoremekedzwa, kubatanidza vatami, vashoma, uye vapanduki vezvamatongerwe enyika, kazhinji kazhinji vanotarisana nengozi hurusa pakutaura mirangariro isingafarirwi.

Matanho Okuenzanisa Kudzivirirwa Pakutaura

Nyika dzakasiyana - siyana dzinoshandisa nzira dzakasiyana - siyana dzokudzivirira nadzo kutaura kwakasununguka, dzichiratidza magamuchidzanwa epamutemo akasiyana - siyana, zvakaitika kare, uye tsika.

Kusvika kweAmerica: Kudzivirira Kwakawanda Neganhuriro

Maonero aya anoratidza uzivi hwokuti mushonga wakanakisisa wokutaura kunokuvadza ndiwo kutaura, kwete kuongorora kwehurumende.

Nyanzvi dzemitemo dzakatsigira pfungwa yokuti nzira yakanakisisa yokupindura nayo kukutaura kworuvengo kana kuti kwokutuka haisi yokuedza kuiganhurira asi panzvimbo pezvo kuedza kukurudzira kutaura kwakawanda, seizvo Mutongi Louis Brandeis akanyora nenzira yakakurumbira, kuti, “[i] pane nguva yokufumura kupfurikidza nekurukurirano nhema nenhema, kudzivisa zvakaipa kupfurikidza nemiitiro yedzidzo, mushonga unofanira kushandiswa kutaura zvakawanda, kwete kunyarara.

Kusvika kweEurope: Kudzikamisa Kuratidzirwa Nechiremera

Nyika dzakawanda dzeEurope dzinodzikamisa kutaura kwakasununguka nemimwe mipimo, kubatanidza chiremera chavanhu, dziviriro pakutaura kworuvengo, uye yeuko yenhau.

Kuzhinjisa kweganhuriro dzorusununguko rwokutaura muCzech Republic kunovavarira kudzivirirwa kwamaruramiro avanhu vamwe navamwe kana kuti mapoka maduku, uye kusafanana nomudzimwe nyika dzeEurope hakuna miganhu pakutsoropodza kana kuti kubvisa miromo yehurumende, vakuru vakuru vehurumende kana kuti zviratidzo zvehurumende.

Miedzo Yavose Yamaruwa

Muna 1992 Dare Rapamusoro reAustralia rakatonga mumhaka yeAustralian Capital Television Pty Ltd v Commonwealth kuti Bumbiro Remitemo reAustralia, kupfurikidza nokugovera gadziriro yehurumende yemumiriri neyakavimbika, rakaratidzira dziviriro yekurukurirano yezvamatongerwe enyika sechinhu chinokosha chetsika iyoyo, kunyange zvazvo urwu rusununguko rwekurukurirano yezvamatongerwe enyika rusiri rusununguko rwakafara rwokutaura somune dzimwe nyika, asi panzvimbo pezvo rusununguko runodzivirira bedzi kutaura kwakasununguka kwezvamatongerwe enyika, uye urwu rusununguko rwokutaura kwakasununguka kwezvamatongerwe enyika idziviriro mukurwisana nokupondwa nehurumende, kwete nhoo yokudzivisa kupomerwa kwapachivande (mutemo wechipo wehurumende).

Matambudziko Mumasangano Asiri Okutonga Nehurumende Dzechidhimoni

Chaizvoizvo, dzimwe nyika dzinodzivirira kutaura kwakasununguka, dzimwe dzinokuderedza, uye dzimwe dzinokudzvinyirira chose chose, norusununguko rwokutaura rwakadzivirirwa munyika dzakawanda dzakasunungurwa zvikurusa munyika munyika asi kazhinji kazhinji dzinoganhurirwa munyika dzine udzvinyiriri, nyika dzechikomonizi, nyika dzinotsigira rudzidziso, uye udzvinyiriri. Kunzwisisa idzi chinjo kunobetsera kusimbisa ukoshi hwedziviriro dzakasimba dzesangano uye hurumende inosarudzwa navanhu mukudzivirira ratidziro yakasununguka.

