Bazu Rokutonga Somutarisiri Webumbiro Remitemo

Bazu rinotonga rinomira somuturikiri mukurusa womutemo neBumbiro reMitemo, rinoshandisa chiremera chinonzvera zvakananga simba rezvose zviri zviviri Congress neunganga. Nepo dare rinomanikidzira mutemo uye chigadziko chinouita, dare rinovimbisa kuti davi harina kudarika miganhu yaro yemitemo. Iri basa rokuzvidavirira harisi rokungotaura chete; rinoumba migumisiro chaiyo yokudzora uye rinodzivirira rusununguko pahurumende inonyengera. Kunzwisisa mupimo wakazara wemabati mamwe mapazi anozvidavirira kunoda kusanzvera bedzi masimba enheyo akafanana nehwirudzuro yomutemo asiwo miganhuro inoshanda, miraudzo inopfuurira iyo inorondedzera ukama ihwo.

Mavambo Echiremera Chokutonga

Mavambo Ebumbiro reMitemo Nokuumbwa Kwaro

Bumbiro reMitemo reU.S. rinosimbisa bazu rokutonga muChikamu III, richiumba gadziriro yedare rehurumende inotungamirirwa neDare Gurusa. Kusafanana namapazu emitemo neanotonga, ayo anowana chiremera chawo zvakananga kubva muvhoti, dare rinoshanda somutumbi wakagadzwa nenduramo nokuda kwevatongi vehurumende. Uku kuzvimirira kwegadziriro kwakarongedzerwa noune kubvumira matare kupa rutongeso rusingasaruri pasina kutya kutsiva kwezvamatongerwe enyika. Vatongi vakanzwisisa kuti jaji rakasununguka raidikanwa nokuda kwokugadza miganhuro yebumbiro remitemo pasimba rehurumende.

Simba Rokuhwirudzura

Kuhwirudzura dare ikokukosha kwokuzvidavirira kwedare. Iri simba rinogonesa matare kunzvera mitemo inopfuudzwa neDare uye zviito zvinotorwa nebazu guru kusarudza kana zvinowirirana neBumbiro remitemo. Nepo Bumbiro reMitemo risingadudziri zvakajeka hwirudzuro yedare, Dare Gurusa rakasimbisa iri mumhaka yechiratidzo Masteriahbury v. [Madison (1033] [FLT]], inosimbisa kuti i "muneitsika purofiti yebato redare rokutonga kutaura chiri pamutemo." Kupfurikidza nehwirudzura, matare anogona kudzosa mutemo, zvirevo zvapamutemo zvisina maturo, uye kubvisa zvigadziko zvehurumende. Iri rinoshandura kugadziro kwechigariro yedare rinoshanda mune mamwe mapazuro.

Kutungamirira Kwedare Rehurumende Nechiremera

Gadziriro yedare rehurumende inoshanda pamitengo mitatu: matare oruwa, matare edunhu ezvikwiriso, uye Dare Rapamusorosoro. Matare oruwa anobatira sematare okutonga apo mhaka dzinovamba, ufakazi hwokunzwa uye kuita zvisarudzo zvokutanga pamusoro pebumbiro remitemo. Zvikwiro matare zvinohwirudzura zvisarudzo zvedare roruwa, kuvimbisa mipimo yapamutemo inoshandiswa nguva dzose. Dare rapamusoro rinoshandisa chiremera chokupedzisira, kusarudza mhaka dzinomutsa mibvunzo inokosha yebumbiro remitemo kana kuti rwisano pakati pematare akaderera. Ichi chirongwa chedare chedare redare redare rinotonga chinobvumira kuzvidavirira pamwero dzakawanda apo richivimbisa kuteverwa kwomutemo wehurumende.

