Hwaro Hwoutongi Hwehurumende

Mugari ari wose anoda kutora rutivi nenzira ine revo muhurumende inosarudzwa navanhu anofanira kutanga anzwisisa kuti simba rinoparadzirwa sei nokudzorwa. Gadziriro yehurumende yeUnited States yakagadzirwa noune naMadzibaba kuti vadzivise kuiswa kwechiremera mumunhu upi noupi kana kuti boka. Iyi gadziriro, inovakirwa panheyo dzokuparadzana kwemasimba ose uye kunzvera nokudzikamisa, inovimbisa kuti kutonga kunoramba kuchigamuchira vanhu apo inodzivirira udzvinyiriri. Kunzwisisa tsika ino haisi chinhu chedzidzo chete.

Bhuku reConstitution reUnited States, rakatenderwa muna 1788, rakagadzira republic yehurumende ine mapazi matatu akasiyana, rimwe nerimwe rine basa raro raro chairo: kuita mitemo, kuisa mitemo, uye kududzira mitemo. Nyaya inopa kunzverwa kwakakwana kwebazu rimwe nerimwe, chimiro charo chomukati, masimba, uye ganhuriro, pamwe chete negadziriro yakaoma yechekedzo dzinochengeta kuterama. Kana uri mudzidzi anogadzirira nokuda kwebvunzo yehurumende, mudzidzisi ari kutanga zvikamu zvedzidzo, kana kuti mudzidzi anotsvaka nzwisiso yakadzamanyukugara, iyi inogovera kunzvera kusanonzvera uko hurumende yeAmerica inoita chaizvoizvo.

Mavambo Neuzivi Hwesimba Rakaparadzana

Mufungo wokukamura chiremera chehurumende kuva mapazi akasiyana hauna kuvamba navatangi veAmerica. Muzivi weFrance Manteusquieu, mubasa rake 1748] Mudzimu weMitemo [, wakataura kuti rusununguko runodzivirirwa zvakanakisisa apo chibvumirano, mutungamiriri, namasimba okutonga anoitwa nemitumbi yakasiyana. Vateveri veBumbiro remitemo vaipesvedzerwa zvikuru nepfungwa iyi, uyewo noruzivo rwavo vamene noumambo hweBritain nehurumende. James Madison, mu [FLT:] Factrist.[5], Nhamba 47 [FLD], [FLD], [5], akanyora kuti “masimba ose, oukurumbidzo, uye majana, uye majana.

Kushandisa uzivi ihwohwu, Bumbiro reMitemo rinopa zvakajeka masimba chaiwo kubazi rimwe nerimwe munyaya dzaro nhatu dzokutanga. Chikamu I sistation Congress (bazu remitemo), Chikamu II chinoumba purezidhendi (bazu guru), uye Chikamu III chinogadza matare ehurumende (bazu redare rinotonga). Ichi chivako cherwendo hachisi chechienzi kuUnited States, asi shanduro yeAmerica inotsauranisa simba rechekero dzaro nedzinoyera, izvo zvinobvumira bazi rimwe nerimwe kudzivisa kudzokororwa navamwe.

Bazu Romutemo: Injini Yokuita Mitemo

Gwaro reRegisati, Corer , ibazu riri pedyosa navanhu uye rokutanga kududzwa muBumbiro reMitemo. Mutoro waro mukuru kuronga, kurukurirano, uye kupfuudza mitemo inodzora rudzi. Dare isangano rebimeyal, kureva kuti rine makamuri maviri: Imba yavamiririri neDare. Iri boka rakanga riri kubvumirana pane zvaro pakati pemasangano makuru nemaduku paGenetimende Convention yeBumbiro reMitemo yemitemo.

