Nzira Iyo Hurumende Dzehurumende Nehurumende Dzinoshanda Nayo Pamwe Chete Kuti Vapukunyuke Nyika Yedu

inopa mari inopa mari inotsamira inopa kuchinjika kukuru kupfurikidza nokugovera mari nokuda kwenharaunda dzemiitiro yakafara neganhuriro shomanene dzehurumende. Nyika dzinogamuchira idzi mvumo dzokutaura zvinodikanwa zvavose zvakadai sokukura kwenzanga, mabasa enzanga, kana kuti utano hwavanhu, uye dzine uchenjeri hwakati kuti mukusarudza nzira yokugovera nayo pfuma mukati menzvimbo inotemwa. Uku kuratidzira uzivi hwebatira pamwe hunovimba nehurumende kuti dzinzwisise nokutarisira zvinodikanwa zvadzo zvomunzvimbomo apo dzichiri kufambira nharidzano dzemiitiro yenyika.

Kugoverana, kunyange zvazvo kusinganyanyi kuzivikanwa nhasi kupfuura makumi amakore akapfuura, kunomirira imwe gadziriro yemari umo hurumende inoparadzira mari kuhurumende neganhuriro shomanene pakushandiswa kwayo. Kuwedzera, inoda mari yokugovera [ nyika dzavo vamene kuti vagamuchire madhora ehurumende, kuumba mubatanidzwa apo mwero yose yoga yemari inoiswa mumitengo inowirirana. Somuenzaniso, Medicaid inoshanda sepurogiramu inobvumiranisa apo hurumende inowirirana noutano nokuda kwokuuya kwakaderera, pamwero yehurumende inowirirana nemamiriro ezvinhu anotsamira pamari inotambirwa vanhu.

Zvibvumirano Zvehurumende Zvinopindirana Nezvibvumirano

Nyika dzinogona kupinda muzvibvumirano zvetsika nehurumende yehurumende kuti dzikurukure itiro hanya dzakagoveranwa nemirairo inotsinhirana. Interstate Communitys, inoda tendero yesangano apo inowedzera simba rehurumende pandyiko yechiremera chehurumende, inobvumira hurumende kushanda pamwe chete panhau dzinopfuura miganhu yenyika. aya mapepa anokurukura nhau dzakasiyana- siyana dzakadai sekodzero dzemvura, zvokufambisa, magorokotera, magorokotera anoronga kushandira pamwe, uye batira pamwe yeruramisiro yeutsotsi.

Port Authority of New York neNew Jersey, yakatangwa kupfurikidza nedare renyika imwe muna 1921, inoratidza kuti hurumende dzinogona sei kugadzira masangano akabatana kuti atarisire zvinhu zvinogoveranwa negadziriro. Nenzira yakafanana, Interstate Commission for Adult Offender SuperFrector Super inodzora kuchinjwa kwekuedzwa uye kutarisirwa kwehurumende yose, ichivimbisa kuti vanhu vari kutarisirwa kururamiswa vanogona kuchinja vachichengeta kuzvidavirira.

Kuedza Nokukunda

Hurumende yehurumende inogonawo kuita kwakananga kupfurikidza nemirairo yehurumende kupfurikidza neidzo dzinotaura kuti inoshandisa miitiro yakati kana kuti mapurogiramu. inopa mirayiro [ inouya nemari yehurumende kuti ibetsere hurumende kuwirirana, nepo isati yanyorwa ichiita zvinodikanwa [ isingagovera zvitengo zvemari, kazhinji kazhinji kazhinji kazhinji inoparira kusawirirana pakati pehurumende nehurumende dzehurumende. MaAmerica ane Uvanzi, somuenzaniso, anoda hurumende dzomunzvimbomo kuvimbisa kutendeseka kwezvivakwazvo muzvivako zvavose namabasa, kumirira chibvumirano chinokosha chinodikanwa chokutenga mari chainodikanwa necho chomunzvimbomo.

Kusunungurwa kwehurumende kunoitika apo mutemo wehurumende unoregwa zvakajeka kana kuti chose chose uchikurira mutemo wehurumende munharaunda yakati. Edzisira nhambo inoitika apo mutemo wehurumende unotaura zvakajeka kuti unotsiva mutemo wehurumende, nepo kusunungurwa kunorehwa kunoitika apo murairo womubatanidzwa unova wakakwana kwazvo zvokuti unosiya pasina nzvimbo nokuda kwemiraudzo yehurumende, kana kuti apo mutemo wehurumende unorwisana nevavariro dzehurumende. Ukuru hwakafanira nokusunungurwa kwomubatanidzwa zvinoramba zviri nhau inokakavara muAmerica yehurumende, nekurukurirano pamusoro pokuti uhupi hwerudzi kana kuti kuchinjika kunobatira fariro yavose zviri nani.

Nharaunda dzeMitemo Huru dzeMativi Etsika

Kunzwisisa kuti uku kubatana kunoshanda sei munzvimbo dzakananga dzemitemo kunoratidzira revo yehurumende nokuda kwevagari vemo vezuva riri rose.

Dzidzo: Basa Rehurumende Zvikurusa Netsigiro Yehurumende

Gadziriro yedzidzo inoratidzira kushanda kwakaoma pakati pechiremera chehurumende nokubatanidzwa kwehurumende. Bumbiro reMitemo haridudzi dzidzo, kuchiiita simba rakachengetwa rehurumende pasi pePendement yeThose. Somuuyo, nyika dzine mutoro mukuru wokugadza nokuchengeta gadziriro dzezvikoro zvavose, kugadza mipimo yedzidzo, kusarudza zvinodikanwa zvomudzidzisi zvokunyoresa, uye kutsigira mari mutengo wedzidzo weK - 12.

Zvisinei, hurumende yehurumende inoita basa rinokosha kupfurikidza nokutsigira nokutungamirira kwemiitiro. Elementary and Secondary Education Act, yakatanga kupfuudzwa muna 1965 ndokutenderwazve kanoverengeka (misi ichangobva kupfuura iyi zvikuru sezvo Aniverse Students Reseed Act), inogovera mari kuruwa kuvadzidzi vanobatira vadzidzi vanowana mari shoma apo vanenge vachitanga zvinodikanwa zvakati zvokuzvidavirira. Apply With Disect Act inopa dzidzo yavose yapachena yapachena yakasununguka uye yakakodzera kuvadzidzi vane urema uye inogovera mari yehurumende kuti itsigire aya mabasa.

Kubatanidzwa kwedzidzo kunotambanukirawo kudzidzo yakakwirira kupfurikidza naPell Grants, mapurogiramu ezvikwereti zvevadzidzi, uye kunzvera mari nokuda kwamayunivhesiti. Department of Education inounganidza mashoko, nzvero, uye inogovera betsero younyanzvi kukutaura apo inenge ichisimbisa mitemo yekodzero dzavagari vemo inorambidza rusaruro mumasangano edzidzo. Uku kubatana kunobvumira nyika kuchengeta murairo wedzidzo nepo dzichibetserwa nezviwanikwa zvehurumende uye kuvimbisa kuti zvinhu zvakati zvakaenzana zvorudzi, zvakadai semukana wokudzidza, zvinofambira mberi munyika dzose.