Nguva Yemberi Yokudzivirirwa Pakutaura

Sezvo nzanga dzinochinja uye ruzivo rutsva rwokugadzira zvinhu ruchibuda, hurumende dzinofanira kuchinja nzira dzadzinowana kuti dzidzivirire kutaura kwakasununguka dzichigadzirisa zvinetso zvemazuva ano.

Kuchinjira Kuchinjo Yesayenzi

Unyanzvi hwemakombiyuta hwakachinja matauriro anoita vanhu uye mashandiro avangaita mashoko. Hurumende dzinofanira kugadzira zvirongwa zvinodzivirira kutaurirwa pachena paIndaneti dzichikurukura zvinonetsa zvine musoro pamusoro pemashoko asiri echokwadi, kunetsa, uye kuva voga. Izvi zvinoda kunyatsoongorora kuti nheyo dzemagariro okutaura dzinoshanda sei pachishandiswa mashoko ekombiyuta uye kuti kudzivirira kana kuti mitemo mitsva ingava madikanwa.

Kusimbisa Marudzi Akasiyana - siyana

Kushandira pamwe kwenyika dzakawanda uye kufambirana kwetsika dzinoenderana pakutaura kwakasununguka kunogona kubatsira kudzivirira kodzero dzokutaura munyika yose.

Dzidzo Yemibatanidzwa Nokubatanidzwa

Kudzivirira kutaura kwakasununguka hakungorevi kutevedzera mitemo chete asiwo tsika inokoshesa hurukuro yakasununguka uye inobvumira maonero akasiyana - siyana.

Kungwarira Kuparadza

Mumakore achangobva kupfuura aya, rusununguko rwokutaura nokutaura rwave rwuchiongororwa zvikuru; kubva panharo dzokuramba zviri panzvimbo dzekoreji kusvika pakunetseka pamusoro pokutsiva kwehurumende vatori venhau nevashingairi, kunzwisisa zvinodzivirirwa neFirst Amendment zvinokosha zvikuru kupfuura nakare kose, sezvo nhasi, vaAmerica vanotarisana nedenho itsva dzokutaura norusununguko: ganhuriro dzinowedzera pamaruramiro okuramba kumuraurirwa kwehurumende, uye ganhuriro pakutaura kwakasununguka muzvikoro napachikoro, navatami, vadzidzi, uye vashandi vehurumende vose vanotarisana netyisidziro kukodzero dzavo, vachisimbisa kudikanwa kwokugara vachiziva pamusoro peizvo Bumbiro Remisciso.

Vagari vomunharaunda, masangano enzanga, vatori venhau, uye vatsigiri vemitemo vanofanira kuramba vakasvinurira tyisidziro dzokutaura norusununguko uye kuva vanodisa kudenha hurumende inonyengera. Dare rinofanira kupfuurira kubatira savadziviriri vakasununguka, kuvimbisa kuti dziviriro yokutaura norusununguko hadzikuvadzwi neganhuriro dzekuwedzera kana kuti matanho ekurumidziro anova echigarire.

Mitoo Inoshanda Yokudzivirira Kutaura Kwakasununguka

Kunze kwegadziriro dzebumbiro remitemo nenzvero yokutonga, hurumende dzinoshandisa miitiro inoshanda yakasiana - siana kudzivirira kutaura kwakasununguka muupenyu hwezuva nezuva.

Yamuro Yapamutemo Nokuwana Ruramisiro

Kodzero dzokutaura dzakasununguka dzinongova bedzi dzine revo kana vanhu vachigona kudzireverera mudare. Hurumende dzinotsigira kutaura kwakasununguka kupfurikidza nokuva nechokwadi chokuwana mumiriri wapamutemo, zvikurukuru nokuda kwaavo vasingagoni kuwana magweta.

Vamiririri Nemakondirakiti Amaruramiro Avanhu

Nyika dzakawanda dzinotanga kutsiva dzakazvimirira kana kuti masangano ekodzero dzevanhu kuti aongorore kunyunyuta pamusoro pokuputswa kwekodzero dzehurumende, kusanganisira kutaura norusununguko.

Dziviriro Dzemapfuti

Kudzivirira avo vanofumura chakaipa chehurumende kana kuti kusashanda zvakanaka kwesangano kunokosha kuti vachengete kutaura kwakasununguka uye kuzvidavirira kwehurumende.

