Table of Contents

Kunzwisisa gadziriro dzehurumende nedzemitemo kunokosha kunzwisiswa kuti nzanga dzazvino uno dzinoshanda sei, dzinochengeta nhevedzano, uye dzinodzivirira maruramiro avagari vemo vadzo. Kana uri mudzidzi, mugari wemo mutsva, kana kuti munhuwo zvake anofarira nhau dzomunharaunda, kunzwisisa iyi mifungo kunopa nzwisiso inokosha muzvimiro zvinoumba upenyu hwedu hwezuva nezuva. Iyi nhungamiro yakakwana inonzvera marudzi akasiyana- siyana egadziriro dzehurumende, zvivako zvesangano zvinovaita kuti varambe vachishanda, uye gadziriro dzapamutemo dzinogadza mitemo uye dzinochengeta ruramisiro munzanga dzakasiyana- siyana.

Hurumende Chii uye Nei Ichikosha?

Hurumende inomirira gadziriro kana kuti boka ravanhu rinodzora nzanga yakarongwa, zvikurukuru nyika kana kuti nyika. Hurumende dzose dzinopfuurira kugoverana mavara makuru mamwe chetewo: dzinovavarira kutungamirira nokudzivirira vanhu vadzo. Rudzi rwehurumende umo vanhu vanorarama rune revo huru nokuda kworusununguko rwavo, garikano yavo, uye kunyange upenyu hwavo.

Munhau yose yavanhu, zvimiro zvakasiana - siana zvehurumende zvakachinja kuti zvisvitse zvinodikanwa zvezviwitsi zvinochinja zvezviverengero zvenzanga uye mipimo yenzanga. Kuvambira pamaguta ekare kusvikira kuhurumende dzamadokero azvino uno, gadziriro imwe neimwe inoratidzira uzivi hwakasiana pamusoro pesimba, chiremera, uye ukama pakati pavatongi navadzorwi. Kunzwisisa aya masangano kunobetsera vagari vemo kutora rutivi nenzira inobudirira zvikuru mukudzora kwavo vamene uye kuonga maruramiro nemitoro zvinouya negadziriro dzakasiana - siana dzezvamatongerwe enyika.

Marudzi Makuru Egadziriro Dzehurumende

Hurumende kupota nyika dzinogona kuiswa mumapoka akasiana - siana, asi zhinjisa dzinopinda mumapoka akafara anoverengeka akavakirwa pamaparadzirwe esimba uye matsaru anoitwa vatungamiriri. Mukuwirirana naJuan José Linz maererano napurofesa weYale mune marudzi matatu makuru egadziriro dzezvamatongerwe enyika nhasi: utongi hunosarudzwa navanhu, hurumende dzoudzvinyiriri uye, agere pakati peidzi hurumende mbiri, dzine chiremera chakaganhurirwa nehurumende dzechibharo. Ngatinzverei rimwe nerimwe raaya marudzi makuru ehurumende muudzame.

Utongi Hwehurumende Hunosarudzwa Navanhu: Simba Kuvanhu

Ubati ushe hwehurumende hunogona kurondedzerwa segadziriro yehurumende ine simba gurusa inoiswa mumaoko avanhu. Murangariro unodzokera shure kuGirisi yekare, uye kutaura idi, shoko rokuti hurumende inosarudzwa navanhu ichiGiriki nokuda kwe “simba ravanhu". Masangano edemocraticism anovakirwa panheyo yokuti hurumende inofanira kubatira vanhu panzvimbo peimwe nzira yakapoteredza.

Kune misiyano inoverengeka inokosha yehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu:

Drecticicracy: Muhurumende inosarudzwa navanhu yakananga, mugari ari wose anopiwa chirango chakaenzana muhurumende. Ichi chimiro chehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu hachiwanzowanika munyika dzazvino uno nemhaka yeganhuriro dzinoshanda, kunyange zvazvo chingavapo munzanga duku kana kuti nokuda kwezvisarudzo zvakajeka kupfurikidza namadherendi.

Kumirira Hurumende inosarudzwa navanhu: Muhurumende inosarudzwa navanhu inomirira, vamiriri vakasarudzwa vanoita mutemo. Ichochi chimiro chakakurumbira zvikurusa chehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu munyika dzazvino uno, kuchibvumira zviremera zvinoshanda zvikuru zvavagari vemo vazhinji vachichengeta nheyo dzehurumende yehurumende yemoga yoruzhinji.

Hurumende yeruzhinji yePharamende: Muhurumende inosarudzwa navanhu neparamende, vanhu vanosarudza mutumbi wemitemo unonzi Paramende, uye mukuru mukuru, anowanzonzi mutungamiriri wehurumende, akasarudzwa muboka iri. Kazhinji kazhinji, hurumende dzinosarudzwa navanhu dzeparamende dzichava namasangano akawanda akasiana- siyana ezvamatongerwe enyika, uye masangano achafanira kubatira pamwe mukutungamirira hurumende nemhaka yokuti hakuna mubato mumwe une voruzhinji zvikuru muboka. Nyika dzakafanana neIndia, United Kingdom, uye Germany dzinoshanda mumitevedzero yeparamende.

Hursidential Democracy: Utongi hwehurumende yapurezidhendi ndimo vavhoti vanosarudza vose vari vaviri vamiriri vavo mudare rewirirano nevakuru vakuru. Somuenzaniso, muUnited States, vavhoti vanosarudza mumiriri wavo makore maviri ari ose, vavhoti vanosarudza purezidhendi wavo kupfurikidza neElectoral College makore mana ari ose, uye mutongi wavo makore matanhatu ari ose.