Kuvakwa uye Kurongwa Kwenzvimbo

  • Imba yavamiriri:[[FLT: 1] Mitezo yokuvhota, imwe neimwe inomirira ruwa rwedare mukati menyika. Mitezo inobatira mashoko amakore maviri, ichiita kuti Imba igamuchire zvikuru kurangariro yavose. Mutauri weImba, akasarudzwa nebato roruzhinji, anotungamirira zviitiko uye ane simba guru pamusoro pepurogiramu yemitemo.
  • .Senate: 100 sendaza yezana (mbiri pahurumende imwe) inoshanda semirairo yegore rimwe, netatu imwe yeDare rinokwidzwa nokuda kwesarudzo makore maviri ari ose. Iyi nguva refu nesarudzo dzinosundi dzakaitirwa kugovera dzikamo nechiono chirefu, kudzivirira vadzori kubva muzvishuvo zvavose zvinopfupikisa. Mutungamiriri weUnited States anobatira saPrezidhendi weDare asi mavhoti bedzi okuputsa tambo. Darewo rinogadza muteveri mukuru mukuru wehurumende kuti atarisire mukusavapo kwaPunzi.

Akapiwa Simba uye Akashandiswa

Constitution inopa Congress ndaza yakananga yamasimba muChikamu I, Chikamu 8, chinozivikanwa sa masimba anodzorwa. Izvozvi zvinobatanidza simba ku:

  • Chengeta mitero, mabasa, zvitupa, uye kunyora kuti ubhadhare zvikwereti ndokugovera dziviriro yavose negarikanowo zvayo
  • Kukwereta mari nechikwereti cheUnited States
  • Kubatanidza kutengeserana nenyika dzokumwe, pakati pehurumende, uye namadzinza emaIndia okuAmerica
  • Gadza mitemo yakafanana yokuzvarwa nayo uye kubhuroka
  • Mari yesimbi uye inodzora kukosha kwayo
  • Zivisai hondo, simudzai uye tsigirai mauto, uye goverai uye chengetai boka rengarava
  • Itai mitemo yose ichava iri madikanwa neyakafanira nokuda kwokupinza mukuita masimba achangobva kududzwa ([[FLT: 0]] Nheyo neChinowirirana Claus [[FLT: 1]])

Chinodikanwa neSeat Claus itsime ramasimba eDare anoshandiswa, ayo akaturikirwa zvikuru neDare Rapamusoro, zvikurukuru chifo cha MCulloch v. Maryland [1819]. Chinyorwa ichi chinobvumira Chitendero kutambanudza chiremera chacho kukurukura zvinetso zvazvino uno zvisingadudzwi zvakajeka muBumbiro reMitemo, zvakadai sokudzora Internet kana kuti kugadza bhangi renyika.

Mibato yeKet ne Kutungamirira

Kupfuura kugadzira mutemo, Congress inotungamirira nokutsoropodza pabazu guru. Matare mumakamuri ose ari maviri anotonga, zvapupu zviduku nezvinyorwa, uye anonzvera chakaipa chingaitika. Dare rine simba rakasiyana rokusimbisa kugadzwa kwapurezidhendi (zvakadai savanyori veKabhineti, vatongi vehurumende, uye nhume) uye kubvumira zvibvumirano zvinoitwa nevhoti mbiri tatu. Uyezve, Imba inogona kudzosa vakuru vakuru vakuru vehurumende, kubatanidza Purezidhendi, nokuda kwe “chioko, kana kuti mamwe matsotsi makuru, kana kuti utsotsi hwakakwirira, , uye neDare rinotonga uye sezvinobvira nevoka voruzhinji.

Bazi Rinotungamirira: Kutungamirira Nokumanikidza

Bazu raVatungamiriri rine mutoro wokushandisa nokusimbisa mitemo inopiwa neDare. Pamugumo waro panogara mutungamiriri , uyo anobatira zvose zviri zviviri musoro wehurumende nomusoro wehurumende. Bumbiro reMitemo rinoisa simba rechiremera mumunhu mumwe kuti ave nechokwadi chechinzwano nokutsunga, asi rinoisawo ganhuriro dzinokosha pasimba iroro kupfurikidza nokutarisira uye kuhwirudzura dare.