Kutarisira Utano: Mutoro Wako Negadziriro Dzakabatanidzwa

Ureshi hunomirira imwe yenharaunda hurusa dzebatira pamwe yehurumende, nemitezo yose iri miviri yehurumende inoita mabasa anokosha mukutsigira mari, kutungamirira, uye kupa mabasa outano. Macedicaid[, gadziriro hurusa yehurumende inobatana, inogovera tsinhirano youtano kuvanhu vanowana vakaderera, vakadzi vane mimba, vana, vakwegura, uye vanhu vane urema. Hurumende yehurumende inogadza zvinodikanwa zvikuru uye inogovera mari inowirirana, nepo masangano anosarudza mipimo chaiyo yemipimo munhungamiro dzomubatanidzwa, uye inosarudza kuti ibasai rapamutemo kufukidza kupfuura mwero mukuru womubatanidzwa.

Affordlable Care Act yakakudza kubatanidzwa kwehurumende muzvoutano nepo ichichengeta mabasa makuru ehurumende. Mitengo inogona kusarudza kukudza mamiriro ezvinhu ehurumende eModicaid eligiture, kushandisa misika yayo vamene youtano kana kuti kushandisa tsinhano yehurumende, uye kudzora gadziriro dzeinishuwarenzi dzinotengeswa mukati memiganhu yayo (muchirecho chehurumende). Iyi nzira inoratidzira kuva mubatanidzwa wehurumende, ichibvumira hurumende kugadzira mapurogiramu kuvagari vemo apo inofambira mberi nharidzano dzenyika dzezvoutano hwakawedzerwa.

Utano hwavanhu vose hunodawo kubatana kwehurumende nehurumende. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention inoshanda namadhipatimendi ezvoutano enyika kuongorora kuvamba kwehosha, kuronga mapurogiramu enhomba, uye kuita chimwe chinhu kumigariro youtano yavose. Hurumende dzinochengeta chiremera chikuru pamipimo youtano hwavanhu, zvakadai semirairo yokuparadzana neganhuriro dzebhizimisi mukati menjodzi dzoutano, nepo hurumende yehurumende inogovera zviteshi, unyanzvi, uye tsinhirano pakati pemibatanidzwa yehurumende.

Kugadzirwa Kwezvifambiso: Kuvaka Nokuchengeta Manese Orudzi

Zvirongwa zvezvokufambisa zvenyika zvinotsamira pakubatana kukuru kwehurumende. Hurumende yehurumende, kupfurikidza neBato reFambato, inogovera mari yakawanda kuvaka migwagwa mikuru nokuigadzirisa kupfurikidza neHighway Trust Fund, iyo inotsigirwa nemitero yepeturo yehurumende. Zvisinei, rongedzero, kuronga, uye kuvaka zvirongwa zvizhinjisa zvemigwagwa mikuru, kuchengeta migwagwa iri mukati memiganhu yayo, uye kutsigira mari yehurumende nezviwanikwa zvehurumende.

Interstate Highway System, rimwe ramabasa makurusa avanhu vose munhau, rinoratidzira batira pamwe yehurumende yenyika. Hurumende yehurumende yakatsigira 90 muzana yendyiko dzokuvaka dzokutanga uye inopfuurira kugovera mari inoshandiswa nokuda kwokugadziridza nokuvandudza, nepo nyika dzichitarisira zvirongwa zvokuvaka, dzichichengeta migwagwa mikuru, uye kudzika mitemo yemotokari. Hurumende dzinogamuchirawo mari yehurumende nokuda kwegadziriro dzezvokufambisa dzavose, nhandare dzendege, uye zvivakiso zvenjanji, kunyange zvazvo dzichichengeta rusununguko rukuru mukuronga nokushandisa gadziriro idzi.

Gadziriro yokufambisa inobatanidzawo batira pamwe. Nepo hurumende yehurumende ichigadza mipimo yekotsekano yemotokari, zvinodikanwa zvebutiro, uye mitemo yezvokutengeserana inoshanda munyika yose, marezenisi okutyaira ehurumende, motokari dzinonyoresa, ganhuriro dzechimbichimbi pamigwagwa isiri yomukati, uye kumanikidzira mitemo yemotokari. Uku kupesana kwamabasa kunoparira gadziriro yezvokufambisa yenyika nepo kuchibvumira nyika kupedza migariro yadzo yechienzi yenzvimbo neyokugara.

Kudzivirira Zvakatipoteredza: Kudzorwa Kwakabatanidzwa Nokumanikidzwa

Kudzivirira mhoteredzo kunoda batira pamwe pakati pehurumende dzehurumende dzehurumende nedzomubatanidzwa nemhaka yokuti kushatiswa nokushatiswa kwemhoteredzo kazhinji kazhinji kunodarika miganhu yehurumende nepo zvichivawo nemiuyo inokosha yomunzvimbomo. Environmental Protection Agency inogadza mipimo yorudzi neyoruvara rwemvura, inodzora kuraswa kwetsvina ine ngozi, uye inosimbisa mitemo yemhoteredzo yehurumende. Zvisinei, hurumende dzinogona kushandisa ndokuita kuti iyi mipimo yehurumende ishande, uye nyika dzakawanda dzinogamuchira miraudzo yakaganhurirwa yemhoteredzo yakaganhurirwa kupfuura zvinodikanwa nehurumende.

The Clean Air Act and Clean Water Act inoratidzira kubatira pamwe kwehurumende mumuitiro wemhoteredzo. Iyi mitemo inogadza mipimo yehurumende ichiva nehurumende inobvumira kutanga gadziriro dzokuita nokushandisa mirau. Mitemo iyo inoratidzira kuti inogona kusvitsa zvinodikanwa zvehurumende inogamuchira ukuru(h) chiremera chokutungamirira mapurogiramu emhoteredzo ehurumende mukati memiganhu yayo. Iyi nzira inobvumira nyika kugadziridza mapurogiramu emhoteredzo kumigariro yawo chaiyo nepo ichiva nechokwadi chedziviriro dzapachivande munyika yose.

Kutarisirwa kwematura okugadzirwa kwezvinhu kunobatanidzawo kubatana kwehurumende. Nepo hurumende yehurumende inotarisira mapaki enyika, masango, uye nyika dzavose, hurumende dzinodzora kuvhima nokuredza, dzinotarisira nzvimbo dzinochengeterwa zvinhu, uye dzinodzora kodzero dzemvura (zvikurukuru munyika dzokumadokero). Kudzora kwesimba kunobatanidza mwero yose iri miviri yehurumende, nemasangano ehurumende anotarisira kupfuudzwa kwemagetsi enyika uye simba renyukireya asi nyika dzichidzora zvombo zvinoiswa mumuviri uye zvichiwedzera kurongwa kwesimba remagetsi nemitemo yemamiriro okunze.

Mutongi Wematsotsi: Kushandisa Zvibvumirano Zvemabhangi uye Kushanda Pamwe Chete

United States inochengeta gadziriro dzakasiana dzemitemo yehurumende neyehurumende, imwe neimwe ine mitemo yayo imene, matare, uye masangano anotarisira mutemo.

Masangano eFoderal akadai seFBI, DEA, uye ATF anoongorora mhaka dzomubatanidzwa, nepo vaAttenorney vanotonga mumatare ehurumende.