Hurumende dzedemocratic dzinosimbisa chaizvoizvo mipimo mikuru yakakomba. Muhurumende dzakawanda zvikurusa dzehurumende dzinosarudzwa navanhu, pfungwa dzekodzero nerusununguko dzinokosha. Hurumende zhinjisa dzinosarudzwa navanhu dzinobatanidzwawo nokuenzana kwezvamatongerwe enyika nomugari woga woga ane kodzero yokuvhota. Iyi nheyo inozivikanwa sechisakiso chenyika yose.

Zvisinei, hurumende dzinosarudzwa navanhu hadzina denho dzadzo. Miitiro yokuita zvisarudzo inogona kuva inononoka uye isingashandi, uye kusaenzana kwamagariro akasiana - siana kungapfuurira kunyange mukati megadziriro dzehurumende yedemocracy. Bva mademocracy anokombamira kuva gadziriro dzokuzviruramisa idzo dzinogona kubva pamiitiro isingadikanwi kana kuti yakashata nyore zvikuru kupfuura zvimwe zvimiro zvehurumende.

Mutongi: Kutonga Kwakaitwa Nevatungamiriri Vacho

Muhurumende, simba rehurumende rinoitwa nemhuri imwe chete inogara nhaka kutonga kubva kuchizvarwa chimwe kuenda kune chimwe.

Miganhu yemadzimambo yazvino uno inoita zvimiro zvinoverengeka zvakasiyana - siyana:

Abhulusite Monarchy: Mambo anodzora hurumende yose; muenzaniso weichi chimiro chehurumende ndiSaudi Arabia. Muhurumende dzose, mambo ane udzori hwakakwana pamibato yenyika uye anogona kutonga pasina ganhuriro dzebumbiro remitemo.

.Constitutional Monacy: Mambo webumbiro remitemo ane simba uye anobatira samukuru mukuru, asi bumbiro remitemo rinoganhurira iri simba; Monaco ane chigaro choumambo chapamutemo. Mugadziriro idzodzi, chiremera chamambo chinodzorwa nomutemo uye kazhinji kazhinji chinogoverana namamwe masangano ehurumende.

[[FLT: 0] .Ceremonial Monacy: Muumambo hwetsika, mambo ane simba shomanene zvikuru uye anoita mabasa etsika; Great Britain muenzaniso wetsika dzoumambo. Nhasi, ruzhinji rwehurumende dzamadzimambo rwachinja kudzoroma dzezvematongerwe enyika, umo mambo ari musoro wenyika asi anoita bedzi mabasa etsika uye haana simba rehurumende.

Nyika shomanene bedzi dzichine gadziriro umo monarch anodzora; idzodzi dzinobatanidza Brunei, Oman, Saudi Arabia neSwaziland.

Mutongi Neanodzvinyirira

Muhurumende dzinodzvinyirira, simba rinoiswa mumaoko avashomanene — kazhinji kazhinji mubato rimwe rezvamatongerwe enyika kana kuti kunyange mutungamiriri mumwe (ichi chinozivikanwa sehurumende inotonga). hurumende inodzvinyirira inofarira, kupfuura zvimwe zvose, mukuchengeta simba rayo.

Hurumende dzine chiremera dzinoda kuongorora mirayiridzo mishomanana kana kuti hadzina kumanikidzwa nehurumende, uye vatungamiriri havamanikidzwi nedare, vanobudisa nhau, kana kuti vanhu vemunzanga (masangano nemabhizimisi vari kunze kwehurumende).

Hurukuro inomirira rudzi rwakatonyanyisa zvikuru rwoutongi hunodzvinyirira. hurumende inotevera udzvinyiriri yakafanana zvikuru nehurumende ine udzvinyiriri mukuti inodzora zvakasimba nyika uye haishiviriri kusabvumirana pakati pechiverengero chavagari vemo, zvisinei, mukusafanana nehurumende inodzvinyirira, hurumende youdzvinyiriri inotsvaka kudzora mativi akawanda oupenyu hwavanhu, kubatanidza mabasa ezuva nezuva nezvitendero zvomunhu oga.

Muhurumende youdzvinyiriri, hurumende inodzora zvakakwana vagari vayo, inodzora magariro, zvamatongerwe enyika, uye upfumi zvoupenyu hwomunhu, uye munhu haana rusununguko nyange zvodini. Hurumende dzoudzvinyiriri hadziwanzowanika munhau, nehurumende mbiri dzakatanhamara zvikurusa dzinokwanirisa kunzi Nazi Germany (1933-1945) uye Stalinst Russia (1929 299-1953).

Kudzvinyirira: Kutonga Nesimba

Muudzvinyiriri, munhu mumwe, mudzvinyiriri, ane simba rakakwana pahurumende, uye chimiro chehurumende chinodzvinyirira umo munhu mumwe ari kutungamirira kusimbisa nokugadza mutemo. Udzvinyiriri hunotongwa neboka ravanhu rikasarudzwa nomunhu mumwe, uye vanhu vanotarisira hurumende vane mutoro kumudzvinyiriri uye kwete mumwe munhuwo zvake.

Ubati ushe hwamatongerwe enyika hwakasiana nehurumende dzinotonga mukuti simba harisati richigarwa nhaka haro kupfurikidza nemirairo yemhuri. Panzvimbo pezvo, vadzvinyiriri vanowanzotora simba kupfurikidza nesimba rehondo, kuronga kwezvamatongerwe enyika, kana kuti mimwe mitoo isiri yedemocratic.

Oligarchy: Kutonga kwaVashomanene

Hurumende ihurumende inogara vanhu vashomanana, uye vanhu ava vanowanzogara nhaka simba ravo nemhaka yepfuma yavo, chinzvimbo chavo, kana kuti dzidzo.