Kuongorora Kuzvidavirira

Kududzira Mashoko Anokosha Secheki

Matare anotonga kuti bazi remitemo rinozvidavirira kupfurikidza nedudziro yomutemo. Apo Congress inopfuudza mitemo isina kujeka, matare anosarudza revo yakatemwa nokushandiswa. Iri basa rokududzira rinodzivisa mutemi wemitemo inopfuura mitemo yebumbiro remitemo kana kuti kuputsa kodzero dzevanhu. Somuenzaniso, Dare Gurusa ratonga pamusoro penzvimbo yeChemmerce Claus, rinoganhurira mano eCongress okudzora chose chose chose mumibato yenyika. Kupfurikidza nezvisarudzo zvakadaro, mutongi anorondedzera miganhuro yesimba remitemo, achivimbisa kuti Dare rinoshanda mukati mechiremera charo charo.

Kuita Nevane Vatungamiriri Kuhwirudzura

Dare rinoongororawo zviito zvebazu ravakuru vakuru, kubatanidza zvirango zvapurezidhendi, mirayiridzo yemitemo, uye zvisarudzo zvokudzika dare. Matare anoyera kana vakuru vakuru vavakuru vakapfuura chiremera chavo kana kuti vakaputsa dziviriro dzebumbiro remitemo. Mu vaduku vaJourth Comment Commentap & Lamp; Tube Co. V. Sawyer (1952) , Dare rapamusoro rakatonga kuti Purezidhendi Truman apfuure chiremera chake kupfurikidza nokubata zvigadziko zvesimbi mukati meHondo yeKorea, kusimbisa kuti purezidhendi haagoni kuita pasina kutenderwa kwemitemo kana kuti kutenderwa kwomutemo. Iyi mhaka imhakano yokuti matare anodzivisa sei kuva mukuru mukuru wehurumende akaitwa kunyange panguva yomugariro wenyika.

Simba Rekusangana Nemishonga

Kupfuura kuzivisa zviito zvisiri zvemitemo, matare anogona kupa mirairo inodzivisa zvakananga zviito zvehurumende. apo dare rinowana kuti murairo wesangano unoputsa mutemo, ringamisa kuchengetwa kuri kuda kuongororwazve. Iri simba rokutsiva rinogovera kuzvidavirira kwapakarepo, richimanikidza bazu guru kururamisa zviito zvaro kana kuti kuchinja maitiro aro. Vatongi veFederal munyika yose vanopa mirayiro inoshanda kunyika yose, pane dzimwe nguva inodzivisa zvirongwa zvikuru zvinoitwa mudzimwe nyika dzakawanda.

Kumanikidzwa Kwekodzero Dzemunhu Mumwe Nomumwe

Basa redare redare rinobatira sechenjero huru pasimba rehurumende. Matare anosungisa dziviriro dzinovimbiswa neBill of Rights uye dzimwe gadziridzo dzebumbiro remitemo, kubatanidza kutaura kwakasununguka, rusununguko rworudzidziso, muitiro wakafanira, uye dziviriro yakaenzana. Apo Dare rinopa mitemo inoganhurira kutaura kana kuti mukuru mukuru wehurumende anopinda mumiitiro yokupa mhaka, matare anobatira sedziviriro yokupedzisira kuvanhu vasina dziviriro namapoka mashoma. Iyi maruramiro zvimwe rutivi runooneka zvikurusa rwokuzvidavirira kwedare, sezvo nhau dzinobatanidza rusununguko rwavagari vemo kazhinji kazhinji kazhinji dzinoparira ngwariro huru yavose.

Mhaka Dzakarondedzera Simba Rokutonga

Marbury kana kuti Madison (1803)

Murangariro mukuru weMutongi John Marshall muMarbury v. Madison akatanga hwirudzuro yedare senheyo yenheyo. Nhau yacho yakamuka apo William Marbury, mutongi wokupedzisira akagadzwa naPurezidhendi Adams, akakwidza dare Munyori weHurumende James Madison nokuda kwokuramba kupa murairo wake. Marshall akazivisa kuti nepo Marbury akafanirwa nedare rake, mutemo wakapa chiremera cheDare guru chokupa mirairo yakadaro wakanga usingawiriraniswi. Iyo iyi yakasimbisa simba reDare rokuputsa mitemo inorwisana neBumbiro remitemo apo yaidzivisa rwisano yakananga naPurezidhente Jefferson. Chisaru chakachinja judiary kuva bazi rinowirirana navakuru vakuru vanokwanisa kunzvera mitemo uye chiito.