Rusununguko Rwemashoko

Kuwana mashoko ehurumende kunoita kuti vanhu vakwanise kupa hurukuro dzavose yavakaziva uye kunobatsira kuti vagari vemo vazvidane nehurumende. Rusununguko rwemitemo yemashoko runoda kuti masangano ehurumende azivise zvinyorwa nemagwaro, anoganhurirwa kuchengeteka kwenyika, kuva voga, uye zvimwe zvinhu zvinonetsa zvakakodzera.

Ukama Pakati Pokutaura Kwakasununguka Noutongi Hunosarudzwa

Kunzwisisa ukama uhwu kunotibatsira kunzwisisa kuti nei hurumende dzichifanira kudzivirira kudzora hurumende, kunyange kana kutaura ikoko kusingafarirwi kana kuti kusingafarirwi.

Kuzvitonga Nokuziva Kuti Ugari

Kuzvitonga kwechiito chedemocratic discial displanes inoda kuti vagari vemo vave namashoko uye vanogona kukurukura norusununguko nhau dzavose. Pasina kutaura kwakasununguka, vagari vemo havagoni kuita zvisarudzo zvokuziva pamusoro pokuti ndiani anofanira kudzora kana kuti imitemo ipi inofanira kugamuchirwa. Kutaura kwakasununguka kunogonesa kutsinhana pfungwa, kutsoropodzwa kwehurumende, uye kudzorwa kwechinjo inokosha kukutora rutivi kwehurumende yehurumende.

Kutsvaka Simba reHurumende

Hurumende inogona kunyaradza vatsoropodzi vayo inotarisana nokuzvidavirira kuduku uye inogona kushandisa simba rayo zvisina kufanira. Kudzivirira kutaura kwakasununguka kunodzivirira udzvinyiriri kupfurikidza nokuva nechokwadi chokuti hurumende inoramba ichizvidavirira kuvanhu.

Kubatsira Kufambira Mberi Kwenzanga

Masangano akawanda enzanga ayo akasimudzira ruramisiro nokuenzana akavimba nedziviriro dzokutaura dzakasununguka kuti atsigire chinjo. Kubva kumasangano ekodzero dzavagari vemo kusvikira kukuva anoshanda kugadziriro yemhoteredzo, kutaura kwakadzivirirwa kwakagonesa mapoka anoderedza kudenha gadziriro dzisina kururama uye kuraira chinjo. Hurumende dzinodzivirira kutaura norusununguko dzinoparira fambiro mberi yenzanga nechinjo ine rugare.

Musika Wepfungwa

Murangariro we "Musika wepfungwa" unokarakadza kuti zvokwadi inobuda kupfurikidza namakwikwi apachena pakati pemirangariro yakasiana - siana. Apo kutaura kwakasununguka, pfungwa dzakanaka dzinogona kukurira vakaipa kupfurikidza nehurukuro ine mufungo nekurukurirano. Nepo uyu musika usina kukwana, kazhinji kazhinji unoparira miuyo iri nani kupfuura kunzvera kwehurumende, uko kunopinza mungozi kudzvinyirira zvokwadi pamwe chete nenhema.

Mashoko Anokosha Okudzivirira Kutaura

Kudzivirira kutaura kwakasiyana - siyana, uye hurumende dzinofanira kuongorora zvinhu izvi zvakasiyana - siyana dzichichengetedza mitemo.

Zvirongwa Zvedzidzo

Nzvimbo chaiyo "pakati" iripo muzvikoro zvavose, uko vadzidzi vane maruramiro eFirst Amendment, asi aya maruramiro anogona kuva akaganhurirwa mumigariro yakati, sezvo zvikoro zvinogona kuganhurira kutaura kunodzongonyedza muitiro wedzidzo kana kuti kudzongonyedza maruramiro avamwe. Masangano edzidzo anofanira kudzikamisa kutaura kwakasununguka nemirairo yawo yedzidzo, kuparira mhoteredzo umo mirangariro yakasiana inogona kuratidzirwa apo inenge ichichengeta nhevedzano uye ichidzivirira vadzidzi pakunetswa.