Mufungo weoligarchy unogona kuva usinganzwisisiki zvikuru mumatongerwe enyika azvino uno. Masangano mashomanene anozivisa pachena savaoligarchy, uye shoko racho rinowanzova nerevo dzakaipa. Zvisinei, vamwe vanzveri vezvamatongerwe enyika vanotaura kuti mamwe masangano ehurumende dzinotonga hurumende dzinosarudzwa navanhu anoshanda, zvikurukuru apo vanhu vakapfuma kana kuti masangano anoshandisa pesvedzero isingaenzaniswi pazvisarudzo zvezvamatongerwe enyika.

Republic: Vatungamiriri Vasina Kutarisirwa

Mugadziriro yehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu, simba racho ririwo pavanhu, sezvavanotarisira kuvhota kana kuti kusarudza mutungamiriri wenyika, panzvimbo pokuti mutungamiriri agadzwa kana kuti agare nhaka simba. Rakarondedzerwa zvikuru, republic igadziriro yehurumende isina mambo.

Shoko rokuti "republic" rinowanzoshandiswa nenzira imwe cheteyo ne "hurumende inosarudzwa navanhu inomirira," kunyange zvazvo kune misiyano yamanomano. republic inosimbisa kutonga kwomutemo nokusavapo kwesimba remadzimambo, nepo hurumende inosarudzwa navanhu inosimbisa uchangamire hwakakurumbira. Marudzi mazhinji azvino uno, kubatanidza United States, ari ose ari maviri marepublic namademocracy.

Nyika dzechiKomonisiti

Gadziriro yehurumende yechikomonisiti inowanzovakirwa papfungwa yakati yechikomonizimu inodzidziswa naKarl Marx kana kuti Vladimir Lenin, uye boka rimwe kana kuti boka ravanhu rinowanzova namasangano echikomonisiti.Mienzaniso yenyika dzechikomonisiti inobatanidza China, Cuba neVietnam.

Murondedzero, gadziriro dzecommunist dzinovavarira kubvisa kuva munhu oga ndokuita nzanga isina boka umo zvinhu zvinogoveranwa zvakaenzana.

Kuparadzana Kwesimba: Kuparadza Vane Simba reHurumende

Imwe yenheyo dzinokosha zvikurusa mukudzora kwehurumende yazvino uno ndeyeparadzano yamasimba. Kuparadzaniswa kwenheyo dzenheyo nenzira inoshanda kunosianisa zvimiro zvinoverengeka zvesimba rehurumende (kazhinji kazhinji mutemo, kupikira, uye kuuraya) uye kunoda aya mabasa ehurumende kuva akasiana mumurangariro nomukurongwa uye akajeka, nenzira iyoyo achichengeta perero yebazu rimwe nerimwe.

Chinoitika chavamiriri vehurumende yeBritain chakazivisa chitendero chavo chokuti kuisa ngwariro kumasimba akasiyana ehurumende muchinhu chimwe chete kwaizoparira vanhu vorudzi kuita kwechisarudzo nechinodzvinyirira, sokuunganidzwa kwamasimba ose, zviremera, zviremera, uye dare, mumaoko mamwe chetewo, angave omumwe, mashomanene, kana kuti akawanda, uye kana ari nhaka, kuzvigadza umene, kana kuti kusarudzwa, kungaziviswa nenzira yakarurama rondedzero imene youdzvinyiriri.

Mapazi Matatu eHurumende

Kuvimbisa kuparadzana kwamasimba, Hurumende yeUnited States inoumbwa namapazu matatu: mitemo, vadzori uye vatongi. Iyi boka rezvikepe razova muenzaniso nokuda kwehurumende dzakawanda dzedemokrasi kupota nyika. Mabumbiro ehurumende makumi mana anozivisa kuti hurumende inokamurwa kuva mapazi matatu: mitemo, vakuru vakuru vehurumende uye vatongi.

Bazu Romutemo

Bazu remitemo rine mutoro wokuita mitemo muUnited States, iri simba rinopiwa muCongress, iyo inoumbwa neDare neImba yaVamiririri. Bazu romutemo rine mitoro mikuru inoverengeka inopfuura kugadzirwa kwomutemo, kubatanidza kudzora bhajeti, kutendera kunyoreswa kwapurezidhendi, uye kugovera kutarisirwa kwebazu guru.

Bazu remitemo rine simba rokubvumira kugadzwa kwaPurezidhendi, kudzora bhajeti, uye rinogona kuudza Purezidhendi ndokumubvisa pahofisi.Izvozvi zvinoratidza kuti bazu remitemo rinobatira sei sechenjero pasimba rechiremera.

Bazu Rine Vatungamiriri

Mumiitiro yapurezidhendi, bazu iri rinotungamirirwa napurezidhendi anosarudzwa akaparadzana nedare. Bazu guru rinobatanidza kwete purezidhendi bedzi asiwo mitezo yedare, masangano ehurumende, uye mamiriyoni avashandi vehurumende vanoita mabasa ehurumende ezuva nezuva kusvikira kuzuva.

Purezidhendi weUnited States anotungamirira Bazu roUkuru rehurumende yedu. purezidhendi ane masimba akasiana - siana, kubatanidza mano okuisa mutemo, vatongi vehurumende navakuru vamasangano, uye anobatira somutungamiriri mukuru wehondo.

Bazu Rokutonga

Rutivi Runotonga rwehurumende yedu runobatanidza Dare Rapamusorosoro neMitemo 9, avo vari vatongi chaivo vanodudzira mitemo mukuwirirana neBumbiro Remitemo.