Batira pamwe yehurumende mururamisiro yamatsotsi inobatanidza mauto ebasa rimwe anodenha kutengeswa kwemirimo, masimba masimba egen'ai, uye ugandanga; mashoko kugoverana kupfurikidza namanyuko akafanana neNational Crime Information Center; uye mari yehurumende nokuda kwokuchengetwa kwehurumende nomutemo womunzvimbomo kupfurikidza nokupa mapurogiramu. Hurumende yehurumende inopawo rovedzo, mabasa ehurumende, uye betsero yezvounyanzvi kumasangano omunzvimbomo. Uku kukudza mano okuchengeta mutemo nepo kuchireva basa guru rehurumende mukuchengeta chengeteko yavose uye kutungamirira ruramisiro youtsotsi.

Kutarisira Kwekurumidziro Nemhinduro Yengwavaira

Kupindura njodzi dzinongoitika dzoga uye njodzi dzinoda kuti pave nemamiriro ezvinhu akarongeka muhurumende yose.Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) inoronga mhinduro yenjodzi yehurumende uye inogovera rubatsiro rwemari kunyika nevanhu vanowirwa nenjodzi huru.

Apo ngwavaira dzinokurira hurumende namano omunzvimbomo, vatongi vanogona kukumbira zviziviso zvengwavaira yomubatanidzwa, izvo zvinovhura zviwanikwa zvehurumende uye mari. FEMA inoshanda namasangano anotarisira njodzi dzehurumende kutsinhiranisa nhamburiko, kugovera dzimba dzechinguvana, kubviswa kwemasheya, uye tsigiro mukunaya kwenguva refu. National Guard, inoshanda mukudzorwa nehurumende mukati memigariro yenguva dzose asi inogona kudzorwa mukati memigariro inokurumidzira yenyika, inoratidzira kuchinjika kwebatira pamwe yehurumende yehurumende mumhinduro yenjodzi.

Njodzi dzinoda kugadzirirwa dzinobatanidzawo kubatira pamwe kwehurumende. Department of Homeland Security inogovera mari nenhungamiro kubetsera nyika kugadzirira ngwavaira dzomusikirwo, denho dzemagandanga, uye dzimwe njodzi. Nyika dzinotanga gadziriro dzemhinduro yekurumidziro, rovedzo, uye rovedzo nemidziyo netsigiro yehurumende. Iyi yakagadzirwa kudzorwa kweyakakomba inovimbisa kuti nzanga dzine simba rekurumidziro apo dzinokwanisa kuwana mari yehurumende apo dzinodikanwa.

Nhamo Nerwisano Mumatunhu Ehurumende

Pasinei zvapo nenharaunda dzakawanda dzebatira pamwe inobudirira, ukama hwehurumende hunobatanidzawo kusawirirana kunopfuurira nerwisano. Uku kukakavadzana kunoratidzira kusabvumirana kukuru pamusoro pedzikamo yakafanira yesimba mugadziriro yomubatanidzwa uye kazhinji kazhinji kunobatanidza mibvunzo yetsika inokosha ine revo huru dzoupenyu hwavagari vemo.

Gakava Pamusoro Pechiremera Chehurumende Nouchangamire Hwehurumende

Munhau yose yeAmerica, gakava pamusoro poukuru hwesimba rehurumende neuchangamire hwehurumende rakaumba hurukuro yezvamatongerwe enyika nedzidziso yapamutemo.

Idzi nharo dzinowanzonanga paCommerce Claus, inopa Congress simba rokudzora kutengeserana kwenyika. Tsananguro yeDare Repamusorosoro yemashoko aya yakasiyana- siyana munguva, dzimwe nguva kuirava zvakafara kubvumira mirau yehurumende yakawanda uye dzimwe nguva kuidudzira zvakaganhurirwa kuti ichengetedze utongi. Nhau dzemisi ichangobva kupfuura iyi dzakataura kana hurumende yehurumende ichigona kuda vanhu vamwe navamwe kuti vatenge inishuwarenzi youtano, inodzora mibato inotapura zvikuru kutengeserana kwezvibvumirano zvehurumende kuti ishandise mapurogiramu ehurumende.

Mitoro Yemari Yakashorwa

Hurumende dzinonyunyuta kazhinji kazhinji pamusoro pezvinodikanwa zvisina kuziviswa, zvinotaura kuti zvishandisirwa miitiro kana kuti zvirongwa pasina kugovera mari yakakwana kugovera mari inokwana kubhadhara ndyiko. Iyi mirayiro inogona kudzvinyirira bhajeti yehurumende ndokumanikidza nyika kutsausa zviwanikwa kubva mune zvimwe zvinhu zvinokosha. Nepo Mandaidates Reform Act ya1995 ichida kuti Congress arangarire ndyiko dzemitemo mitsva, ine mhesano uye haina kubvisa muitiro wacho.

Mienzaniso yemirairo isina kupokanidzwa inobatanidza zvinodikanwa pasi peAmerican neChenec Act, Cease Air Act, uye mitemo yedzidzo yakasiana - siana.

Kusawirirana Kwemitemo uye Matambudziko Anotongwa neHurumende

Apo rwisano yehurumende nemitemo yehurumende inowanzoitika. Mienzaniso yazvino uno inobatanidza gakava pamusoro pokuchengetwa kwokupinda munyika, mbanje, mirau yemhoteredzo, uye muitiro wokutarisira utano. Dzimwe nyika dzakanyoresa mbanje nokuda kwokushandisa kwezvokurapa kana kuti nhandaro pasinei zvapo nokuiisa somutoo wehurumende sechinhu chinodzorwa zvisiri pamutemo. Mitemo mizhinji yakagadza "kudzorwa kwemitemo inoganhurira batira pamwe nehurumende inodzivisa kunyoreswa kwehurumende kuti ipinde munyika, nepo hurumende yehurumende yakatyisidzira kurega kubhadhara mari kubva kuidzi zviremera.

Ko hurumende inogona kumanikidza hurumende kuti iedze kurwisana nemitemo inorwisana nezvinokosha? Dare rinoita basa rinokosha mukupedza idzi nharo, kududzira gadziriro dzebumbiro remitemo nokusarudza miganhu yechiremera chehurumende.

Kuvapo Kwemagariro Avanhu Nokufamba Kwenguva

Ukama pakati pehurumende dzehurumende nedzehurumende hwakavandudzika zvikuru chifo chokuchinja kweBumbiro reMitemo, kuchichinjika kumigariro yemari, masangano enzanga, uye uzivi hwezvamatongerwe enyika. Kunzwisisa iyi mhindumupindu kunogovera mashoko akapoteredza ekurukurirano dzazvino uno pamusoro pouhurumende uye kunobetsera kufanotaura kuti tsika ingapfuurira sei kutanga.

Kushanda Kwehurumende Dzakasiyana: Masero Akaparadzana Echiremera

Mukati mezana ramakore rechi 19, United States yakashanda mumuenzaniso wehurumende mbiri dzehurumende, pane dzimwe nguva inonzi "layer kekeism". Iyi nzira yakarangarira hurumende dzehurumende nehurumende sedzine nzvimbo dzakasiana, dzakasiana dzechiremera nedzakafanana. Hurumende yehurumende yakanangidzira ngwariro panhau dzokunze, kutengeserana kwenyika, uye mamwe masimba anoverengwa, nepo nyika dzaibata murairo mukurusa. Dare repamusoro rehurumende raidudzira masimba ehurumende nenzira yakaganhurirwa uye kukuva uchangamire hwehurumende padzoro rehurumende.