Kutaura Kubasa

Nepo nzvimbo dzavose dzichidzivirirwa nokuda kwokutaura kwakasununguka, nzvimbo dzapachivande, kufanana nenzvimbo dzebasa, makoreji emunhu oga, kana kuti musha wako, dzakasiana, sezvo mushandirwi akavanzika anogona kupisa mumwe munhu nokuda kwechimwe chinhu chaanotaura pasocial network, uye yunivhesiti yomunhu oga inogona kuranga vadzidzi nokuda kwokuputsa mitemo yomufambiro, kunyange kana kutaura kunenge kuchibvunzwa kuchidzivirirwa munzvimbo dzavose.

Miganhu Yemauto Nechengeteko Yenyika

Varwi naavo vanoshanda mumigariro yechengeteko yenyika vangatarisana neganhuriro huru zvikuru pakutaura kwavo nemhaka yezvinodikanwa zvechienzi zvenzvimbo dzavo.

Majeri Nemabasa Okururamisa

Vanhu vakasatenderwa vanoramba vane kodzero dzokutaura norusununguko, kunyange zvazvo kodzero idzi dzingaganhurirwa nezvinoitirwa pamutemo. Dare rinodzikamisa kodzero dzevasungwa panhau dzechengeteko, pakugadziridzwa kwegadziriro, uye zvinangwa zvokudzorwa. Kunyange munzvimbo dzinoganhurirwa, mitemo yokutaura yakasununguka inofanira kutungamirira mabatiro anoita zviremera vasungwa.

Kuyera Kudzivirira Kutaura

Masangano akasiyana - siyana uye vatsvakurudzi vakatanga nzira dzokuyera nadzo uye kuenzanisa kudzivirira rusununguko rwokutaura munyika dzakawanda.

Imba Yorusununguko Nemamwe Masangano Anoongorora

Rusununguko rwedzimba runotapurira uwandu hwevanhu kukodzero dzezvamatongerwe enyika uye rusununguko rwevagari vomunyika munyika 208 kupfurikidza noRusununguko rwarwo rwegore negore mumushumo weNyika, uye rusununguko rwomunhu oga (ruchibviswa pamaruramiro okuvhota kurusununguko rwokuratidzira nokuenzana pamberi pomutemo(hwunogona kutapurwa nehurumende kana kuti vatambi vehurumende. Uku kunzvera kunogovera mashoko anokosha pamusoro pokuti hurumende dzinodzivirira sei kutaura kwakasununguka mukushanda.

Zvinofungwa Nevanhu uye Kugutsikana

Kunzverwa kukuru kwehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu kwakaitwa naPew Research muna 2019 kwakabatanidza mubvunzo pamusoro pokuti vaibvunzurudzwa vakanzwa kodzero yavo yokutaura vakachengeteka uye vakadzivirirwa, uye zvichida nenzira inoshamisa, 73 muzana bedzi yevakabvunzwa muUnited States vairangarira kuti kutaura norusununguko kwakadzivirirwa zvakafanira, vachiisa nyika dzeU.S. pasi pedzimwe dzinoverengeka, kubatanidza Canada pa79%, Netherlands pa 84%, uye Indonesia, iyo yakawana kunzvera kunotungamirira 86%. Iyi mifungo inhau nemhaka yokuti inoratidzira kuti dziviriro dzapamutemo dzinoshandura sei nenzira inobudirira kupfuurira muruzivo rwokuzviwanira.

Zviratidzo Zvokutaura Kwakasununguka

Chirongwa cheDemocracy (V-Democracy) chinobudisa mashoko nokunzvera pamusoro pehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu nekodzero dzavanhu, chichibvuma kuti hurumende inosarudzwa navanhu inogona kuzivikanwa nenzira yakasiana uye kuyera maruramiro okusarudza, kusununguka, kugovera, uye kuva nounhu hwehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu, uye chirongwa chacho chinotsamira pakunzvera kwenyanzvi dzenyika dzinosvika 3 500 nebasa rokuwedzera navanzveri vayo kuti vaongorore masangano ezvamatongerwe enyika nedziviriro yekodzero. Uku kunzvera kwakakwana kunobetsera chinjo dzenzira mukudzivirira kutaura kwakasununguka munguva uye munyika dzakawanda.

