Kuchinja Kwokutanga: Chisakiso Chokutaura Kwakasununguka

First Amendment kuUnited States Constitution, yakatenderwa muna 1791 sorutivi rweBill of Rights, inomira seimwe yedziviriro dzine simba zvikurusa nedzinogara dzorusununguko rwomunhu munyika. Mutauro wayo wakapfava nenzira inonyengera: “Kufumura hakusati kuchizoita mutemo... unoganhurira rusununguko rwokutaura, kana kuti rwokunyora nhau; kana kuti kodzero yavanhu yokuungana norugare, uye kukumbira Hurumende nokuda kwekugadziridza zvichemo zvomunhu. [Apo] Mashoko aya mashomanene akaumba hurumende yeAmerica nokuda kwamazana amakore anopfuura maviri, achigovera nhovo yemitemo yechinhu chiri chose kubva mukupesana kwezvamatongerwe enyika kuunyanzvi hwokugadzira. Kunzwisisa kuti mutemo unodzivirira sei rusununguko rwako rwokutaura nokutaura nokutaura hakukoshi nokuda kwokurava vanhu voruzhinji asi kupfuurira kutsanangura nzanga.

Vavambi vakanzwisisa kuti republic inoshanda inoda kurukurirano yakasimba. Ivo vakanga vapupurira zvakananga ngozi dzekunzvera nehurukuro yenyika inodzorwa mukutonga kweBritain. Kupfurikidza nokudzivisa kutaura kwakasununguka mumutemo mukuru wenyika, vakava nechokwadi chokuti vagari vemo vaigona kutsoropodza vatungamiriri vavo, kutsigira chinjo, uye kutora rutivi mukuzvitsiva pasina rutyo rwokutsiva. Nyaya ino inonzvera ukuru hwedziviriro dzeFirst Amendment, ganhuriro dzavo, basa redare remitemo mukududzira, uye kuti nheyo idzodzi dzinoshanda sei munyika yanhasi ino inogadzirwa nemagetsi.

Icho Mutengo Wokutanga Chaizvoizvo Unodzivirira

First Amendment inorambidza hurumende ($5federal, State, uye nzvimbo) kubva pakupfuudza mitemo inodzivisa kutaura. Inoshanda kumapazu ose ehurumende uye inotambanudza kupfuura chiito chaichoicho chokutaura. Dare rakaziva kuti “kunyora” kunobatanidza mhatsa yakasiyana- siyana yomufambiro wakatanhamara, kubatanidza kunyora, unyanzvi, nziyo, kutamba, zvisarudzo zvezvipfeko, zviito zvokufananidzira zvakadai sokupisa mureza, uye kunyange zvimiro zvakati zvokunyarara. Kugadziriswa kwacho hakusi vimbiso yakakwana, asi kunoparira mufambiro wakasimba mukurwisana nedzo yehurumende.

Kudzivirira Marudzi Okutaura

Nokufamba kwenguva, Dare Repamusorosoro rakaona marudzi anoverengeka ekutaura anogamuchira mwero wakakwirira zvikurusa wedziviriro yebumbiro remitemo:

  • Kutaura kwechipo: Uku ndiko kunokosha kweFirst Amendment. Kunobatanidza kurukurirano pamusoro pavadaviri, mitemo, sarudzo, uye zviito zvehurumende. Kutaura kwezvamatongerwe enyika kunopiwa dziviriro hurusa nemhaka yokuti kunokosha kumunhu wedemokrase. Kunyange kutaura kwenhema pamusoro pemienzaniso yavose kunodzivirirwa kutoti kwaitwa ne “zvakaipa zvechiito.”
  • [[FLT: 0] Kutaura kwouzivi: Tsika inokurukura shoko inowanzobatwa sekutaura. Mienzaniso yemifananidzo inobatanidza kupfeka chibage choruoko rutema kutsutsumwa hondo ( . Des Moines), kupisa mureza weAmerica ( TExas v. Johnson), kana kuti kupfugama mukati menziyo yenyika. Hurumende haigoni kudzivisa mufambiro wakadaro nemhaka yokuti unopesana neshoko.
  • Kutaura kwemashiripiti nokwezvokunyora: MaNovel, mafirimu, mifananidzo, nziyo, uye mamwe mabasa okusika anodzivirirwa muFirst Amendment. Nepo zvinonyadzisa zvisina kudzivirirwa, matare akaisa chidzitiro chikuru chechiratidzo chechinhu chinonyadzisa, chinoda kuti basa rishairwe zvinyorwa zvakaisvonaka, unyanzvi, zvamatongerwe enyika, kana kuti ukoshi hwesayenzi.
  • Kutaura kwounyanzvi:[ Kushambadza uye dzimwe kurukurirano dzezvokutengeserana zvinogamuchira dziviriro, asi kwakakura zvishoma kupfuura kutaura kwezvamatongerwe enyika kana kuti kwounyanzvi. Hurumende ingadzora kushambadzira kwenhema kana kuti kunotsausa uye inogona kuisa mitemo pamibato yakati yezvokutengeserana, zvakadai sokushambadzira fodya.
  • Kupa mashoko panhau dzeitiro hanya yavanhu vose: Iri boka rinobatanidza kutaura kune chokuita nenhau dzefariro yavose, dzakadai soutano hwavanhu vose, chengeteko, kana kuti ruramisiro yenzanga. Matare anowanzopa dziviriro huru kukutaura kwakadaro, kunyange apo kunenge kune nharo kana kuti kunogumbura.

Zvausingakwanisi: Paunenge usingadzivirirwi Nekutaura

Dare Repamusorosoro rakanyatsonzwisisa matauriro anotaurwa asingadzivirirwi nebumbiro remitemo, kazhinji kacho nokuti anokonzera kukuvadza kunopfuura kukosha kwemashoko acho.

Kunyandurira Chiito Chisina Kutsaurwa Chomutemo

Kutaura kunonangidzirwa pakunyandura kana kuti kuita mubato wapamberi pesimba uye kungabvira kuita saizvozvo hakudzivirirwi. Uyu mupimo unobva muchinoitika chechiratidzo chechiratidzo Brandenburg v. Ohio [1969], iyo yakatsiva “ngozi iri pachena neinopa muedzo”. Hurumende haigoni kuranga kurwisana kusina mufungo kana kuti kuputsa mutemo; inofanira kuratidza kuti mukurukuri akaronga kunyandura chiito nokukurumidza uye kuti chiito chakadaro chaizoitika.

Uori

Mapepa enhau haadzivirirwi neFirst Amendment. Dare Rapamusorosoro mu Miller v. California (1973) yakatanga nzvero yetatu: (a) kana munhuwo zvake, anoshandisa mipimo yenzanga yepokugarapo, angawana kuti basa rinofadza fariro huru; (b) kana richiratidzira mufambiro wevatano munzira yakashata nenzira yapamutemo; uye (c) kana uine chinyorwa chakakomba, chezvomhizha, chezvamatongerwe enyika, kana kuti chesayenzi. Uku kuedza kunoita kuti rushamiso ruve rwakaoma kubvumikisa, nemhaka yokuti zvinhu zvine ukoshi hwakakomba hupi hwakakomba hunodzivirirwa.

Kupandukira uye Kutaura Kwenhema

Kutaura kwenhema kunokuvadza mukurumbira womumwe munhu kunogona kutungamirira kukuvadziko yavagari vemo. Zvisinei, First Amendment inoganhurira zviito zvokuzvidza, zvikurukuru apo nhamba dzavose dzinobatanidzwa. Pasi New York Times Co. Sullivan [1964]), nhamba yavose inofanira kubvumikisa kuti mukwiridziri akaita ne “zvakaipa zvechiito” unoziva kuti kutaura kwacho kwakanga kuri kwenhema kana kuti kusingarangariri chokwadi chakwo. Vanhu voga vanoda bedzi kuratidzira kuregeredza.