Iyi nhambo yakava nerwisano dzinokosha pamusoro pouhurumende, zvikurukuru Hondo yavagari vemo, iyo yakapedza nhau yokuti hurumende dzaigona kubvisa muUnion. Pashure peKivil War inogadziridza (13, 14th, uye 15) chiremera chehurumende kukudza chiremera chehurumende kudzivirira maruramiro avanhu oga mukuputswa kwehurumende, kunyange zvazvo idzi pesvedzero dzakazara dzaisazoitwa kutozosvikira muzana ramakore rechi 20.

Kushandira Pamwe: Mitoro Yakagoveranwa

Great Depression and New Deal Era yakaratidzira chinjo kuhurumende inobatira pamwe, pane dzimwe nguva inonzi "mable khementism" nemhaka yokubatanidza mitoro yehurumende nehurumende. Yatarisana nengwavaira yemari, hurumende yakawedzera basa rayo munzvimbo dzaimbodzorwa nehurumende, kubatanidza murairo wezvemari, garikano yenzanga, uye ukama hwebasa. Dare rapamusoro pakupedzisira rakatsigira uku kukura, richidudzira masimba ehurumende zvakafara zvikuru uye richigamuchira kubatanidzwa kukuru kwehurumende munhau dzehurumende.

Kubatana kwehurumende kunosimbisa kubatira pamwe pakati pehurumende dzehurumende dzehurumende nedzehurumende, nemitezo yose iri miviri ichishanda pamwe chete kupedza denho dzomuitiro. Uyu muenzaniso unozivisa kuti zvinetso zvakawanda zvinoda chiito chakatsinhirana uye kuti pfuma yehurumende inogona kubetsera kuti zvigove zvinogovera mabasa nokushandisa gadziriro. Kukura kwehurumende yokupa mapurogiramu mukati menhambo ino kwakaparira sundo dzemari dzokubatira pamwe nezvinokosha zvomubatanidzwa apo zvichichengeta kuchinjika mukuitwa.

Mubatanidzwa Mutsva: Simba Rinodzokera kuUnited States

Kuvambira muma 1970 uye kupfuurira muma 1990, vatungamiriri vezvamatongerwe enyika vakasiana - siana vakasimudzira "New Federalism"(* maFederalforts okudzorera simba nomutoro kuhurumende. Iri sangano raitsvaka kuderedza mirairo yehurumende, kuchinja mukupa mari inobvumira migove yose kuva zvibvumikiso zvemigove, uye kupa hurumende mvumo zvikuru mukushandisa mapurogiramu. Vatsigiri vakatsigira vakataura kuti mashoko ari pedyo zvikuru navanhu, anonzwisisa zviri nani zvinodikanwa zvomunzvimbomo, uye anogona kubatira sa "masangano ehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu nehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu" vachishandisa mitoo yakasiana.

Nhungamiro dzeFederalism itsva dzakabatanidza chinjo yegarikano muma 1990, iyo yakashandura maruramiro ehurumende okupa betsero yemari kuva zvisakiso zvinopa mvumo kunyika nokuchinjika kukuru mugadziriro. Dzimwe nhamburiko dzakanangidzirwa pakuderedza mirau yehurumende, kuganhurira mirairo isina kurongwa, uye kubvisa chiremera panzvimbo dzakasiana - siana dzemitemo kuhurumende. Zvisinei, sangano racho rakanga rine miuyo yakavhengana, sezvo kubatanidzwa kwehurumende kwakapfuurira kukura mune dzimwe nzvimbo kunyange sezvarakaita mune dzimwe nzvimbo.

Chikamu Chomubatanidzwa Wenyika: Mubatanidzwa Wechibvumirano uye Partisan Polargradation

Chibvumirano chanhasi chinoratidzira zvose zviri zviviri batira pamwe yetsika nenzvimbo dzinoparadzana. Hurumende dzehurumende nedzehurumende dzinopfuurira kushanda pamwe chete panhau dzakawanda, dzichiziva kutsamirana kwadzo nebetsero dzebatira pamwe. Zvisinei, kubatana kwezvamatongerwe enyika kwakakudziridza rwisano pakati pehurumende dzehurumende nehurumende, zvikurukuru apo mapoka akasiyana - siyana anodzora mwero mumwe nomumwe. Zvivi zvinodzorwa nebato rimwe zvingadzivisa mitemo yehurumende inosimudzirwa nerimwe boka, zvichitungamirira kudenho dzapamutemo nerwisano dzezvamatongerwe enyika.

Chibvumirano chehurumende chapanguva ino chinoratidzirawo muitiro wehurumende wakawedzerwa. Nyika dzazova vachinji vanokosha munharaunda dzakadai sechinjo yemamiriro okunze, chinjo youtano, mitemo inotanhamarisa, uye dziviriro dzamaruramiro avagari vemo. Apo chiito chehurumende chinodzorwa nemhaka yemifungo yezvamatongerwe enyika, hurumende kazhinji kazhinji dzinozadza kushaiwa, kuvamba kwemiitiro inosiana iyo inosiana zvikuru munyika. Uku kunzvera kwehurumende kunogona kuzivisa murairo ndokubvumira mitoo yakasiana yokubatana kuti ive pamwe chete, asi kunogonawo kuparira nyongano nekusaenzana.

Basa Rematare Mukufusha Federal-State Relations

Bazu rokutonga, zvikurukuru Dare Rapamusorosoro, rinoita basa rinokosha mukududzira Bumbiro reMitemo nokurondedzera miganhu iri pakati pechiremera chehurumende nehurumende. zvisarudzo zvedare zvinoumba hurumende kupfurikidza nokusarudza mwero wehurumende ine chiremera pamusoro penhau dzakati uye kuti rwisano pakati pomutemo womubatanidzwa nowehurumende dzinofanira kupedzwa sei.

Kuratidzira Mhaka Dzapamusorosoro Dzedare

Mitongo mizhinji yeDare Rapamusorosoro yakaumbwa zvikuru nehurumende yeAmerica. MCULLOch v. Maryland (1819) yakatanga kuti hurumende ine masimba anoreva kupfuura ayo akadudzwa zvakajeka muBumbiro reMitemo uye ayo madzo enyika haagoni kudzongonyedza mibato yehurumende yapamutemo. Gibbons v. Ogden[ [1824]) yakadudzira zvakafara zvikuru shoodza Claus Claus, kupa chibvumirano chikuru kudzora kutengeserana.

Mukati meNhambo yeNew Deal, zvinoitika zvakafanana ne NLB v. Jones & Laughlin Steel Corp. (1937] uye Wickard v. Filburn [ [1942] rimwezve simba renyika rakawedzerwa pasi peChambetic Clause, rinobvumira kuti Dare ridzore mibato inotapura zvikuru kutengeserana kwenyika kunyange kana zvikaitika chose chose mukati menyika imwe. Izvi zvisarudzo zvakagonesa muganhu wemubatanidzwa webasa, kugadzirwa kwemirimo, kugadzirwa kwemimwe mibato mizhinji yezve yezve upfumi.

Zviitiko zvemisi ichangobva kupfuura iyi pane dzimwe nguva zvakaganhurira chiremera chehurumende. United States v. Lopez (1995) yakaparadza mutemo wehurumende unorambidza pfuti pedyo nezvikoro, ichiwana kuti yaipfuura simba reChumbidzo reChongedzero. Printz v. United States (1997) yairangarira kuti hurumende haigoni kuraira vakuru vakuru vehurumende kuti vashandise mapurogiramu ehurumende. National Federation of Independent Busis v. Selius (20) yakatsigira Afford Carence Active Active ActS command sechiglogiences resimba remutero asi dare rinoganhuridzo riripo pakugoverwa kwemite yesangano.