Bazu redare rinobatira somuturikiri wemitemo neBumbiro reMitemo. Rine simba rokuhwirudzura mitemo nezviito zvavakuru vakuru kusarudza kana zvinowirirana nezvinodikanwa zvebumbiro remitemo. Marutongeso eDare rapamusoro anogona kuputsa mitemo isina kubvumiranwa. Iri simba rehwirudzuro yokutonga icherekedzo yakakomba pamamwe mapazu ehurumende.

Makepi Nedzikamo: Kudzivisa Kushandiswa Zvisina Kufanira Kwesimba

Makemikari nedzikamo zvakarongedzerwa kuchengeta gadziriro yokuparadzana kwamasimba achichengeta bazu rimwe nerimwe munzvimbo yaro, sezvo kusina kukwana kuparadzanisa masimba ndokuvimbisa kuzvimirira kwawo asi mapazi anofanira kuva nemitoo yebumbiro remitemo yokudzivirira nayo amene masimba apamutemo kubva kukupindira kwamamwe mapazu.

Kukwanisa kwebazi rimwe nerimwe kuita chimwe chinhu pane mamwe mapazu igadziriro yokuongorora uye kudzikamisa zvinhu.

Heino mimwe mienzaniso inokosha yokunzvera nokudzikamisa zviri mukushanda:

  • Bazu remitemo rinogadza mitemo, asi Purezidhendi mubazu guru anogona kupinza mitemo iyoyo nePurezidhendi wePurezial Veto.
  • Bazu remitemo rinogadza mitemo, asi bazi rinotonga rinogona kuzivisa mitemo iyoyo isiri yemitemo.
  • Bazu guru rinogona kuzivisa Mirayiro Inodzora, iyo yakafanana nezviziviso zvinotakura simba romutemo, asi bazu rinotonga rinogona kuzivisa zviito izvozvo zvisiri zvomutemo.
  • Bazu rinotonga rinotsanangura mitemo, asi Purezidhendi anotonga vatongi veDare Rapamusoro, dare ravatongi vokukwirira, uye vatongi vedare roruwa vanoita nzvero yacho.
  • Bazu rinotonga rinodudzira mitemo, asi Dare riri mubazu romutemo rinosimbisa kuzviisa kwaPurezidhendi nokuda kwenzvimbo dzokutonga, uye Dare rinogona kurambidza upi noupi wavatongi ivavo ndokudzibvisa munzvimbo.

Iyi gadziriro yakaoma kunzwisisa yokutarisirana inobetsera kudzivisa udzvinyiriri uye inovimbisa kuti simba rehurumende rinoramba richizvidavirira kuvanhu.

Kunzwisisa Maitiro Emitemo

Gadziriro dzapamutemo dzinogovera gadziriro kupfurikidza nayo nzanga dzinotanga mitemo, kupedza gakava, uye kuchengeta nhevedzano. Nepo zvivako zvehurumende zvichisarudza kuti ndiani anoita ndokuita kuti mitemo iteererwe, gadziriro dzapamutemo dzinosarudza kuti mitemo iyoyo inoumbwa sei, inodudzirwa, uye inoshandiswa sei.

Mitemo Yavose

Mitemo yavose yakavamba muEngland uye yakagamuchirwa nenyika dzakawanda idzo dzaichimbova rutivi rwoUmambo hweBritain, kubatanidza United States, Canada, Australia, uye India.

Nheyo ye "stare decisis" (chiLatin nokuda kwe "kumira kupfurikidza nezvinhu zvinosarudzwa") inokosha kumutemo wavose. Ikoku kunoreva kuti matare anowanzosungirwa kutevera zvisarudzo zvematare makuru mumhaka dzakafanana. Nokufamba kwenguva, izvi zvisarudzo zvokutonga zvinoumba mutemo wedare unoparira kubatanidzwa uye kududzira mutemo wemitemo unopfuudzwa nevanogadza mitemo.

Sezvo vatongi vanosangana nemigariro mitsva nechinjo dzenzanga, vanogona kutanga mutemo kupfurikidza nezvisarudzo zvavo.Izvozvi zvinobvumira gadziriro yapamutemo kushanduka pasina kuda chiito chemitemo chenguva dzose, kunyange zvazvo matare okugadza mitemo achingogona kupfuudza kana kuti kujekesa nheyo dzomutemo.

Miitiro Yomutemo Wavagari Vemo

Mitemo yemitemo yavagari vemo, inozivikanwawo semiitiro yemitemo yekondinendi kana kuti Romano yeGermany, igamuchidzanwa rakapararira zvikurusa munyika. Inowanwa muEurope yose, Latin America, mativi eAsia neAfrica, uye dzimwe nharaunda. Mitemo yavagari vemo inoronda mavambo ayo kumutemo weRoma nemitemo yakatangwa muEurope yeMiddle Ages.

Mabumbiro emitemo ehurumende anonyanya kushandiswa panhau dzakarongwa kuti pave nemitemo yakarongwa nemitemo yakarongwa nenhau, yakadai semitemo yehurumende, mabhii, uye mitemo yezvokutengeserana. Vatongi mumitemo yevagari vemo vanoshandisa mitemo iyi zvikurukuru panhau dzakananga pane kutanga mutemo kuburikidza nezvisarudzo zvavo.

Kunyange zvazvo zvisarudzo zvokutonga mugadziriro dzemitemo yevagari vemo zvingava zvinonyengetedza, kazhinji kazhinji hazvina ukoshi hunobatanidza hwazvinahwo mumiitiro yemitemo yavose.