Mashoko Okurwisa Netyisidziro Dzechokwadi

Kutaura kunonyandura zvakananga masimba masimba anokurumidza kana kuti kusawirirana kworugare kunorongwa se “mashoko anorwisana” uye hakudzivisiki. Nenzira yakafanana,“ tyisidziro dzechokwadi” `8] dzinotaura kuti munhu ane mufungo angadudzira sechiratidzo chakakomba chevavariro yokuita masimba masimba() haadzivirirwi neFirst Amendment. Chinokosha ndechokuti mukurukuri anofanira kuda kutyisidzira kana kuti kuparira rutyo; kutaura kwechinyakare kana kuti kutaura kwezvamatongerwe enyika kunodzivirirwa kazhinji kazhinji.

Kutaura Kunoparira Mufambiro Weutsotsi

Hurumende yacho inogonawo kudzora mamwe matauriro, kufanana nokutyora kodzero dzekodzero dzekodzero dzevana, zvinonyadzisira, uye kubiridzira, pasina kuputsa Bumbiro Remitemo.

Matsananguriro Anoita Dare Rokutaura Nerusununguko: Nyaya Dzikuru Dzinotongwa Nematare

Dare Repamusorosoro rakabudisa mazana emakore pfungwa dzinojekesa zvinoitwa neFirst Amendment uye dzisingabudisi.

Nheyo Dzapakuvamba

Mu Scheck v. United States (1919), Mutongi Oliver Wendell Holmes akatanga “ngozi yakajeka neiripo”, achitsanangura kuti kunyange kutaura kwakadzivirirwa zvikurusa kunogona kuderedzwa kana kuchiparira guva netyisidziro yapakarepo. Mhaka yacho yakabatanidza mapepa anokurudzira kudzivisa kunyoreswa kwamauto mukati meHondo Yenyika I. Dare rakatsigira kutenderwa, asi muedzo gare gare gare wakatendeukira mumupimo mukuru wekutaura wechidzitiro che Brandenburg v. Ohio.

Nguva Yazvino Uno Yokudzivirirwa Kwakafara

Zviitiko zvapakati pa575 zvapakati zvakakudza nenzira inoshamisa dziviriro dzakasununguka dzokutaura:

  • New York Times Co. v. Sullivan (1964): Dare rakatonga kuti First Amendment inodzivirira kubudiswa kwekutaura kwenhema pamusoro pavakuru vakuru vehurumende kutoti vakaitwa nezvakaipa chaizvoizvo. Iyi chisarudzo chakanga chakakomba nokuda kwesangano rekodzero dzavagari vemo, chichibvumira mapepanhau kufukidza kunyunyuta nokutsoropodza vakuru vakuru vakuru vehurumende pasina kutya sutu dzinoparadza.
  • .Des Moines Independent School School Community [1969] Dare rakataura kuti vadzidzi hava “pikisi maruramiro avo ebumbiro remitemo kurusununguko rwokutaura kana kuti kutaura pasuo rechikoro.] Nhau yacho yaibatanidza vadzidzi vakapfeka zvibayiso zvitema kuti vatsutsunge Hondo yeVietnam. Chisarudzo chacho chakagadza kuti vakuru vakuru vechikoro vanofanira kuva nechikonzero chapamutemo chokuranga kutaura kwavadzidzi kusingadzongodzore muitiro wedzidzo.
  • Brandenburg v. Ohio[FLT: 1] [1969]: Dare rakapidigura kupwiswa kwomutungamiriri weKu Klux Klan nokuda kwokuita hurukuro dzinoshatirisa. Kuedza kutsva kwaida chibvumikiso chokuti kutaura kwai “kutungamirira kana kuti kuita chiito chokuda kusateerera mutemo uye sezvingabvira kunyandura kana kuti kuita chiito chakadaro.” Iyi mirangariro inoganhurira zvikuru mano ehurumende okuranga noruvengo kana kuti kutaura kwokunyanyisa.
  • Dare reNzvimbo yeNhungamiro[[Federal Instruction] (2010): Muchisarudzo chinomutsa nharo, Dare rakaramba kuti kutsigira mari kwemasangano enhau dzakazvimirira dzezvamatongerwe enyika hakugoni kuganhurirwa muFirst Amendment. Chisarudzo chacho chakatambanudzira dziviriro dzekutaura kwakasununguka kumasangano namasangano, kuchibvumira kupedza kusingaganhurirwi panzvimbo yapamutemo yokunyoresa zvamatongerwe enyika chero bedzi isingatsinhiraniswi navadaviri.