Tsananguro Yorutongeso Nefilosofi Yezvamatongerwe Enyika

Mirangariro yeDare Gurusa inowanzoratidzira uzivi huzhinji hwedare. Avo vanotsigira kuganhurirwa kwokutonga nokuvamba vanokomba kududzira masimba ehurumende nenzira yakaganhurirwa ndokudzivirira uchangamire hwehurumende, vachisimbisa kuti Bumbiro reMitemo rakavamba hurumende yehurumende yamasimba akaganhurirwa, akatemwa. Vatongi vanogamuchira kusvika kweBumbiro reMitemo mhenyu vane bviro hurusa zvikuru yokududzira masimba ehurumende, vachirangarira Bumbiro reMitemo serinochinjika kumigariro inochinja nezvinodikanwa zvorudzi.

Nzira idzi dzokududzira dzakasiyana - siyana dzinotungamirira kumhedziso dzakasiyana - siyana pamusoro pehurumende pamusoro penhau dzakadai sezvoutano, kudzivirira mhoteredzo, kodzero dzevanhu, uye ruramisiro youtsotsi. Sezvo kuumbwa kweDare kuchichinja, dare raro rehurumende ringachinjawo, zvichitapura kudzikamiswa kwesimba pakati pehurumende dzehurumende nehurumende uye mitemo yadzinogona kutevera.

Mienzaniso Inoshanda Yebatira Pamwe Yedunhu Rinofambirana Nedu

Kunzwisisa unani mukushandisa kunoda kunzvera mienzaniso chaiyo yokuti hurumende dzehurumende nedzehurumende dzinoshanda pamwe chete sei kupedza zvinetso chaizvoizvo zvenyika. Iyi mienzaniso inoratidzira zvose zviri zviviri betsero nemhinganidzo zvegadziriro yomubatanidzwa.

Kushandisa Mari Yezvikoro Zvevanhu Vose

Mari yedzidzo yavose inoratidzira batira pamwe yehurumende yamazera akawanda. Hurumende dzinogovera mugove mukurusa wemari yedzidzo yeK-12, inowanzova 45-50 muzana munyika, kunyange zvazvo ichi ichisiana zvikuru nehurumende. Hurumende dzomunzvimbomo, zvikurukuru kupfurikidza nemitero yezvinhu, dzinopa inenge 45 muzana yemari yedzidzo. Hurumende yehurumende inogovera inenge 8 muzana yemari yedzidzo yose, asi uyu mupiro womubatanidzwa unoita basa rinokosha mukusimudzira wirirano nokutsigira vagari vemo chaivo.

Mari yedzidzo yeForence I inonyanya kutsigira vadzidzi vanoshaiwa kupfurikidza neTitle I anopa, vadzidzi vakaremara kupfurikidza nokutsigira mari yeIDEA, uye vadzidzi vekoreji vanowana mari shoma kupfurikidza naPell Grants nezvikwereti zvavadzidzi. Iyi purogiramu yehurumende inobetsera kuva nechokwadi chokuti vadzidzi vari munzanga dzine urombo uye nyika dzine mitero yakaganhurirwa vanogamuchira mikana yedzidzo. Zvisinei, mari yehurumende inouya nezvinodikanwa, zvakadai sezvirango zvokuzvidavirira, kuongorora maruramiro ehurumende, izvo vamwe vanotaura kuti vaone sevanhu vanokunda apo vamwe vanoona sedziviriro dziri madikanwa.

Uku kubatira pamwe kunobvumira nyika kuchengeta udzori pazvinodzidziswa, zvikwaniriso zvomudzidzisi, uye mabasa echikoro nepo dzichibetserwa nezviwanikwa zvehurumende nounyanzvi.

Kuita Kungwavaira Dzomusikirwo

Mhinduro yengwavaira yomusikirwo inoratidza kubatira pamwe kwehurumende nehurumende mudzvinyiriro. Apo madutu, mwoto inopisa, mafashamo, kana kuti dzimwe ngwavaira zvinorova, vapinduri vomunzvimbomo vokutanga(mapulce, vadzimi vomwoto, uye vashandi vezvokurapa) zvinogovera betsero yokukurumidza. Masangano anotarisira njodzi dzomunzvimbomo anoronga nhamburiko dzokutanga, kubviswa, uye nzvimbo dzokuvanda dzekurumidziro. Hurumende dzinounganidza zvinhu zvokuwedzera, dzinotumira National Guard, uye dzinotsinhirana munzvimbo dzose dzakatapukirwa.

Apo ngwavaira dzinopfuura mano ehurumende, magavhuna anokumbira zviziviso zvengwavaira yomubatanidzwa. Pakangotenderwa, FEMA inoronga betsero yehurumende, kubatanidza zvikwata zvokutsvaka nokununura, dzimba dzechinguvana, yamuro yebetsero, betsero yavose nokuda kwokugadziridzwa kwegadziriro dzenzvimbo, uye mari yengozi. Masangano eFederal akadai seArmy Corps of Engineers, Department of Health and Human Services, uye Small Business Administration anogovera tsigiro chaiyo.

Iyi gadziriro yokupindura yakavharwa inovimbisa kuti betsero inosvika nokukurumidza mumanyuko omunzvimbomo apo inogonesa kusvika kuzviwanikwa zvehurumende apo kunenge kuchidikanwa. Zvisinei, mhinduro yengwavaira inozivisawo kusawirirana muukama hwomubatanidzwa nehurumende, sezvo gakava rinomuka pamusoro pokuvadziko yebetsero yehurumende, kumhanya kwemhinduro yehurumende, uye dzikamo pakati petsinhirano yehurumende noudzori mukudzora nhamburiko dzokunaya.

Kupinza Mitemo Yemhoteredzo

Gadziriro yemhoteredzo inoratidzira kushanda kwehurumende mushandisi. EPA inosimbisa National Ambient Air Sight Divisions yezvinosvibisa zvakadai seozone, zvinhu zvinokamuranisa, uye carbon monoxide. Nyika dzinobva dzaita Gadziriro dzeHurumende dzinorondedzera kuti dzichaita sei izvi, dzichirangarira kutenderera kwadzo, maindasitiri, uye manyuko okushatisa. EPA inoongorora ndokutendera zvirongwa izvi, uye hurumende dzinoshandisa ndokuita kuti mitemo yacho iteverwe.

Nyika dzine mapurogiramu akatenderwa dzinogamuchira ukuru hwezvirongwa zvemhoteredzo zvehurumende mumiganhu yadzo. Masangano ehurumende emhoteredzo anobvumidza, anonzvera, uye anomanikidza kuputswa, neEPA. Nyika dzinogona kutevera mipimo yakadzikama zvikuru kupfuura mitemo yehurumende, uye zhinji dzinodaro, zvikurukuru pamusoro pomugariro wemhepo, kushatisa mvura, uye tsvina ine ngozi. California, somuenzaniso, yakagamuchira zvirango zvemotokari kuti itange mipimo inodzorwa kusimba kupfuura zvinodikanwa zvehurumende, uye dzimwe nyika dzinogona kusarudza kutevera mipimo yeCalifornia.