Masangano Epamutemo Echitendero

Dzimwe nyika dzinobatanidza mutemo worudzidziso mumasangano adzo emitemo. mutemo wechiIslam (chiSharia) zvichida muenzaniso unosanozivikanwa, unodzora mativi akasiana - siana oupenyu munyika dzakawanda dzechiMuslim namararamiro. Ukuru hunoshandiswa kupfurikidza nahwo mutemo worudzidziso hunosiyana zvikuru, kuvambira munyika umo unodzora bedzi nhau dzomunhu oga (zvakadai seroorano nenhaka) kusvikira kuavo kwainoumba hwaro hwetsika yose yepamutemo.

Mune dzimwe nyika, mitemo yepamutemo inogara pamwe chete nemitemo yenyika, ichiumba mitemo inobatanidza mibatanidzwa yemitemo umo mitemo yakasiyana - siyana ingashanda kunzanga dzakasiyana - siyana kana kuti marudzi akasiyana - siyana ega ega ega.

Miitiro Yepamutemo Yakavhengana

Nyika dzakawanda dzakavhenganisa gadziriro dzemitemo dzinobatanidza masangano emitemo anobva mumagamuchidzanwa akasiana - siana.

Idzi gadziriro dzakavhengana dzinoratidzira pesvedzero dzakaoma kunzwisisa dzenhau, dzetsika, uye dzezvamatongerwe enyika idzo dzakaumba nzanga dzakasiyana - siyana.

Gadziriro Yomutemo: Nzira Iyo Mitemo Inoitwa Nayo

Kunzwisisa kuti mitemo inoumbwa sei kunokosha kuti tinzwisise mashandiro anoita mitemo yepamutemo.

Kugadza Mitemo

Zvikarakadzo izvi zvinogona kubva mumanyuko akasiyana - siyana, kubatanidza vaiti vomutemo mumwe nomumwe, matare emitemo, vakuru vakuru vebazu, kana kuti kunyange vagari vemo mune dzimwe nyika.

Mabhiri anowanzotaura nezvenyaya dzakananga kana kuti matambudziko anodiwa kuti pave nemitemo, anogona kugadzira mitemo mitsva, kugadzirisa mitemo iripo, kana kuti mitemo isati yamboitwa.

Kuongorora uye Kuitisana Nharo Nedare

Matare anoongorora mabhiri anenge angotangwa, zvikwereti zvinongoitwa nedare. Masangano emitemo anoshanda semapoka evanopa mitemo vanoisa pfungwa panzvimbo dzakati, dzakadai semari, dzidzo, kana kuti nyaya dzokumwe. Matare anoongorora zvikwereti muudzame, anoita kuti nyaya dziunganidze uchapupu hwenyanzvi uye mashoko avose, uye angataura kuti kugadziridzwa kugadziridza kana kuti kugadziridza mutemo wacho.

Chikamu chedare ichi chinokosha kuti pave nomutemo wokunatsa uye kuva nechokwadi chokuti wakasanogadzirirwa uye unobudirira.Matare angarumbidza kuti mutengo upfuure, ugadziridzwe, kana kuti urambwe.

Kupiwa Kwomutemo

Mumabumbiro emitemo (avo vane makamuri maviri, akadai seCongress yeU.S.), mutemo unofanira kupfuudza zvigaro zvose zviri zviviri usati wava mutemo. Kuvhota kungabatanidza kurava kwakawanda, nharo dzouriri, uye mikana yokugadzirisa.

Mimwe mitemo inoda voruzhinji chete, nepo mimwe (yakadai sokugadziridzwa kwebumbiro remitemo) ingada kuti pave nemitemo mikuru kana kuti miitiro chaiyo.

Rumbidzo Yavane Simba

Mugadziriro dzine kuparadzana kwamasimba, mutemo unopfuura chibvumirano chehurumende unoda mvumo kubva kubazu guru kuva mutemo. Mutarisiri (akadai sapurezidhendi kana kuti gavhuna) angasaina mutemo mumutemo kana kuti mutongo. Kana aiswa, mutemi wemitemo angakwanisa kukunda chivhoti chikuru, zvichitsamira pagadziriro yebumbiro remitemo.

Iyi hwirudzuro yapamusoro inobatira seimwe nzvero mugadziriro, ichivimbisa kuti mutemo une tsigiro huru usati wava mutemo.

Kushandisa Nokumanikidza

Kana mutemo wangova mutemo, bazi guru rinowanzova nomutoro wokuushandisa nokuushandisa.Izvi zvingabatanidza kutanga mitemo, kutanga miitiro yokuita kuti zvinhu zvitevedzere, uye kuisa zvinhu. Masangano Anotungamirira anowanzoita basa rinokosha mukushandura mirayiro yemitemo yakafara mumitemo nemiitiro.

Dare: Kududzira uye Kushandisa Mitemo

Matare ndiwo musimboti wegadziriro yokutonga, achibatira senzvimbo dzokupedza nharo, kuturikira mitemo, uye kuparira ruramisiro.

Matare Okutonga

Munyaya dzemhosva, matare anotonga nyaya dzine chokuita nemhosva uye anotonga nyaya dzemhosva uye anopa mitongo yemhosva.

Dare redare ringapiwa unyanzvi panhau, matare akasiyana - siyana achitonga nyaya dzoutsotsi, kupokana kwevagari vemo, nhau dzemhuri, nhau dzakabatanidzwa, kana kuti mamwe marudzi chaiwo emhosva.

Matare Anoda Kutongwa

Matare anoona nezvezvisarudzo zvakaitwa nematare okutonga kuti ave nechokwadi chokuti mutemo wakashandiswa zvakarurama.