Brown v. Board of Education (1954)

Ichi chisarudzo chakabatana chakazivisa paradzano yedzinza muzvikoro zvavose zvisina kubatana. Chisarudzo chakaparadza dzidziso ye "yakaparadzana asi yakaenzana" yakatangwa muPlessy v. Ferguson. Mukuru Mutongi Earl Warren akanyora kuti zvivako zvedzidzo zvakaganhurirwa zvakanga zviri "zvisingaenzaniswi chose chose" uye zvakaputsa Exterlimite Protection Clause of the 144th Amendment. Kutonga kwakaratidzira simba redare rokuita kuti maruramiro emitemo anorwisana nechiito chehurumende, kunyange apo nyika idzodzo dzaiva nemiitiro yakamira uye mitemo zvinotsigira pamutemo. Brown v. Board yeD. yeDhietementi yeD. yakabatanidza sangano rekodzero dzavagari vemo uye akaratidza kuti matare aigona kuita chinjo huru yenzanga apo mamwe mapazuro akatadza kuita chiito.

United States v. Nixon (1974)

Mukati mechinonyadzisa cheWatergate, Purezidhendi Nixon akakuwanira ropafadzo yechiremera yokurega makaseti akarekodhwa nezvinyorwa zvakaiswa pasi pomuchurisi chaiye. Dare rapamusoro rose rakaramba kutaura kwaNixon, richitaura kuti purezidhendi haasi pamusoro pomutemo uye kuti ropafadzo yevakuru vakuru haigoni kushandiswa kuvanza ufakazi mukunzvera kweutsotsi. Chisarudzo chakamanikidzira Nixon kubudisa matepi, ayo aiva noufakazi hwokubatanidzwa kwake mubutiro, kuchitungamirira zvakananga kukurega kwake. Iyi mhaka yakabvumikisa kuti kunyange mukuru mukuru mukuru mukuru mukuru mukuru anofanira kuwirirana nemirairo yedare nomuitiro wapamutemo.

INS v. Chanha (1983)

Dare rapamusoro zvikurusa rakakurira chibvumirano chemitemo, mutoo unobvumira Congress kuputsa zviito zvebazu zvavakuru vakuru pasina kupedzisa mutemo wakazara. Dare rakataura kuti varwi vakadaro vakaputsa Preace, inoda zvose zviri zviviri sigina yetendero yeImba nedare rapurezidhendi nokuda kwomutemo. Ichi chisarudzo chakasimbisa kuparadzana kwamasimba kupfurikidza nokudzivisa Congress kudzosa muitiro wemitemo. Inoramba iri nzvero inotambudza pakuedza kwemitemo kudzora zviito zvavakuru vakuru kupfurikidza nenzira yamasanga.

Trump v. Hawaii (2018)

Iyi nhau yakabatanidza murairo wapurezidhendi mukuru weTrump unoganhurira kufamba kunobva kunyika dzinoverengeka dzechiMuslim. Dare rapamusorosa parinotsigira pakupedzisira chiremera chemitemo pasi pomutemo wokubuda, muitiro wokutaura umene wakaratidzira basa redare redare mukuita basa rehurumende. matare esubve akanga araira zvimiro zvapakuvamba zvokurambidza kufamba, uye Dare Rapamusoro rakabatanidza kusanonzvera chiremera chemitemo neganhuriro dzebumbiro remitemo. Mhaka yacho yakasimbisa kusawirirana kunopfuurira pakati pezvirevo zvoukwaniviriro zvorudzi nedziviriro dzamaruramiro avanhu.