Zvisinei, zvinogona kuita kuti zviome kugadzira mabhizimisi anoshanda munyika dzakawanda uye zvinotungamirira kurwisano apo hurumende nezvinokosha zvinoderera, zvikurukuru pamusoro penhau dzakadai sokuchinja kwemamiriro okunze, apo dzimwe nyika dzakashandisa mitemo inodenha nepo chiito chehurumende chave chichichinja.

Kugovera Gadziriro Dzoutano

Gadziriro dzezvoutano dzinoratidzira zvose zviri zviviri betsero nedenho dzebatira pamwe yehurumende. Medicaid, yakagadzwa muna 1965, yakura kuti ifukidze vaAmerica mamirioni 70, ichiiita gadziriro hurusa yeinishuwarenzi youtano munyika. Hurumende inogadza zvinodikanwa zvikuru nokupfuudza, asi hurumende dzine chinjika kwakati mumarongedzero epurogiramu. Masangano anosarudza mwero yemari chaiyo yemari (mumitengo yehurumende), kusarudza kuti ibasai rinodikanwa kufukidza, kuisa mari inobhadharwa, uye kushandisa purogiramu.

Hurumende inowirirana nehurumende inotaurirana kuti Medicaid inoshandisa nzira yakavakirwa pamari inotambirwa nehurumende, nyika dzine urombo zvikuru dzichigamuchira mwero yewirirano yehurumende yakakwirira (ichivambira pa 50 muzana kusvikira kuinopfuura 75 muzana). Iyi batira pamwe inobvumira purogiramu kuchinjira kumigariro yehurumende nepo ichiva nechokwadi chokuti vanhu vanowana mari shoma munyika yose vanogona kuwana tarisiro youtano. Zvisinei, inoparirawo kusiyana kukuru mukufukidza nyika dzose, nedzimwe nyika dzichipa betsero huru nokufukidza vanhu vakawanda apo vamwe vanogovera mapurogiramu akaganhurirwa zvikuru.

Act yeAfford Yakasimba yeMedicaid inoratidzira kupesana kwehurumende kwapanguva ino. Mutemo waida pakuvamba kuti nyika dziwedzere kuganhurirwa kweMedicaid kuvakuru vose vane mari inosvika 138 muzana yemwero wourombo womubatanidzwa, nehurumende ichibhadhara 90 muzana yendyiko dzavanhu vachangobva kukwaniriswa. Zvisinei, Dare Rapamusoro rakatonga kuti Dare reMitestamendid raisagona kumanikidza nyika kukudza Medicaid kupfurikidza nokutyisidzira kunyima mari iripo yeMedicaid. Somuuyo, Medicaid azova wedzero yakasiana, uye masangano akaita zvisarudzo zvakasiana-mari, achiparira kubviswa kwakasiana kwakasiana mumipimo mumigariro yakavakirwa pakuwana utano panzvimbo apo vanhu vanorarama.

Tapuro Yechibvumirano Paupenyu Hwevagari Vezuva Nezuva

Gadziriro yehurumende inotapura upenyu hwezuva nezuva hweAmerica munzira dzisingaverengeki, kazhinji kazhinji vagari vemo vasingazivi batira pamwe yakaoma yehurumende iri seri kwemabasa avanowana nemitemo yavanotevera. Kunzwisisa idzi tapuro kunobetsera vagari vemo kunzwisisa revo inoshanda yehurumende uye kubatira pamwe nenzira inobudirira zvikuru nehurumende yavo.

Kupesana Mukodzero Dzevanhu uye Mumasangano Anobatsira Mhiri KweUnited States

Ganhuriro dzinoparira mhatsa huru mukodzero, mabasa, uye dziviriro zvinowanika kuvaAmerica zvichitsamira pakwavanogara. Mitemo yehurumende inodzora mativi akawanda oupenyu hwezuva nezuva, kubatanidza roorano nechatanuro, kodzero dzokuchengeta vana, kodzero dzezvinhu, dziviriro dzavatengi, mirau yebasa, uye zvirango zvoutsotsi. Ikoku kunoreva kuti zviito zvapamutemo mune imwe nyika zvingarambidzwa mune imwe nyika, uye mabasa anowanika mune imwe nyika angasawanika kune imwe nzvimbo.

Somuenzaniso, mitemo yomubhadharo mishoma inosiana nehurumende, nedzimwe nyika dzichiisa mwero yakakwirira zvikuru kupfuura mwero womubatanidzwa apo dzimwe dzinokundikana kumupimo womubatanidzwa. Zvinodikanwa zvounyanzvi zvinosiana munyika dzose, zvinotapura mano avashandi okutama. Mipimo yedzidzo nemari yechikoro zvinosiana zvikuru, zvichiparira kusawirirana mudzidzo uye mukana. Kuwana utano kunotsamira panzvimbo kana masangano akawedzera Médicaid uye nzira yaanodzora nayo misika yeinishuwarenzi.

Iyi mhatsa inoratidzira nheyo huru yehurumende inotaura kuti ingagona kuwirirana nezvinodikanwa zvavo zvavagari vemo. Zvisinei, inosimudzirawo itiro hanya dzakaenzana, sezvo mikana yomunhu oga nedziviriro zvinotsamira zvikuru paruwa rwavo rwokugara. Basa reFederal rinogona kuderedza iyi misiyano kupfurikidza nokugadza mipimo yenyika, asi kuita saizvozvo ganhuriro yomugariro wouzvimiriri nenzvero yemiitiro.

Mapfundo Akawanda Okuwana Nokuzvidavirira

Federalism inogovera vagari vemo mapfundo akawanda okuwana hurumende nenzvimbo dzakawanda nokuda kwokutora rutivi mune zvamatongerwe enyika. vaAmerica vanogona kupinda nevomunzvimbomo, hurumende, uye vakuru vakuru vehurumende, vhoti pamwero yose, uye kutsvaka chinjo dzemitemo kupfurikidza nemikoto yakasiana - siana yehurumende. Kana mwero mumwe wehurumende usingagamuchiri, vagari vemo pane dzimwe nguva vanogona kuita nharidzano dzavo kupfurikidza nomumwe mwero.

Iyi gadziriro yamativi mazhinji inoparirawo mapfundo akawanda okuzvidavirira. Vagari vanogona kuva navakuru vakuru vanosarudzwa pamwero mumwe nomumwe vane mutoro nokuda kwebasa ravo, uye hurumende pamwero yakasiana dzinogona kunzvera mumwe nomumwe simba romutezo. Magweta ehurumende anogona kudenha mitemo yehurumende mudare, nepo masangano ehurumende anogona kunzvera kuputswa kwehurumende yomutemo wehurumende. Uku kudzorwa kwesimba kunobetsera kudzivisa udzvinyiriri uye kudzivirira rusununguko rwomunhu oga.

Zvisinei, mitauro yakawanda yehurumende inogonawo kuparira nyongano pamusoro pokuti ihurumende ipi ine mutoro nokuda kwenhau dzakati uye kukuita kuti kuve kwakaoma kuti vagari vemo vazvidavirire mhaka.Panomuka zvinetso, vakuru vakuru pamwero yakasiana - siana vangapomerana mhaka panzvimbo pokuva nomutoro.