Dare rinotonga rinogona kusimbisa zvisarudzo zvedare rokutonga, kuzvichinja, kana kuti kudzorera nhau kumatare okutonga nokuda kwokumwe kutongwa. zvisarudzo zvazvo kazhinji kazhinji zvinotanga mienzaniso yapamutemo inotungamirira nhau dzomunguva yemberi, zvikurukuru mumasangano avose emitemo.

Matare Akakwirira Zvikurusa Kana Kuti Ebumbiro reMitemo

Masangano mazhinjisa apamutemo ane dare rakakwirira zvikurusa iro rinobatira somutongi wokupedzisira wekakavadzano dzapamutemo.MuUnited States, iri ndiro Dare Rapamusoro Zvikurusa. matare anowanzova nechiremera, kureva kuti anogona kusarudza kuti imhaka dzipi dzokuteerera, kazhinji kazhinji achinangidzira ngwariro pamhaka dzinomutsa mibvunzo yapamutemo inokosha kana kuti rwisano pakati pematare akaderera.

Dare guru kazhinji kazhinji rine simba rokuhwirudzura kwokutonga — chiremera chokusarudza kana mitemo nezviito zvehurumende zvichiwirirana nebumbiro remitemo.Iri simba rinoiita vachengeti vakakomba vekodzero nenheyo zvebumbiro remitemo, kunyange zvazvo ivo vari zvikurukuru vadukusa vehurumende mukuwirirana navashandi.

Matare Anokosha

Masangano akawanda emitemo anobatanidza matare chaiwo anobata marudzi akati emhaka. iwaya angabatanidza matare emitero, matare ehurumende, matare ehondo, kana kuti matare amarudzi ose. matare anokosha anobvumira unyanzvi hukuru zvikuru uye kushanda zvakanaka mukubata nhau dzemitemo dzakaoma kana kuti dzemiitiro.

Kusimbiswa kwoMutemo: Kuchengeta Nhevedzo Nechengeteko

Masangano anochengeta mitemo ane mutoro wokutsigira mitemo, kudzivirira utsotsi, uye kuchengeta nhevedzano yavose. aya masangano anoumba rutivi runokosha rwebasa rebazu guru rokuita kuti mitemo ireverwe nedare rinotonga.

Mauto Emapurisa

Madhipatimendi emapurisa ndiwo anonyatsoona kuti mutemo uripo munzanga dzakawanda.

Zvisinei, kuchengetedza mutemo kunotarisanawo nezvinetso zvinoramba zvichikonzerwa nokuzvidavirira, kushandiswa kwechisimba, uye kuva nechokwadi chokuti kunoitwa pamutemo kunoitwa mumutemo.

Kuongorora

MuUnited States, masangano akadai seFederal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) anoongorora mhosva dzehurumende, nepo mamwe masangano achinyanya kuongorora nharaunda dzakaita sedzokurambidza kushandiswa kwezvinodhaka, mhosva dzemari, kana kuti dzemakombiyuta.

Masangano aya anowanzoshanda pamwe chete nemapurisa omunharaunda uye masangano anoona kuti mutemo uri kuchengetedzwa munyika yose kuti arwise utsotsi hunopfuura miganhu yegamuchidzanwa.

Zviremera Zvekutonga

Mumatare akawanda, vachuchisi vane chisarudzo chinokosha mukusarudza kuti imhaka ipi yatinofanira kuronda uye kuti mhosva ipi yatinofanira kupomera vanhu.

Vatongi vanofanira kudzikamisa kudiwa kwokuita kuti vatadzi vazvidavirire nebasa rokudzivirira kodzero dzomupomerwi uye kuva nechokwadi chokuti ruramisiro inotoitwa.

Kururamisa

Masangano anoruramisa anotarisira vanhu vakapomerwa mhaka dzoutsotsi, kushanda mumajeri, majeri, mapurogiramu okuedzwa, uye gadziriro dzokubvisa mhosva.

Zvirongwa zvemazuva ano zvokugadzirisa zvinodhaka zvinosimbisa kuwedzera kugadziridzwa uye kudzorerwa, zvichiziva kuti vanhu vakawanda vakasungwa vachapedzisira vadzokera kunzanga.

Mutemo Webumbiro remitemo: Hwaro hweHurumende

Mitemo inobatira somutemo mukuru werudzi, kusimbisa chimiro chehurumende, kurondedzera masimba amapazu akasiana - siana, uye kudzivirira maruramiro omunhu oga. Kunzwisisa mutemo webumbiro remitemo kunokosha mukunzwisisa kuti hurumende negadziriro dzapamutemo zvinoshanda sei.

Mavs. Mabumbiro emitemo asina kunyorwa

Nyika zhinjisa dzakanyora bumbiro remitemo nebumbiro remitemo nemagwaro akarongwa nehurumende. United States Constitution, yakagamuchirwa muna 1787, ndiimwe yamabumbiro emitemo ekaresa akanyorwa achiri kushandiswa. Mabumbiro emitemo akanyorwa anopa kujeka nokudzikama, zvichiita kuti zvive nyore kuti vagari vemo vanzwisise kodzero dzavo neganhuriro dzesimba rehurumende.

Dzimwe nyika, zvikurukuru United Kingdom, dzine bumbiro remitemo risina kunyorwa kana kuti risina kunyorwa. Ikoku hakurevi kuti hadzina nheyo dzebumbiro remitemo, asi panzvimbo pezvo kuti idzi nheyo dzinowanika mumanyuko akasiana - siana, kubatanidza mirau, zvisarudzo zvedare, uye kokorodzano dzapamutemo, panzvimbo pegwaro rimwe.