Nhau Dzinomuka: Kutaura Munguva Yemadhigirii

Internet ine mashoko akasununguka akawedzerwa nenzira dzisina kumboitika, asi yakamutsawo mibvunzo mitsva yebumbiro remitemo. Hurumende pairi haigoni kuongorora panzvimbo yekombiyuta kana kuti payaigona kutemwa sepepanhau, zvikuva zvakazvimirira zvakadai seFacebook, Twitter, uye YouTube hazvisungirwi neFramendement yokutanga. Zvinogona kuva nemwero sezvazvinoona zvakakodzera, kuzviisa pasi pemitemo yavo pachavo uye sezvinobvira kumitemo yakafanana neChikamu 230 cheNhevedzero yeKukurukurirana, izvo zvinodzivirira miganhuro yemabumbiro dzevashandi. Dare richiri kushanda munhau dzakadai kana makambani emagariro enzanga achiumba “vatambi vezvitambi zvechidzidzo” apo vanoona kuti vanokwanisa kushatsamwisa uye kunetsa vanhu vasingazivi vepapumburudzi.

Imwe nzvimbo isina kugadziriswa imitemo yokusabvumirana kwemashoko uye kupindira kwedzimwe nyika muvhoti. Nepo hurumende ingava nefariro huru mukudzivirira kuvimbika kwevasarudzo, mutemo upi noupi unodzivisa kutaura unofanira kusanogadziridzwa uye kudzivisa kuisa mirangariro yakati. Kupesana pakati pokurwisa mashoko enhema nokuchengeta kurukurirano yakasimba kunoramba kuri chimwe chezvinetso zvinomanikidzira zvikurusa zvakasununguka zvikurusa zvenguva yedu.

Nei Kutaura Norusununguko Kuchikosha Munzanga Yehurumende Inosarudzwa Nehurumende

Kudzivirirwa kworusununguko rwokutaura hakusi kungoitawo zvako kurongwa kwepamutemo; inheyo yehwaro inotsigira utongi hwehurumende yegutsaruzhinji. Kana vagari vemo vachigona kutaura vakasununguka, vanogona kufumura uori, kutsigira kuchinja zvinhu, uye kuita kuti vakuru vakuru vazvidavirire.

Kutarisira Musika Wepfungwa

Ruramisiro yakatanhamara nokuda kwokutaura kwakasununguka i “Musika wemifungo” dimikira, wakakurumbira naMutongi Holmes mukupesana kwake mu Abrams v. United States (1919). Iyi rondedzero inoreva kuti zvokwadi inogona kubuda mumhesano yemirangariro inokwikwidzana pane kubva muhurumende inoparidzwa neodha. Kunyange kutaura kwenhema kana kuti kwakaipa kunofanira kushivirirwa nemhaka yokuti kunogona kudzorwa nokutaura kwakawanda, kwete nenzvero. Iyi nheyo inokurudzira mhatsano dzoungwaru uye inodzivisa mugariro pakuva muwirirani wezvokwadi.

Kufambira Mberi Kunotosvika Pangozi Munzanga

Sangano guru riri rose renzanga munhau yeAmerica — kubva pakuparadza nokusawirirana kwavakadzi kukodzero dzavagari vemo nokuenzana kweroorano — rakatsamira paFirst Amendment kuronga, kunyengetedza, uye kudenha mugariro uripo. Pasina rusununguko rwokuramba, kubudisa, uye chikumbiro, vashingairi vaisagona kuva vakavaka tsigiro yavose iri madikanwa kuwana chinjo isingagumi. Kutaura kwakasununguka kunopa simba mapoka akaderera kukutaura zvokwadi kusimba uye kuraira maruramiro avo.