Kuvandudza uye Kuedza Kunoita Miitiro

Ganhuriro dzinogonesa kutaura kuti dzinobatira se "mibato yehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu," kuedza mitoo yakasiana- siyana nokudzidza muzvinoitika zvomumwe nomumwe. Hurukuro dzehurumende dzinobudirira dzinogona kupararira kune dzimwe nyika ndokuzivisa muitiro wehurumende, nepo kuedza kwakakundikana kunoramba kuri kwakaganhurirwa. Uku kuedza kwakabudisa miitiro mitsva inokosha munharaunda dzakadai sedziviriro yemhoteredzo, chinjo youtano, muitiro wedzidzo, uye ruramisiro youtsotsi.

Somuenzaniso, roorano yevatano yakanyoreswa pamutemo pamberi peDare Rapamusorosoro yakaziva maruramiro ebumbiro remitemo kukuenzana muruwa rwose. Nyika dzakatanga mitoo yakasiana - siana yokuchinja tarisiro dzezvoutano pamberi peAffordhable Care Act. Mitemo yemhoteredzo yakadai semipimo yesimba rinomutsidzirwa negadziriro dzokutengesa zvinobudiswa kazhinji kazhinji yakavamba pamwero wenyika. Kuedza kweTenderero-phambili munyika kwakapesvedzera mutemo wekuvandudza garikano yehurumende muma1990.

Uku kukwanisa kwenzvero kunobvumira miitiro kuedzwa pamwero muduku zvikuru nyika isati yagamuchirwa uye kunogonesa mitoo yakasiana - siana yokugara pamwe chete, kugadzikisa kusiyana kwezvisarudzo zvenharaunda nemigariro. Zvisinei, kunogonawo kuparira basa rakasiyana rinoparira kuchinjika kwemiitiro inoomesa kuwirirana kwamabhizimisi navanhu vamwe navamwe, uye kungasiya vagari vedzimwe nyika vasina dziviriro kana kuti mabasa anowanika kune imwe nzvimbo.

Matambudziko Nenhungamiro Dzomunguva Yemberi ZvechiAmerica

Sezvo United States inotarisana nedenho itsva muzana ramakore rechi 21, tsika yomubatanidzwa inofanira kuchinjira kupedza nhau dziri kubuda ichiri kuchengeta dzikamo pakati pechinzwano chorudzi nemhatsa yehurumende. Miitiro nedenho dzinoverengeka dzichaumba nguva yemberi yeukama hwehurumende.

Kuchinja Kwezvamatongerwe Enyika Nechikamu Chinorwira Nyika

Kuwedzera kwetsinhirano yezvamatongerwe enyika kwakashandura gakava rehurumende, nenzvimbo pachiremera chehurumende nehurumende kazhinji kazhinji kuchitsamira pakuti ipati ridzore mweroi wehurumende imwe neimwe. Apo boka ravo rinodzora hurumende yehurumende, varwi vanokombamira kutsigira chiito chehurumende, asi vanosimbisa uchangamire hwehurumende apo boka rinoshora rinenge rine simba rehurumende. Iyi "paratisanistism" inosekesa kurukurirano yenheyo yemitemo pamusoro pekugoverwa kwakafanira kwechiremera chehurumende uye inogona kutungamirira kunzvimbo dzinopesana panhau dzehurumende.

Kuchinja kunowedzerawo rwisano pakati pehurumende dzehurumende nehurumende dzinodzorwa namasangano akasiyana - siyana.

Kugadzirisa Zvinetso Zvenyika Kunobatanidzwazve

Zvinetso zvakawanda zviripo panguva ino — kusanganisira kuchinja kwemamiriro okunze, kutyisidzira kupararira kwemamiriro okunze paIndaneti, kupararira kwezvirwere, uye kusaenzana kweupfumi — zvinhu izvi zvinopindirana panzvimbo dzose dzehurumende.

Kuwana dzikamo yakarurama pakati petsinhirano yehurumende nehurumende kuchava kunokosha nokuda kwokupedza zvinonetsa izvi nenzira inobudirira.

Dzvinyiriro Dzemari Nemari Yehurumende

Hurumende dzose dziri mbiri dzehurumende nehurumende dzinotarisana nedzvinyiriro dzemari dzinooneka kubva kundyiko dzinokwira dzezvoutano, masangano ezvokukwegura, misengwa yomudyandigere, uye zvimwe zvinodikanwa. Kuperevedza kwemari nechikwereti zvingamanikidzira yamuro yehurumende kuhurumende, nepo dzvinyiriro dzemari dzehurumende dzingaganhurira mano ehurumende okutsigira mapurogiramu ndokuwirirana nemari yehurumende. Idzi denho dzemari dzinogona kudzosa ukama hwehurumende nehurumende, dzichigombedzera zvisarudzo zvakaoma pamusoro pezvirongwa zvokuchengeta uye mweroi wehurumende inofanira kuva nomutoro wemibato yakasiana - siana.

Denda reCOVID-19 rakasimbisa ukoshi hwebetsero yemari yehurumende yehurumende uye kuderera kwehurumende dzehurumende mukati mekuderera kwemari. Njodzi dzomunguva yemberi dzingada tsigiro yakafanana yehurumende, dzichimutsa mibvunzo pamusoro pokutsigirwa kwegadziriro dzazvino dzehurumende uye kudikanwa kwechinjo kuti dzive nechokwadi chezviwanikwa zvakakwana pamwero yose yehurumende.

Ruzivo Rwokugadzira Zvinhu uye Kuchinja Kwekutonga

Chinjo yoruzivo rwokugadzira zvinhu inoparira denho itsva nokuda kwemitemo yehurumende. Nhau dzakadai serisiri rekuvimbwa kworuzivo rwenhau, murairo wokuisa mupimo wenyepedzero, kudzora kwouchenjeri kwokuisira, uye manyuko anosimudzira nhevedzano yenhau dzinobudisa mibvunzo pamusoro pomwero pamusoro peidzo hurumende inofanira kudzora idzi nzvimbo dziri kubuda. Makambani oruzivo rwokugadzirwa kwezvinhu kazhinji kazhinji anosarudza miraudzo yakafanana yemitemo yenyika, nepo nyika dzingada kudzivirira vagari vadzo kupfurikidza nezvinodikanwa zvehurumende.

Ruzivo rwokugadzirwa kwezvinhu runoitawo kuti zvigone kuita kuti pave nokushandira pamwe kwehurumende uye kugoverana mashoko, zvichiita kuti kushanda pamwe kwehurumende kubudirire zvikuru.

Kuchinja Kweupenyu Nemarudzi

Demographics, kubatanidza kukura kwechiverengero chavagari vemo mune dzimwe nzvimbo uye kuderera mune dzimwe nzvimbo, mhatsa dzinowedzera, uye kuparadzirwa kwezera, zvichatapura ukama hwehurumende nehurumende. Nyika dzinowana kukura nokukurumidza dzingada zvivako zvokuwedzera namabasa, nepo nyika dzinoderera dzingatamburira kuchengeta mabasa nezvivako zvinoderera. Mitemo yokubvisa mitero inoparira denho dzakasiana - siana nemikana, zvingatungamirira kukwevera miraudzo yehurumende inochinja uye rwisano nechiremera chehurumende chokubuda munyika.

Iyi chinjo yechiverengero chavagari vemo ingawedzera mhatsa yenharaunda nemhatsa yetsika munyika dzose, kuedza mano ehurumende okugovera mitoo yakasiana - siana apo inenge ichichengeta batira pamwe yenyika. Ingatapurawo kumirira kwezvamatongerwe enyika nedzikamo yesimba pakati pehurumende muCongress neElectoral College, pangagona kutsiva gakava pamusoro pounani uye muitiro worudzi.