Zvirongwa zveProgramu zvazvino uno neMakoronisi

Gadziriro Dzavatungamiriri Nechiremera Chesangano

Mumakumi amakore achangobva kupfuura aya, purezidhendi wemativi ose ari maviri akashandisa nenzira inowedzera mirayiridzo yavakuru vakuru kuti vasvike zvinangwa zvemitemo pasina Congress. Uyu muitiro wakaparira tsinhiro inokosha sezvo matare anoyera kana purezidhendi achipfuura chiremera chavo. Vatongi vakabudisa mitemo yakavhengana, dzimwe nguva vachitsigira chiito chevakuru vakuru uye dzimwe nguva kuchiparadza. Somuenzaniso, matare akavhara zvikamu zvepurogiramu ye2012 Defered Action for Parents of America, achiwana kuti purezidhendi haana chiremera chokupa mvumo yebasa kuvakavatami vakatamira zvisiri pamutemo.

Gakava Rokutarisira Rokuungana

Makakatanwa pakati peCongress nebazu rinotungamirira pamusoro pezvikumbiro zvinogarwa kusvika kumatare. Apo mapurezidhendi anoramba kuwirirana nesangano rehurumende, mutongi anofanira kusarudza ukuru hwechiremera chedare rehurumende. Mu Committee paJudicary v. McGahn (2029), dare reruwa rakatonga kuti aichimbova White House Counser Counser Don McGahn aifanira kupupurira pamberi peDare, kuramba kutaura kwedziviriro yakakwana nokuda kweapurendi mukuru wehurumende. Zvisarudzo zvakadaro zvinogona kusimbisa kuti hapana rimwe bazi ringaramba nokuzvidavirira kwapa mhaka kunobva kune vamwe.

Masimba Ekurumidziro Nechengeteko Yorudzi

Matare anotarisana nedenho dzakati apo anohwirudzura chiito chavakuru vakuru chinoitwa panguva yemigariro yakakomba. Mapurezidhendi akataura chiremera chikuru chokuita zvisina kufanira munguva yehondo, tyisidziro dzemagandanga, kana kuti njodzi dzoutano. Vatongi vanowanzobvuma unyanzvi hwehurumende munhau dzechengeteko dzenyika asi vachiri kuchengeta simba rokuparadza zviito zvinoputsa kodzero dzemitemo. Mitemo inobatanidza kuiswa kweugandanga inofungidzirwa, kuongorora kusina maruramiro, uye ganhurro dzekurumidziro zvose zvinoda kudzikamiswa kwokutonga kwokungwarira kwefariro mumitezo yorusununguko rwomunhu.

Simba Redare Rakaderera uye Kusangana Mumarudzi Kwose

Vatongi vokutonga vehurumende vakapa nenzira inowedzera munyika yose mirairo iyo inovhara mitemo yebazu rapamusoro munyika yose. Iyi muitiro unobvumira mutongi mumwe kumisa nhano huru dzemiitiro, kuchiparira kusawirirana kukuru nebazu rinodzorwa. Vatsigiri venyika yose vanotsinhira kuti mirairo inopa nyaradzo inoshanda apo miraudzo inodenha yehurumende, nepo vatsoropodzi vachipikisa kuti vanobvumira "kutenga kwokutonga" uye kusekesa nheyo yokudzora. Dare Rapamusorosoro rakataura itiro iyi asi harina kurambidza chose chose chose muitiro wacho, richisiya gakavaro inopfuurira pamusoro pokuva kwayo kwakakodzera.

Zvinetso Zvokuzvitonga Nokubudirira

Dzvinyiriro Yezvamatongerwe Enyika Nemurangariro Wavose

Mano edare rejaji okuzvidavirira anotsamira pakuvimba kwavose uye kuzvimirira kwesangano. Apo vatongi vanorangarirwa savatambi vanotsiva panzvimbo pevaiti vevezvematongerwe enyika, kutonga kwavo kunotarisana nokutsoropodzwa kwakawedzerwa nokudzivisa. Kusimbisa kwemisi ichangobva kupfuura iyi kwawedzera kubatana kwezvamatongerwe enyika paruremera rwedare rokutonga, uye vamanimanikidzi vachitarisana nemibvunzo yenharo pamusoro penhau dzavo. Chivimbo chavose muDare Rapamusorosoro chadzikira, nokunzvera kunoratidza kuti chiverengero chikuru chevanhu veAmerica vanorangarira Dare serinosundwa nezvamatongerwe enyika panzvimbo yomutemo. Uku kuderera kwokuvimba kwapamhiko kutyisidzira chiremera chedare rejantiary apo kunoitwa zvisarudzo zvinodzosa zvinotaura mapurezidhendi kana kuti Dare reHurumende.