Miitiro Yakanakisisa Yokudzivirira Hurumende Kutaura Kwakasununguka

Zvichitsamira pakuongorora kwatinoita uye ruzivo rwezvakaitika kare, mimwe miitiro inobudirira zvikuru mukudzivirira kutaura kwakasununguka asi ichichengetedza zvimwe zvinhu zvinokosha zvinofarirwa nenzanga.

Dziviriro Dzakajeka Dzebumbiro reMitemo

Gadziriro dzebumbiro remitemo dzinodzivirira kutaura kwakasununguka dzinogovera hwaro hwakasimba zvikurusa hwokuratidzira kodzero.

Midziyo Inozvimirira

Vatongi vanofanira kudzivirirwa padzvinyiriro yezvamatongerwe enyika uye kukwanisa kutonga hurumende apo inoputsa kodzero dzebumbiro remitemo. Kuzvimirira mukutonga kunoda kuchengetedzwa, pfuma yakakwana, uye tsika yokuremekedza mutemo.

Miganhu Yakaoma uye Yakananga

Hurumende padzinoganhurira kutaura, ganhuriro dzinofanira kusanogadzirirwa kupedza njodzi dzakati uye hadzifaniri kuva dzakafara kupfuura zviri madikanwa.Mitemo inopfuura mwero inoparira kusapanikira nokutaura kwapamutemo.

Kudzivirira Kwezvokuchera

Hurumende dzinofanira kugovera dziviriro dzakasimba dzetsika pakuganhurira kutaura, kubatanidza ziviso, banza rokunzwa, uye hwirudzuro yokutonga.

Kudzivirirwa Pakutaura Kusingafarirwi

Dare racho rakasimbisa kuti hurumende haigoni kurambidza kutaura nemhaka bedzi yokuti inogumbura tsika dzenzanga, uye iyi dziviriro inotambanukira kukutaura uko vazhinji vanowana kuva kunogumbura, kusina kururama, kana kuti kunyange kusingaruramisirwi. Kudzivirira kutaura kusingafarirwi kunokosha nemhaka yokuti kutaura kwakakurumbira hakuwanzoda dziviriro.

Kujeka Nokuzvidavirira

Zviito zvehurumende zvinotapura kutaura zvinofanira kuva zvinooneka uye zvinoongororwa navanhu.

Mugumisiro: Denho Inoenderera Mberi Yokudzivirira Kutaura Kwakasununguka

Kudzivirira rusununguko rwokutaura kunoramba kuri chinetso chinoda kutarisirwa uye kugadziridzwa. Hurumende munyika yose dzakaita nzira dzakasiyana - siyana dzemitemo, masangano, uye matanho anoshanda kuti dzichengetedze kodzero iyi inokosha. Kubva pakudzivirira kwebumbiro remitemo kusvika pakuongorora, kubva pakubudisa rusununguko kusvika pakudzivirira kunoitwa nevanoridza mhete, nzira idzi dzinoshanda pamwe chete kuti dziite nzvimbo umo kutaura kwakasununguka kunogona kubudirira.

Zvisinei, kudzivirirwa kwakasununguka mukutaura hakuna kutongokwana kana kuti kwechigarire. Unyanzvi hutsva hwekugadzira zvinhu, tyisidziro, rwisano dzenzanga, uye dzvinyiriro dzezvamatongerwe enyika zvinoramba zvichiedza simba redziviriro dzakasununguka.Hurumende dzinofanira kudzikamisa kutaura kwakasununguka mukurwisana nemimwe mipimo inokosha apo dzinodzivisa muedzo wokudzvinyirira kutaura kusingadikanwi kana kuti kwokutsoropodza.

Dziviriro inobudirira zvikurusa nokuda kwokutaura kwakasununguka inobva kwete bedzi mugadziriro dzapamutemo asi mutsika inokoshesa hurukuro yakasununguka, inoshivirira mirangariro yakasiana - siana, uye inoziva kuti rusununguko rwokutaura runokosha kuchiremera chomunhu uye kuzvidzora kwehurumende. Vagari, masangano enzanga, vatori venhau, magweta, uye vakuru vakuru vehurumende vose vanoita mabasa anokosha mukuchengeta nokusimbisa dziviriro dzakasununguka dzokutaura.