Kusimudzira Kuzvidira Kwomunhu Oga

Kutaura kwakasununguka kunokoshawo kumunhu mumwe nomumwe kuzvigutsa. Kukwanisa kutaura pfungwa dzomunhu, kugadzira mifananidzo, kunamata, kana kuti kungochengeta nokutaura zvitendero zvisingabvumiraniswi kunokosha kuchiremera chomunhu. Bumbiro reMitemo rinodzivirira kwete bedzi zviri mukati mekutaura asiwo kodzero yokusarudza kusataura somuenzaniso, kodzero yokuramba kutaura chipikirwa cheAllegiance kana kuti kuratidzira kutaura kwehurumende kwakarongwa.

Mazano Anoshanda Okushandisa Kodzero Dzako Dzokutaura

Kunzwisisa zvinokudzivirira kumutemo kunogona kukubatsira kuti utaure nechivimbo uchidzivisa ngozi.

  • Hurumende ingaisa miganhu ine musoro yokuti “nguva, nzvimbo, uye maitiro, ” uye inoda mvumo yokuramba kupindira kukuru, asi haigoni kurambidza kutaura maererano nemaonero ayo.
  • Mutengo weFirst Amendment haukupi kodzero yokutaura panzvimbo yausingaonekwi nevanhu (sechitoro kana kuti zvokudya zvechitoro) kana muridzi akaumbira zvinhu.
  • Kana uri mushandi wepachena, kutaura kwako panhau dzinoitirwa hanya navanhu kungadzivirirwa, asi bedzi kana uri kutaura somugari wemo, kwete sorutivi rwamabasa ako.hurumende inogona kukuranga nokuda kwokutaura kunovhiringidza kubasa rako kana kuti kuzivisa mashoko akavanzika.
  • Kana uri mudzidzi pachikoro chavose, kodzero dzako dzokutaura dzakafara asi dzine muganhu. Zvikoro zvinogona kuganhurira kutaura kwakashata, zvinosimudzira kushandiswa kwemirimo kusiri kwapamutemo, kana kuti zvinovhiringidza zvikuru mhoteredzo yokudzidza. Zvipfeko zvine shoko rezvamatongerwe enyika kazhinji kazhinji zvinodzivirirwa.
  • Nyika dzakawanda dzinoita kuti kutaura kworuvengo kuve kwokukanganisa kuve kwoga kusingabviri kuongorora kana kuti kutyisidzira kwechokwadi.

mhedziso

Kudzivirira kweFirst Amendment kwerusununguko rwokutaura uye kutaura idziviriro inokosha nokuda kwehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu nerusununguko rwomunhu. Kubvira panguva yokutanga kusvikira kuzera remitauro, matare akashanda kurondedzera miganhu yekodzero iyi, achivimbisa kuti inoramba yakasimba apo inobvuma kusarura kwakaganhurirwa. Sezvo ruzivo rutsva nedenho dzenzanga zvinobuda, nheyo huru inoramba iripo: hurumende haigoni kungorambidza kutaura kwaisingadi. Kunzwisisa ganhuriro neganhuriro dzekodzero dzako dzeFirst Amendment kunokupa simba rokutora rutivi zvizere muupenyu hwevagari vehurumende, kutsigira nokuda kwokuchinja, uye kuremekedza rusununguko rumwe cheterwo nokuda kwedzimwe kurukurirano dzenzanga uye kugadziridza mirangariro, kuzvipira kwebumbiro remitemo kukutaura kwakasununguka kunoramba kuri madikanwa senguva dzose.

nokuda kwokuravazve, shanyira Constitution Center’s Inftictive Constitution , hwirudzura mirangariro yeDare Gurusa munhau huru dzakadai se New York Times v. Sullivan, uye nzvera [[FLT:]] ACLU mipiro yekutaura yapachena.