Kodzero Dzebumbiro reMitemo uye Kusunungurwa

Mabumbiro emitemo akawanda anobatanidza gadziriro dzinodzivirira kodzero dzevanhu nerusununguko rwavo.Idzi dzingabatanidza rusununguko rwokutaura, rwechitendero, uye rwekuungana; kodzero yemuitiro wakakodzera nedziviriro yakaenzana pasi pomutemo; uye dziviriro pakunzvera kusina mufungo nepfari. Kodzero dzeBumbiro remitemo dzinobatira seganhuriro pasimba rehurumende, dzichivimbisa kuti kunyange hurumende dzakasarudzwa nehurumende dzinosarudzwa nehurumende hadzigoni kuputsa rusununguko rukuru.

Mamwe mabumbiro emitemo ane kodzero dzakakura dzemagariro evanhu uye dzezveupfumi, asi mamwe anonyanya kutaura nezverusununguko rwevanhu nerwezvamatongerwe enyika.

Gadziriro Dze Amenduro yeBumbiro reMitemo

Mitemo inotobatanidza miitiro yokugadziridza, ichiibvumira kuchinja nokuchinja kwezvinodikanwa zvenzanga nepo ichichengeta dzikamo.Gadziro inowanzoda zvinopfuura zvinhu zvikuru zvokuisa mitemo, kuvimbisa kuti chinjo dzebumbiro remitemo dzine tsigiro yakafara.

Mamwe mabumbiro emitemo ari nyore kuchinja, nepo mamwe ane zvinodiwa zvisina kutsarukana zvikuru.

Mutemo Wenyika Yose uye Kutonga Nyika Yose

Munyika iri kuramba ichibatana, mutemo wenyika yose uye zvivako zvokutonga pasi pose zvinoita mabasa anowedzera mukuumba mashandisiro anoita nyika uye mashandisiro anoita mashandiro anoita mashandiro anoita zvinhu munyika yose.

Mutemo Wenyika Yose

Mutemo wenyika yose unodzora ukama pakati pemarudzi nemasangano enyika dzakawanda, unosanganisira zvibvumirano, mutemo wetsika wenyika dzakawanda, uye nheyo dzinozivikanwa nenyika dzakabudirira.

Kusiyana nemutemo wemhuri, mutemo wenyika yose hauna nzira yokuita kuti mutemo utevedzerwe. Kushandira pamwe kunowanzotsamira pakugadziridza, mukurumbira, uye kuzvifarira kwamarudzi mukuchengeta nhevedzano yapasi pose yakatsiga. matare enyika dzose nematare, zvakadai seInternational Court of Justice, zvinogovera matare okupedza gakava pakati pemarudzi.

Masangano Enyika Dzakawanda

Masangano aya anoita kuti pave nokushandira pamwe kwenyika dzakawanda, kudzikamisa mitemo yenyika yose, uye kugadzirisa matambudziko anosangana munyika yose.

Masangano enharaunda, akadai seEuropean Union, African Union, uye Organization of America, anosimudzira kushandira pamwe nokubatana pakati penyika dziri pedyo, dzimwe nguva achiumba gadziriro dzemitemo dzamarudzi ose dzinotsiva mutemo wenyika mune dzimwe nzvimbo.

Mutemo Wekodzero Dzevanhu

Mapepa akadai seUniversal Declaration of Human Rights uye zvibvumirano zvakasiyana - siyana zvekodzero dzevanhu zvakagadza kodzero dzevanhu vose dzavanofanira kuva nadzo pasinei nokuti vanogara kupi, akatotanga kuzivikanwa zvikuru kubvira paHondo Yenyika II.

Nepo kuchengetwa kwomutemo wekodzero dzevanhu wenyika yose kuchiramba kuchinetsa, kwakapesvedzera masangano emitemo yemudzimba munyika yose uye kwakagovera gadziriro yokuita kuti hurumende dzizvidavirire nokuda kwokuputswa kwekodzero dzevanhu.

Basa Revagari Vemo Muhurumende Nemasangano Epamutemo

Kunzwisisa gadziriro dzehurumende nedzemitemo hakusi kungodzidzirawo zvako, kunochinja mashandiro anoita vagari vemo munzanga dzavo uye kushandisa kodzero dzavo nemitoro yavo.

Kutsigira uye Kupindira Kwematongerwe Enyika

Zvisinei, kutora rutivi mune zvematongerwo enyika hakurevi kungoona vakuru vakuru vakasarudzwa, kupinda misangano yavose, kubatana nemasangano ezvematongerwo enyika, uye kurwisana murugare.

Kutora rutivi uchiziva kunoda kunzwisisa kuti hurumende inoshanda sei, masimba ana vakuru vakuru vakasiyana - siyana, uye kuti vagari vemo vanogona sei kuita kuti manzwi avo anzwike nenzira inobudirira.

Basa Rechiduku Nokutora Rutivi Rwepamutemo

Munyika dzakawanda dzinozivikanwa nehurumende, vagari vemo vanopindira zvakananga mumitemo kuburikidza nebasa redare rinobetsera vatongi.Majaya evagariwo zvavo anosarudza mibvunzo yeidi mukutonga kweutsotsi uye kwehurumende, achibatira sechekedzo pasimba rehurumende uye achivimbisa kuti mipimo yenzanga inoratidzirwa muzvisarudzo zvapamutemo.

Kunzwisisa mitemo uye kodzero dzayo kunobatsira vagari vemo kuti vanyatsoshandisa mitemo yacho zvakanaka pavanenge vachida kuishandisa.