Kudzorwa Kwezvinhu Nezvokutarisirwa Kwezvinhu

Dare reFederal rinobata mhaka dzinopfuura 400 000 gore negore, richiparira dzvinyiriro huru pavatongi navashandi. Dare Rapamusoro rinogamuchira zvikumbiro zvinosvika 7 000 gore rimwe nerimwe asi rinonzwa bedzi mhaka 60-80. Uku kusarudza kunoreva kuti mibvunzo mizhinji inokosha yapamutemo haitongogamuchiri chisarudzo chakarurama, kusiya matare akaderera kutanga kusvika kunopesana. Zviwanikwa zvakaganhurirwa zvinotapura mano edare okuita kuti mitemo iteererwe, zvikurukuru apo vakuru vakuru vakuru vebazu vanoramba kuzviisa pasi. Nepo kupesana chose chose chose hakuwanzowaniki, zvimiro zvokudzivisa zvamanomanomano akavanzika zvakadai sokuita kunonoka kana kuti kududzirazve kugadziridza zvinogona kuderedza kuzvidavirira kwokutonga.

Kudzorwa Kwemabhajeti Nemabhajeti eCongress

Congress inochengeta simba pamusoro pemari inobhadharwa yedare uye inogona kushandisa zvisarudzo zvemari kupesvedzera zviito zvokutonga. Nepo kutsiva zvakananga nokuda kwezvisarudzo zvakati kusingawanzoitika, Congress panhambo nenhambo yakatyisidzira kubvisa matare ose kana kuti kuganhurira simba panhau dzakati. Chikamu III chinopa dziviriro kuupenyu hwose kuvatongi, asi dare rinoramba richitsamira pabazu remitemo nokuda kwezviwanikwa. Congress anodzorawo nhamba yevatongi, kuchibvumira kuwedzera kana kuti kubvumirana simba redare rokutonga nhau. Iyi miganhuro inopa migariro inoyeuchidza matare kuti kuzvitonga kwavo hakubviri.

Kusabvumirana Nedare uye Kupesana Nedare

Kunyange zvazvo zvisingawanzoitiki, zvinoitika zvokusawirirana kwebazu redare zvinopa tyisidziro dzakakomba kuchiremera chedare. Purezidhendi Lincoln akafuratira nomukurumbira murayiro weMutongi Mukuru Taney wokusunungura vanzwiri tsitsi veConference mukati meHondo yeChivi. Nguva pfupi yapfuura, vamwe vakuru vakuru vakuru vehurumende nehurumende vakapanikira pachena kuva pamutemo kwemitemo yedare yavasingabvumirani nayo. Vatongi havana simba ravo vamene rokuchengeta uye vanotsamira pabazu ravakuru vakuru kuti vashandise mirairo yavo. Uku kusava nesimba kunoreva kuti matare pakupedzisira anotsamira pamipimo yezvamatongerwe enyika uye tsigiro yavose kuvimbisa kutendwa nezvisarudzo zvavo.

Nguva Yemberi Yokuzvidavirira Kwokutonga

Kutanga Mibvunzo Yepamutemo Noruzivo Rwokugadzira Zvinhu

Matare anotarisana nenzira inowedzera nemibvunzo inomutswa nokuchinja kwemichina inomutswa, kubatanidza kuvanza mashoko, mirau yesocial media, ungwaru hwokusaita zvinhu, uye kunyorwa kwemashoko. Nhau idzi dzinowanzomuka mumashoko akapoteredza umo Dare risina kuisa mutemo wakawanda, achimanikidza matare kushandisa nheyo dzemitemo kumamiriro ezvinhu asina kumboitika. Basa redare mukuumba kodzero dzemunhu oga, kutaura kwakasununguka mumitemo yemakombiyuta, uye chiremera chehurumende chichawedzera sezvo ruzivo rwokugadzira zvinhu rucharamba ruchichinja. Izvi zvisarudzo zvichatapura zvikuru kuenzana kwesimba pakati pevagari vemo nehurumende.