Purezidhendi naMutungamiriri weHurumende

Purezidhendi anosarudzwa makore mana ari ose kupfurikidza neElectoral College system uye anoganhurirwa kumashoko maviri ne 22th Amendment. Mitengo inobatanidza kubatira saMutungamiriri-maninisi wamauto ane zvombo, achipa kanganwiro (kunze kwemhaka dzokusateererwa), kuita zvibvumirano (nezano redare nemvumo), uye kugadza vakuru vakuru vehurumende. Purezidhendi, akasarudzwa patiki imwe cheteyo, anokunda Purezidhendi kana hofisi ikava isina kushairwa uyewo anobatira saPrezidhendi weDare.

Kabhinati uye Utongi Hwehurumende Hunotonga Vanhu

Kuti aite mitoro mikuru yehurumende yehurumende, Purezidhendi anotsamira pa Cabinet yevakuru vemadhipatimendi. Aya madhipatimendi 15 (akadai seState, Kota yeUnion, Defense, Justice, uye Education) anotungamirirwa navanyori (kunze kweAttorney General for Justice) vanogadzwa naPresidenti uye vanosimbiswa neDare. Pazasi paari, masangano anowedzera emasangano, mahofisi, uye mahofisi anoita zvirongwa zvakananga, kubva kuNhunganochengeteko yeNhungano yeSangano yeSangano (SA). Nepo aya masangano achipindura kuProristice, anosungwawo nemitemo nedare.

Simba Neganhuriro

Masimba aPurezidhendi ane zvaanoreva asi ane paanogona kugumira.Ane simba rinosanganisira:

  • Kuisa mitemo yomubatanidzwa nokuva nechokwadi kuti inoitwa nenzira yokutendeka
  • Kuronga mitemo yenyika dzokune dzimwe nyika uye kuronga kukurukurirana nezvibvumirano
  • Kugadza nhume, vatongi, uye vakuru vakuru vanoisa zvigaro zvepamusoro
  • Mutemo wokuisa pamutemo unopfuudzwa neCongress (Makuru eDare Guru anogona kukunda ruzhinji rwezvitatu mumakamuri ose ari maviri)
  • Kubudisa zvirevo zvavatungamiriri zvokutungamirira kushanda kwehurumende yehurumende

Mirairo yavakuru vakuru yazova chishandiso chine simba, asi inogona kudenhwa mudare kana ichipfuura chiremera chebumbiro remitemo. Purezidhendiwo anowana masimba anosimudzirwa [ kubva kudivi rechikamu cheConstitution, zvikurukuru muzvinhu zvokumwe uye kuchengeteka kwenyika, kunyange zvazvo matare pane dzimwe nguva akadzoswa, somu pwere Comment / Tube Co. v. Satyer (1952) mhaka yokudzosa kudzoswa kwapurezidhendi kwezvigaro zvesimbi mukati mehondo zveKorea.

Bazu Rokutonga: Kududzira Mutemo

Bazu Rokutonga rinodudzira revo yemitemo, rinoshandisa kunhau imwe neimwe, uye rinotema kana vachirwisana neBumbiro reMitemo. Iri bazi rine simba dukusa maererano namano aro okutanga chiito, asi chiremera charo chokuparadza mitemo isina kuwirirana nemitemo, [ hwirudzuro

Dare Rehurumende

Bumbiro reMitemo rinogadza Dare Rapamusorosoro bedzi, richisiya Congress kuti ivambe matare ehurumende akaderera. Nhasi gadziriro yacho ine mitsetse mitatu:

  • Dare reruwa:[ matare okutonga anonzwa zvose mhaka dzavagari vemo nedzeutsotsi dzinomuka pasi pomutemo wehurumende. Ndidzo mavambo ezvigadziko zvizhinjisa zvehurumende.
  • Kokoroti dzeKukwirira (Matare Edunhu): matare 13 eamburera anohwirudzura zvisarudzo zvabva kumatare oruwa. Haaiti matare matsva asi anotema kana zvikanganiso zvapamutemo zvakaitika.
  • Dare reMitemo: Dare redanho rokupedzisira, rinoumbwa nevatongi vapfumbamwe vakagadzwa nokuda kwoupenyu (pamberi pomufambiro wakanaka). Rinosarudza mhaka dzipi dzokunzwa (mukuwirirana neanenge 100 - 150 gore rimwe nerimwe muzviuru zvemikumbiro) uye nhau dzemitemo yokupedzisira inosunga munyika yose.