Chitaganya Chehurumende uye Kushanda Muchiuto

Masangano avagari vemo − kubatanidza masangano asiri ehurumende, mapoka okupinza basa, masangano ebasa, uye masangano enzanga() anoita mabasa anokosha munzanga dzedemocracy. Masangano aya anotsigira chinjo dzemitemo, anopa mabasa, anoita kuti hurumende izvidavirire, uye anorerutsira vagari vemo kutora rutivi munhau dzavose.

Vanhu vane simba vanoshanda sebhiriji riri pakati pevagari vemo nehurumende, mashoko anowedzera angasanzwisiswa uye angangova asinganzwiki uye anogovera unyanzvi nemaonero zvinozivisa zvisarudzo zvemitemo.

Zvinetso Zvinotarisana Nehurumende Nemasangano Epamutemo Emazuva Ano

Hurumende yepanguva ino nemitemo inotarisana nezvinetso zvakawanda zvinoedza kuchinjika uye kushinga kwazvo.

Kuchinja Kweruzivo Rwokugadzira Zvinhu

Kufambira mberi kweruzivo rwokugadzira zvinhu nokukurumidza kunokonzera zvinetso zvitsva zvepamutemo uye zvokudzora.

Ruzivo rwokugadzira zvinhu rune zvarunoitawo, ruchipa mikana yokubudirira zvikuru uye kuvimbisana kwevagari vemo pavanenge vachinetseka pamusoro pokuongororwa, kusarurana kwemitemo, uye kukamukana kwemakombiyuta kungasaita kuti vamwe vagari vemo vasabatanidzwa.

Kudyidzana Kwenyika Dzepasi Pose

Kuwedzera kubatana kwenyika yose kunodenha mirangariro yegamuchidzanwa youchangamire negadziriro dzapamutemo dzorudzi. Nhau dzamarudzi ose dzakadai sokuchinja kwemamiriro okunze, kutama, ugandanga, uye kubatana kwezvemari zvinoda batira pamwe pakati pamarudzi uye pane dzimwe nguva kutangwa kwegadziriro itsva dzokutonga idzo dzinopfuura miganhu yorudzi.

Kudzikamisa uchangamire hwenyika yose nokudiwa kwekushandira pamwe kwenyika dzose kunoramba kuri chinetso chehurumende nevezvemitemo munyika yose.

Kuchinja Zvematongerwe Enyika

Kana vagari vemo nevatungamiriri vezvematongerwo enyika vaine maonero akasiyana - siyana uye vachitamburira kuwana zvavanoda, zvinova zvakaoma kubvumirana kuti pave nokudzora kunobudirira uye kuchinja kwepamutemo.

Kukurukura nokuparadzana kunoda kusimbisa masangano ehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu, kusimudzira hurukuro yavagari vemo, uye kuwana nzira dzokuvhara nadzo kukamukana nepo uchiremekedza misiyano yapamutemo yemifungo.

Kusaenzana Nokuwana Ruramisiro

Kuedza kusvika kwakaenzana kururamisiro kunoramba kuri denho mugadziriro dzapamutemo dzakawanda. Kusaenzana kwezvemari kunogona kushandura kusvika kwakaenzana kwokuwana mumiririri wapamutemo uye kubatwa kwakasiana pasi pomutemo. Kugadzirisa iyi misiyano kunoda nhamburiko dzinopfuurira kuita kuti gadziriro dzapamutemo dziwanike zvikuru uye dzisawirirane.

Kupedzisa: Kukosha Kwokunzwisisa Hurumende Nemasangano Epamutemo

Masangano ehurumende nemitemo anoumba hwaro hwenzanga yakarongwa, achigadza mitemo yatinogara tose uye nzira dzokugadzirisa nadzo kukakavadzana uye kuchengetedza kurongeka.

Nokuda kwavagari vemo, kunzwisisa aya masangano kunokosha nokuda kwokutora rutivi kunobudirira mukudzora kwehurumende yehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu, dziviriro yamaruramiro omunhu oga, uye kutsigira chinjo yakanaka.

Sezvo nzanga dzinopfuurira kuchinja ndokutarisana nedenho itsva, gadziriro dzehurumende nedzemitemo dzinofanira kurovedzana nepo dzichichengeta mabasa adzo makuru okugovera nhevedzano, kudzivirira maruramiro, uye kubatira zvakanaka voruzhinji. Kupfurikidza nokunzwisisa aya masangano (_marongedzero azvo, nheyo, uye miitiro) zvinogona kubetsera kuva nechokwadi chokuti anoramba achigamuchira, achizvidavirira, uye akarurama.

Kana uri mudzidzi anotanga kunzvera idzi misoro, mugari mutsva anodzidza pamusoro pamasangano enyika yako yakagamuchirwa, kana kuti angofarira bedzi marongedzere azvo maruvara anoitwa namasangano, iyi zivo inopa hwaro nokuda kwougari hwemo hunozivikanwa uye kutora rutivi rune revo muupenyu hwehurumende negadziriro dzapamutemo. Kana tikanzwisisa zvikuru pamusoro pehurumende nemitemo, tinenge takashongedzerwa zviri nani kuchengetedza nokuvandudza nokuda kwezvizvarwa zvomunguva yemberi.

Nokuda kwaavo vanofarira kudzidza zvakawanda pamusoro pemativi chaiwo ehurumende negadziriro dzapamutemo, zviwanikwa zvakawanda zvinowanika. USA.gov website inogovera mashoko akazara pamusoro pehurumende yeU.S., nepo masangano akafanana ne Council on Foreign Relations inopa zviwanikwa zvedzidzo pamasangano ehurumende ane mwero. Masangano eAcademic namasangano ehurumende anogoverawo zvishandiso zvinokosha nokuda kwokukudza kunzwisisa kwako iyi misoro inokosha.