Zvinetso zvacho zvingachinja, asi kukosha kwokutaura norusununguko rwokutonga kwevanhu kuri kubudirira uye kudzora hurumende dzinotonga vanhu kunoramba kuripo. Hurumende dzinodzivirira kutaura kwakasununguka dzinoita kuti mamiriro ezvinhu akasununguka aite kuti chokwadi chivepo, kuti ruramisiro ironde, uye kuti nzanga dzifambire mberi norugare kuti pave norusununguko rukuru uye kuenzana.

Nokuda kwamashoko akawanda pamusoro pedziviriro dzakasununguka dzokutaura nedenho dzazvino uno, shanyira rusununguko rwavagari vemo rweAmerica Union, House yeFreedom[, [ Article 19 [, Religisters Wiposters Wit Maries [, uye Groadformation Foundation Foundation [[FL:9]]

Kutora Nzvimbo: Kudzivirira Kunoita Hurumende Kutaura Kwakasununguka

  • Constitugational Foundations: nyika dzinoda democracy zvikurusa dzinoisa dziviriro dzakasununguka dzokutaura mubumbiro remitemo radzo kana kuti magwaro anokosha emitemo, kuchigovera hwaro hwakasimba zvikurusa nokuda kwekodzero dzokutaura.
  • Jodicial Guardianship:[[FLT: 1] matare eependero anobatira savachengeti vanotsoropodza vorusununguko rwokutaura, kududzira gadziriro dzebumbiro remitemo uye kunzvera hurumende inonyengedzerwa kupfurikidza nehwirudzuro yedare.
  • Mitemo yapakarepo: Nepo kutaura kwakasununguka kuri madikanwa, nyika dzose dzinoziva ganhuriro kudzivirira kuvadziko dzakati dzakadai sokunyandurwa kwamasimba masimba, tyisidziro dzechokwadi, uye kuzvidza, neganhuriro dzinosiana nevhu.
  • Mipimo Yamarudzi Ose: Universal Declaration of Human Rights nekokorodzano dzamaruramiro avanhu dzomunharaunda dzinotanga mipimo yakavakirwa nokuda kwokutaura kwakasununguka uko kunopesvedzera mitemo yenyika yose.
  • Anoratidzira Rusununguko:[[FLT: 1] Kudzivirira zvinobudisa nhau zvakazvimirira uye vatori venhau kubva mukunzverwa nokutsiva zvinokosha kuchengeta kutaura kwakasununguka nokuzvidavirira kwehurumende.
  • Desigit yeNhambo yeChinetso cheNhambo yeChinetso: Unyanzvi hutsva hwezvinhu zvinobudisa mashoko zvinoparira zvinetso zvemanomano nokuda kwedziviriro yokutaura kwakasununguka, kunoda kuchinjirwa kwenheyo dzegamuchidzanwa kumashoko akapoteredza ekombiyuta.
  • Chinodikanwa cheDemocratic commoscial: Kutaura kwakasununguka kwakabatanidzwa zvisingaparadzanisiki nokuzvitonga kwedemocracy, kuchigonesa kuva mugari wemo anozivikanwa, kunzvera simba rehurumende, uye kuparira fambiro mberi yenzanga.
  • Tsigiro yepamutemo: dziviriro dzapamutemo dzoga hadzina kukwana; tsika inokoshesa hurukuro yakazaruka uye inoshivirira mirangariro yakasiana - siana inokosha kuti ratidziro yakasununguka ibudirire.
  • Kudzivirira kutaura kwakasununguka kunoda ngwariro yenguva dzose nokudisa kudenha hurumende inonyengedzwa, sezvo kodzero dzinogona kuparadzwa kupfurikidza neganhuriro dzedzosero kana kuti matanho ekurumidziro.
  • Kushandiswa kwekutaura kusina kubatana:[ Dziviriro dzakasununguka dzinofanira kutambanukira kuvanhu vose, kubatanidza vagari vemo vasina dziviriro vakadai savatami, vanhu vashoma, uye vapanduki vezvamatongerwe enyika avo kazhinji kazhinji vanotarisana nengozi hurusa.