Simba Rokuhwirudzura

Murangariro wehwirudzuro yedare hauna kunyorwa zvakajeka muBumbiro reMitemo. Ichochi chisarudzo chakasimbiswa nenhau yechiratidzo 1803 Marbury v. Madison, umo Mutongi Mukuru John Marshall akazivisa kuti “ndiyo purovhinzi ine simba nomusengwa zvedare rokutonga kutaura kuti mutemo chii.” Ichi chisarudzo chakapa simba matare kuputsa mitemo inoputsa Bumbiro remitemo, kunyange kana yakapfuudzwa naProstora rutivi. Chifocho, Dare Rapamusorosoro rakarova mazana ehurumende, Hurumende, uye mitemo yomunzvimbomo.

Kufunga Nezvatisingakwanisi Kuita

Matare eFederal anonzwa bedzi mhaka dzinobatanidza nhau dzehurumende (zvakadai senhau yebumbiro remitemo kana kuti mutemo wehurumende) kana kuti mhatsa yougari hwemo (mapoka anobva kunyika dzakasiana uye chitsama chiri mugakava rinopfuura $75 000). Dare Gurusa rine chiremera chapakuvamba mumhaka dzinobatanidza nhume negakava pakati pehurumende, asi zhinjisa dzebasa raro rinouya nokukwirira. Vatongi vanobatira kugadzwa kwoupenyu hwose kuti vadzidzivirire padzvinyiriro yezvamatongerwe enyika, kunyange zvazvo ivo vanogona kudzidziswa nokuda kwekusazvibata. Branchment rinotsamira pabazu romukuru mukuru, iro panhambo nenhambo yakaita dzvinyiriro, seapo Purezidhendi Andrew Jackson anonzi Andrew Marshall akataura, “John Marshall akaita chisarudzo chake; zvino ngaaite.

Kusimba Kwekero Nedzikamo

Kuparadzaniswa kwemasimba kungava kusina kukwana pasina gadziriro inobvumira bazu rimwe nerimwe kudzivisa kutsotswa namamwe.

  • Nzvero dzinodzorwa pa Huru hweHurumende: Congress inogona kukurira mavetoe apurezidhendi, kuramba kusimbisa kugadzwa, kuisa mumwe, kubvisa Purezidhendi, kubvisa mari, uye kuchengeta dare. Zano reDare uye basa rokubvuma icherekedzo ine simba.
  • Nzvero dzechibvumirano paJudiciary: dzinosarudza ukuru nechimiro zvamatare ehurumende (kubatanidza murairo wapakuvamba weDare Rapamusoro), dzinogona kukarakadza gadziridzo dzebumbiro remitemo kushandura kutonga, uye vatongi vanosaidzira.
  • Kunzvera kweChirevo: Mutungamiriri wehurumende anogona kukumbira mari, kudana marusando chaiwo eCongress, uye kurumbidza mutemo. Mutongi weSangano reSangano reSangano anovhota meta.
  • Mitemo inonzvera paJudia: Purezidhendi anogadza vatongi vose vomubatanidzwa, achipa pesvedzero huru inokosha pachinyorwa chamajaji nokuda kwezvizvarwa.
  • Nzvero dzedare reChijudha paMasimba naMutungamiriri: Matare anogona kuzivisa mitemo nezviito zvavakuru vakuru zvisina kuwirirana kupfurikidza nehwirudzuro yedare. Mutongi mukuru John Roberts wa2012 anotsigira murangariro unotsigira Act yeCare Care Care Irevo yeChirevo chePress.

Iyi rondedzero inovimbisa kuti hakuna bazi rinogona kudzora vamwe pasina kutarisana nezvinopinzwa zvapamutemo kana kuti zvamatongerwe enyika. Somuenzaniso, Purezidhendi Franklin D. Roosevelt ya 1937 “gadziriro yedare” (ingadai yakakudza Dare Rapamusoro kuti riwane rutongeso rwakanaka) yakakurirwa neDare, ichiratidza kuti kuparadza masimba kunodzivirira sei kuzvimirira kwesangano.

Kushanda Muchikwata: Kupesana Kwesimba Kunotsigirwa

Kupfuura mapazu ehurumende, hurumende yeU.S. inokamuranisa chiremera pakati pehurumende yenyika nehurumende `ichinopa pfungwa inozivikanwa se federalist [. Bumbiro reMitemo rinopa hurumende imwe inoronga masimba akati (muto, se., mari yokuumba mari, kutungamirira kutengeserana kwehurumende, kufambiswa kwedzimwe nyika) uye kuchengetera mamwe masimba ose anozivikanwa sehurumende kana kuti vanhu kupfurikidza nePendementmentation. Hurumende dzine mitemo yadzo dzimene, vatongi, uye masangano edare, kugadzirisa nhau dzakafanana nedzidzo, zvifambiso zvemapurisa, masimba emhuri.

Urwu uchangamire huviri hunoparira chirevo chakaoma umo yose iri miviri mitemo yehurumende neyomubatanidzwa inoshanda panguva imwe cheteyo. Apo rwisano dzinomuka, Supremacy Claus (Article VI) inosimbisa kuti mutemo wehurumende unoda nzvimbo yokutanga, asi hurumende inochengeta udzori hunokosha. Somuenzaniso, hurumende dzinogadza ganhuriro dzadzo dzimene, zvinodikanwa zveroorano, uye mipimo yezvourongwa hwehurumende zvinokosha nokuda kwokunzwisisa kuti mitemo yakadai sei chengeteko youtano, murairo wemhoteredzo, kana kuti maruramiro okuvhota inosinhanhanha mazvazvo inosiana munyika yose.

Kukosha Kwokudzidza Nezvidzidzo Zvechitsama Nokuda Kwevadzidzi Nevagari Vacho

Zivo yegadziriro yehurumende haisati iri bedzi nokuda kwaavo vanoronda mabasa mumutemo kana kuti zvamatongerwe enyika. Kupfuurirazve, mugari ari wose anoshandisa chimiro chakati chesimba rezvamatongerwe enyika kupfurikidza nokuvhota, basa redare rinobetsera, tsinhiro yavose, kana kuti kuonana navakuru vakuru vakasarudzwa. Apo vagari vemo vanonzwisisa kuti mitemo inoitwa sei, vanoisa sei mukwanyina wokusaruramisira, uye nzira yokudenha nayo zviito zvisina kururama, vanova vatsigiri vanobudirira zvikuru nokuda kwavo vamene nenzanga dzavo.

Nokuda kwavadzidzisi, kubatanidza fundo chaidzoidzo dzenhau , zvakadai senzira iyo mutemo unova nayo mutemo, kana kuti muitiro weDare Rapamusoro unosimbisa zvino. Vadzidzi vanogona kuronda chinyorwa chazvino (g., kuchinja kwokubuda, mirau yokunze) kuona mapazu matatu ari kushanda. Manyuko akafanana [[[FLT:]] .gov[FLT:]] [1] inopa mashoko enguva chaiyo echibvumirano, nepo pawebsite yeImba yeMutechester uye nzvimbo yedare rekushandira [FLT:] [FLT] .[FLT]

mhedziso

Kugadzirwa kwehurumende yeU.S. (mapazu matatu, kunzvera uye kuganhurira, uye university) zvakarongedzerwa kudzivirira rusununguko nepo zvichigonesa kudzora kunobudirira. Nepo gadziriro ingaratidzika kuva isinganzwisisiki pakutanga, nheyo dzayo dzinoshanda zuva riri rose mukurukurirano pamusoro pomutemo, mirairo yehurumende, uye zviito zvedare. Kupfurikidza nokuziva zvinokosha zvemapire simba rinoparadzirwa nokuganhurirwa, unowana maturusi okuita zvine revoresa nehurumende yako pamwero yose. Iyi zivo haisati ichiwirirana; inovamba nechisarudzo chiri chose, Dare gurusa, uye chiito chiri chose chokutora rutivi. Ramba kunzvera, kubvunza mibvunzo, uye kushandisa izvi zvidzidzo kuti unzwisise nyika yakakupoteredza.