Chikarakadzo Chokuchinja Chivako

Zvikarakadzo zvakasiana----phaa zvakabuda kuti zvigadzirise chimiro chedare redare redare redare revhu uye kuzvidavirira. Vamwe vatsoropodzi vanotsigira ganhuriro dzeshoko pakutonga kweDare Gurusa, vachipomera kuti upenyu hwose hunoparira zvisundo zvokurega basa rapamutemo uye kuderedza kuzvidavirira. Vamwe vanokarakadza kukudza ukuru hweDare Gurusa kuti vawirirane nokuumbwa kwepfungwa kana kuti kugadza purogiramu inosungirwa pamutemo yedare. Zvikarakadzo zvedare, nepo zvichiitiranwa nharo, zvinoramba zvichiratidzira pamusoro pokuti chirongwa chazvinobatira zvakakwana basa razvo. Chinjo chipi nechipi chikuru chingada kurangarirwa nokungwarira nezvemigumisiro yose iri miviri inovavarirwa uye isingadzorwi.

Kuenzanisa Kwamarudzi Ose Nezvidzidzo

Dzichinzvera kuti mamwe masangano ehurumende anozvidavirira kuhurumende anogovera sei murangariro unobetsera. Marudzi akawanda anoshandisa dare rebumbiro remitemo noudzori hwakafanana panhau dzebumbiro remitemo, nepo dzimwe dzichishandisa mazera okurega basa akafanira kana kuti mashoko akatsaurwa kuvatongi vedare rapamusoro. Dzimwe nyika dzinopa matare adzo chiremera chakajeka zvikuru chokuhwirudzura mutemo usati waita, nepo dzimwe dzichichengeta magamuchidzanwa akasimba zvikuru okukwirira kwoukuru hwemitemo. Kuenzanisa uku kunokosha kwegadziriro yeU.S. uku kukarakadza chinjo dzinobvira dzinogona kusimbisa kuzvidavirira kwedare pasina kuderedza kuzvitonga.

mhedziso

Mapazu edare anotonga anozvidavirira kuhurumende yeAmerica. Nokuongorora, kududzira pamutemo, uye kuchengetwa kwekodzero dzevanhu, matare anovimbisa kuti vatambi vehurumende vanoshanda mumiganhu yemitemo uye varemekedze mutemo. Zviratidzo zvinobva kuMarbury v. Madatel kuUnited States kuv. Nixon inoratidzira kuti mutongi akaumba sei kuenzana kwesimba muAmerica yose yakare. Kunyange zvakadaro basa iri rokuzvidavirira rinotarisana nezvinetso zvinopfuurira kubva kudzorotesa yezvamatongerwe enyika, miganhuro, uye basa rokuvaka zvinhu zvinokosha. Kubudirira kwokutarisira dare pakupedzisira kunotsamira pakuvimba navanhu, kuzvimirira, uye kuzvipira kwemamwe mapazuro edare kuremekedza. Sezvidzo dzomutemo nedzvinyiriro itsva dzezvamatongerwe enyika, basa redare redare richaramba riripoteswa seripoti rinodzorwa nokutonga basa ramatongedzerwa. Vatongi vanotongedzerwa voga vatongi vanokwanisa kutongwa nomutemo, vanoramba vachitongwa nomutemo.

Nokuda kwefundo yakadzama, Project inogovera kunzvera kukuru kwenhau, [[FLT:] Constitution Center yerudzi inopa zviteshi zvedzidzo pasimba redare, uye website yedare repamutemo [[FLT] inobudisa mifungo nezvibvumikiso.