Kusimbisa Batira Pamwe Yorudzi Rwenyika

Pasinei zvapo nezvinetso, pane mikana yokusimbisa kushandira pamwe kwehurumende yeAmerica nokuvandudza kushanda kwehurumende. Kuedza kunoverengeka kungagona kuvandudza ukama hwehurumende uye kubatsira zvose zviri zviviri mwero yehurumende inoshumira vagari vemo zviri nani.

Kuvandudza Kukurukurirana Nokubatana

Kurukurirano yakawedzerwa pakati pehurumende nehurumende inogona kuderedza rwisano nokuvandudza muitiro. Kubvunzana kwenguva dzose pakati pamasangano ehurumende nehurumende dzehurumende mukati mekubudirira kwemitemo kunogona kubetsera kuva nechokwadi chokuti gadziriro dzehurumende dzinoshanda uye kuti itiro hanya dzehurumende dzinokurukurwa. SaNational Garverers Association, National Conference of State Legislatures, uye masangano akasiyana - siyana evakuru vakuru vakuru venyika anoyamura kurukurirano nokubatana, achibatira samabhiriji anokosha pakati pehurumende nehurumende.

Ruzivo rwokugadzira zvinhu runogona kutsigira kufambirana kunenge kwaita zvinhu nokushandisa makombiyuta, masangano emashoko, uye zvirongwa zvekukurukurirana zvinobatsira kuti zvinyatsoshanda panguva yenjodzi uye papurogiramu. Kuongorora zvinhu izvi uye kusimudzira tsika dzokushandira pamwe pane kurwisana kunogona kuwedzera kubudirira kwehurumende dzose.

Kuremekedza Mabasa Akakodzera Nebasa Rakakodzera

Hurumende inoshanda inoda kuziva kuti mwero yakasiana - siana yehurumende ine mabasa akasiana - siana nakakodzera. Hurumende yehurumende iri nani kukurukura nhau dzinoda kufanana kworudzi, kutsinhirana kwenyika, kana kuti kugoverwa kwezviwanikwa kubva kupfuma kuenda kunharaunda dzine urombo.

Vagadziri vemitemo vanofanira kurangarira idzi betsero dzakaenzana pakusarudza mwero wehurumende unofanira kutungamirira panhau dzakati. Ikoku kunoda kudzivisa muedzo wokuita kuti chinetso chiri chose chive chigadziro kana kuti kuomerera pakudzora kwehurumende pasinei zvapo norudzi rwenhau yacho. Kunorevawo kugovera zviwanikwa zvakakwana nechiremera kunzvimbo ipi neipi yehurumende inofanira kuva nemhaka yokupindura denho.

Kusimudzira Kuona Zvakanaka Nokuzvidavirira

Mitsetse yakajeka yomutoro nemiitiro yokuita zvisarudzo zvinojeka zvinobetsera vagari vemo kunzwisisa kuti ihurumende ipi ine mutoro wemiitiro yakati uye inoita kuti vakuru vakuru vazvidavirire. Apo hurumende dzehurumende nedzehurumende dzinogoverana mutoro, dzinofanira kukurukura zvakajeka mabasa adzo akasiyana - siyana ndokudzivisa kupomera mhaka kuchinja kumimwe mwero yehurumende apo zvinetso zvinomuka.

Kuyera kushanda uye kuongorora zvinogona kubatsira kuona kana mapurogiramu ehurumende ari kuita zvinangwa zvawo uye kuziva nzvimbo dzokuvandudza. Hurumende dzose dziri mbiri dzehurumende nedzehurumende dzinofanira kuisa mari mukuunganidzwa kwemashoko uye kuongorora kuti dzitsigire kugadzirwa kweuchapupu uye kuti dzigone kuyera kushanda kwehurumende.

Zviwanikwa Zvokudzidza Zvakawanda Pamusoro PeFederal State Relations

Vagari vanofarira kunzwisisa zvikuru pamusoro penzira iyo hurumende dzehurumende nedzehurumende dzinoshanda pamwe chete dzinogona kuwana zviwanikwa zvakawanda. USA.gov inopa mashoko pamusoro pemapurogiramu ehurumende yehurumende nemabasa, nepo mawebsite ehurumende imwe neimwe anopa mashoko pamusoro pemiitiro yehurumende nemabasa. Conference yeNational of State Legislatures inogovera kunzvera nokunzvera pamusoro penhau dzehurumende uye ukama hwehurumende.

Masangano ezvokutengeserana uye masangano anofunga anoita nzvero pamusoro pehurumende neukama hwehurumende. Urban Institute, Brookings Institution, uye nzvimbo dzakasiana-- siyana dzamayunivhesiti dzinofunda ukama hwehurumende nehurumende uye kubudisa mishumo inowanika panhau dzazvino. Masangano enhau anofukidza nharo dzehurumende nerwisano, achibetsera vagari vemo kugara vachiziva pamusoro pezvinoita izvi muupenyu hwavo.

Kubatanidzwa nevakuru vakuru vomunzvimbomo, vehurumende, uye vehurumende vakasarudzwa kunogovera mikana yokudzidza pamusoro pezvirongwa zvehurumende uye zvisarudzo zvemiitiro.

Kupedzisa: Kukosha Kusingaperi Kwekushandira Pamwe Kwenyika

Kubatana uku, kwakatangwa neBumbiro Remitemo uye kwanatsiridzwa mumazana maviri emakore, kunoita kuti United States ikwanise kugadzirisa zvinetso zvomunyika uye zvinodiwa nehurumende asi ichidzivirira rusununguko rwomunhu oga uye ichitsigira kubatanidzwa mune zvehurumende.

Batira pamwe yeFederal neruwa inotapura anodokuva rutivi rwuri rwose rwoupenyu hweAmerica, kubva kuzvikoro vana vanopinda kusvikira kumhuri dzinopfuurira kufamba, kubva kuzvoutano hunogamuchira kumhepo yavanofema. Kunzwisisa kuti iyi batira pamwe inoshanda sei (uye pane dzimwe nguva haishandi (inokosha nokuda kwougari hwemo hunozivikanwa uye kutora rutivi runobudirira mukudzora kwoutongi hwehurumende yehurumende.

Kuwana kuenzana kwakarurama pakati pekubatana kwenyika nehurumende, pakati pokubatana kwehurumende nokuchinja, uye pakati petsika dzakafanana nokuchinjana kwomunzvimbomo kuchada kurukurirano inopfuurira, kubvumirana, uye kuzvipira kunheyo dzehurumende dzakabatira rudzi zvakanaka kwamazana amakore anopfuura maviri.

Rubudiriro rwehurumende yeAmerica pakupedzisira runotsamira pavagari vemo vanonzwisisa tsika, vanotora rutivi mukudzora pamwero yose, uye vanoita kuti vakuru vakuru vavo vakasarudzwa vazvidavirire nokuda kwokushanda pamwe chete kupedza denho dzenyika. Kupfurikidza nokunzwisisa kuoma kweukama hwehurumende yehurumende uye kubatanidzwa nenzira inovaka nehurumende yose, vaAmerica vanogona kubetsera kuva nechokwadi chokuti unani hwehurumende hunopfuurira kubatira senheyo yehurumende inobudirira, inogamuchira, uye yehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu.