Kusumwa Kudzidziso Yokusawirirana

Incoroporation Doctrine ibwe renheyo remitemo yeAmerica, ichirondedzera ukama pakati paBill of Rights nehurumende dzehurumende. Apo Bill of Rights yakatenderwa muna 1791, yakashanda chose chose kuhurumende yehurumende, ichisiya hurumende dzakasununguka kugadza mitemo yadzo dzimene pakutaura, utsotsi, uye dzimwe kodzero dzinokosha. Iyi gadziriro yakachinja zvinoshamisa pashure pokugamuchira Givil Warn Demendment muna 1868. Muzana ramakore rakatevera, Dare Rapamusoro rakadudzira kugadziriswa kweBasa Renyika kuti “idzoresei maSangano reClaus Claus ku “idzorosaro".

rondedzero mbiri dzinokwikwidzana dzakaumba mhindumupindu yedzidziso. Kubatanidza kunosimbisa kuti Indaneti inopinza Bill yeRevolution yose. Kusarudza kubatana kwe [, kusvika kuDare kwakagamuchirwa zvomenemene, kunobatanidza kodzero nekadi, muchinoitika, kuedza mumwe nomumwe kurwisana nepfungwa yokuti “rudyi ipfungwa yechisarudzo cheAmerica." Muuyo ibasa, pane dzimwe nguva, muviri wakasiana uyo unopfuurira kukura. Kunzwisisa kuti Indition Doctriness inoshanda sei, uye kuti inoita sei nemitemo yeUnited States inowirirana nekodzero dzose.

Mavambo Edzidziso Yokusawirirana

Gadziriro Yakafanira yeNhevedzo ye14 Claus

Chikamu 1 cheKinneth Amendment chinogovera kuti “[N] State ichaita kana kuti kusimbisa mutemo upi noupi uchavhara ropafadzo kana kuti kudzivirira vagari vemo veUnited States; uyewo Hurumende ipi neipi haisati ichizonyima munhu upi noupi upenyu, rusununguko, kana kuti zvinhu, pasina muitiro wakafanira womutemo; kana kuramba kumunhu upi noupi mukati moubati wayo dziviriro yakaenzana yemitemo. [[FLT:] [FL: 0] Priviges kana kuti Immutunites Clausce [[FLT:] [12]] pakuvamba yakaitwa nekodzero huru dzekodzero dzokudzivirira maruramiro avaranda navagari vemo vose pakudzorwa. Asi mu [FLT] Case Case [5] [5]

Kuchinja Kunoenderana Nezvaifanira Kuitwa

Pashure pe Sutuamer chisarudzo, mapita akatendeukira ku [[FLT:] Factory Proces Claus seimwe nzira. Dare rakavamba kukarakadza kubatanidzwa mukupera kwezana ramakore rechi 19, asi rakatozosvikira [[FLT:] Gitlow v. New York [1925] kuti dzidziso yazvino uno yakava nechimiro. [[FLT:] Ghit] mu [[FLT:] , Dare rakafunga kuti [[FLT], pasina kusarudza zvizere dziviriro yemazasime okutaura kwapachena kupfurikidza namaSangano. Chibvumirano chapavhuro chapamutemo chaMakurusa]

Mhaka Hurusa dzeDare

Kodzero Dzokutanga Dzokugadzirisa Zvinhu

  • Gitlow v. New York (1925): Benjamin Gitlow akawanwa ane mhaka mumutemo woutsotsi weNew York wenyongano yetsotsi nokuda kwokuparadzira mapepa esosamari. Dare raidavira kuti vimbiso yeFirst Amendment yokutaura norusununguko inoshanda kuhurumende kupfurikidza neGuer Procession Claus, kunyange zvazvo yakasimbisa kupwiswa kwake nemhaka yokuti kutaura kwakamutsa “ngozi iripo.” Mhaka yakaratidzira mavambo okubatanidza First Amend Refement.
  • Cantwell v. Connecticut (1940): Free Execreence Claus kuhurumende, ichidzivirira kukumbira kworudzidziso.
  • Everson v. Board of Education (1947): Yakabatanidza Kugadzwa kwaClaus, kuisa kuparadzana kwechechi nehurumende kumaruwa echikoro omunzvimbomo.

Kodzero Dzoutsotsi

  • Mapp v. Ohio (1961): [[FLT: 1] Dolree Map yakawanwa ine mhaka yakavakirwa paufakazi hwakabatwa mukati menzvero isiri yapamutemo. Dare rakaramba kuti mutemo weFreadmerment weFreendment usati uri wekushandiswa kwoufakazi hwakawanwa nenzira isiri yapamutemo kumatare ehurumende. Ichi chisarudzo chakashandura muitiro wetsotsi rehurumende kupfurikidza nokuraira mapurisa kuwana maruramiro kana kuti kugutsa kutendwa.
  • Gideon v. Wainwright (1963):[[FLT] Clarence Gideon, mukwiridziridziridzi murombo muFlorida, akanyimwa gweta. Dare rakaramba kuti maruramiro eSikisith Amendment kuzano anokosha uye rinoshanda kumatare ehurumende, kudarika mabhishopi apakuvamba Brady v. Brady [192].) (1922).
  • Mira v. Arizona (1966): [[FLT:] Ernesto Miranda akawanirwa mhaka yakavakirwa pareururero yakawanwa pasina kuziviswa nezvekodzero dzake. Dare rakataura kuti ropafadzo yeFindrencement inorwisana nokuzvipa maruramiro inoda kuti mapurisa ataure “Miranda” pamberi pokubvunzurudzwa kwekodzero. Chisarudzo zvino chinosunga hurumende nerongedzero yomutemo womunzvimbomo.
  • Duncan v. Louisiana (1968): Yakabatanidza maruramiro eTSMENTIL kukutonga mhaka dzedare redare rakakomba. Dare rakashandisa “kururamisira kwendangariro” mupimo wedare, richitaura kuti kutonga kunoitwa nedare redare redare reAmerica kunodzika midzi zvikuru muAnglo - Americanrisprudence.

Yechipiri, Yechishanu, uye Mvumiso Sesere

  • McDonald v. City of Chicago (2010): Dare rakabatanidza Dare reChipiri Amendment maruramiro okuchengeta nokutakura zvombo nokuda kwokuzvidzora, kudzika chirambidzo chepfuti yeChicago. Iyi yakaita kuti chisarudzo chive chakajeka kuti maruramiro anogamuchirwa mu Diquarity of Columbia v. Heller [2008]
  • Benton v. Maryland (1 969):[[FL:1] Yakabatanidza dziviriro yeFirefemment panjodzi dzakapetwa kaviri.
  • Robinson v. California (62): Yakabatanidza kurambidza kweSendment kuranga kwoutsinye nokusiri kwenguva dzose, kuchikushandisa kumitemo yehurumende yemirimo.

Hadzisi kodzero dzose dzakabatanidzwa. Third Amendment (kubatanidza varwi), chinodikanwa chikuru cheFindreFmmergate chomutongi chinopiwa mhaka ( Hurtado v. California, 1884), uye kutonga kwedare reSaventeger Confement mumatare ehurumende kunoramba kusina kubatanidzwa. Kusvika kwakasarudzwa kweDare kwemashizha nokuda kwechikamu chomunguva yemberi kana maruramiro achirangarirwa kuva chinhu chinokosha kugamuchidzanwa repamutemo rerudzi.

Kupindira Nemitemo Yehurumende

Iconporation Doctrine inogadza purovhinzi yekodzero dzemunhu oga. Nyika hadzigoni kudzika pasi peuriri ihwohwo, asi dzingapa dziviriro huru. Mutemo weFederal unopfuudzirazve: Dare rinogona kukudza maruramiro anopfuura painenge pamutemo, uye rinogona kugadzira mishonga yedare inozadza miganhu yasiyiwa nedzidziso. Uyezve, Congress ine simba rokudzika pasi peKirounding 5 yeKingrespitance ye “maddy, kupfurikidza nemirairo yakakodzera, gadziriro dzeiyi nyaya.” Iri chiremera rinobvumira Dare kupfuudza mitemo inodzivisa, kupedza, kana kuti kudzivisa kuputsa maruramiro anopinzwa, kunyange kana kuti mitemo iyoyo inosvika isingasviki mufambiro usingasviki.

Simba Rokumanikidza Nenzvimbo Yokuyera

Mu Katzenbach v. Morgan (1966), Dare rakatsigira chirambidzo cheVoting Rights Act pakuedza kurava nokunyora nokuda kwevoti yePuerto Rican muNew York, kunyange zvazvo Dare raimbodavira kuti kuedza kurava nokunyora nokunyora hakuna kuputsa mitemo yeSangano reSanihiti. Chiratidzo chaBretabhenan chakanyora kuti Chikamu 5 chinopa simba roku “kuramba kana kuti tsika dzeHurumende dzinoshanda kurambira ‘ dziviriro yakaenzana yemitemo yokururamisa Hurumende." Uku kurava kwakafara kunogonesaita kuti mitemo yehurumende iwedzeredze maruramiro. Zvisinei, zvisarudzo zvakadaro pashure pezvinoitwa [Foctline] Boerne v.[3][9]

Kutsamira Pamitemo Yehurumende Pakuwirirana

Mitemo yakawanda yekodzero dzavagari vemo yehurumende inotsamira paIncorporation Doctrine nenzira isina kunanga. Civil Rights Act ya1944, somuenzaniso, inoshandisa simba reChungation yePress Congress na 144th Reformation inosimbisa kurambidza rusaruro mudzimba dzavose, basa, uye mapurogiramu anotsigirwa nehurumende. Zvibvumirano zvaigona kuva zvakabvumira rusaruro rwedzinza nerakaro. [FLT] uye Hurumende yeHwokudzivirira Classistement Clausce (kupfurikidza neGramendementation) Revolmentation) inopa nheyo dzemitemo inodenha nyika. Nenzira yakafanana, [FLT] , , maANUP] nemitemo yenyika inodzongedzerwa nezvinodikanwa zvorudzi.[FLT]

Mitemo Yehurumende Inotsigira Kodzero

Mutemo wa1946 Wekodzero Dzevanhu

Umutwe II weChibvumirano cheChibvumirano cheChibvumirano cheRevolution chinorambidza rusaruro rwakavakirwa parudzi, ruvara, rudzidziso, kana kuti mavambo enyika munzvimbo dzenzvimbo dzavose (maresitorendi, mahoro). Umutwe VII unorambidza rusaruro rwebasa panzvimbo imwe cheteyo, kubatanidza vatano. Chiratidzo chakatsigirwa neDare Gurusa reKostamende mu [United States[FLT] [64] [194]) na[FL:2] Katzenbach v. McCling[[FLT] [12] [1964] muP] Mune simba reKositisvuriti, asi kuratidzwa kwarongedzerwawo nechipikirwa cha1450 zvedziviriro nezvinopfuuridzirwa nemitemo zvemitemo yomutemo. Chibvumirano chinoitwa neChibvumirano muChibvumirano chiPromende muT - chaMagaromendero yePro yeMitejinga yeMitemo yeMitemo yeMitemo yeMitemo yeMitemo yeMitemo.

Kugamuchira Mutemo Wekodzero Dzevanhu wa 1965

Voting Rights Act (VRA) zvichida mutemo une simba zvikurusa wehurumende unobata nekodzero dzebumbiro remitemo. Chikamu 2 cheVRA chinorambidza muitiro wokuvhota unoguma norusaruro pahwaro hwedzinza kana kuti ruvara, kana kuti mutezo muboka romutauro muduku. Chibvumirano chakananga miitiro yaidzorwa yakashandiswa kwemakumi amakore kubvisa vaAmerica veAfrica, zvakadai sokuedza kunyora nokunyora, mitero yokuvhotera, uye zvinodikanwa zvinorema zvokunyoresa. VRA yakagadzwa pasi peId 15th Remendementmentment (inodzivisa rusaruro rwedzinza mukuvhota) uye Chikamu 5 cheRevoramedzo ye 144. Zvitendero zveInoloji zvinovimbisa kuti maruramiro evoti yorupo kuvhota. [5]

VaAmerica Vane Chirango Chourema (ADA) cha 1990

ADA inorambidza kusarura vanhu vakaremara pabasa, dzimba dzavose, zvokufambisa, uye mashoko. Musoro II weADA unoshanda zvakananga kumasangano ehurumende, mapurogiramu, uye mabasa. Uku kutsamira pasimba rokutarisira re145th Amendment kwakaedzwa mu Board of Truddeddeddets of University of Alabama v. Garrett[[FLT] [2001], apo Dare rakati vashandi havagoni kubhadhara mari pasi peTitry I yeAAA Nemhaka yokuti Congressment yakanga isina kuratidzwa norlement kusarura nokuremara nehurumende. Zvisinei, zita reI II rokuwana kumatare edzimba uye mamwe mabasa avose rakatsigirwa, zvikurukuru apo dare raibatanidzwa mudare rerudyi (rine redare reAScessociod) rinenge ratongerwa kudarika dare reAD.

Musoro weIX weMitemo yeDzidzo ya1971

Thit IX inorambidza rusaruro runotsigirwa nevatano mupurogiramu ipi neipi yedzidzo kugamuchira betsero yemari yehurumende. Nepo hwaro hwapakuvamba hwebumbiro remitemo nokuda kwerusaruro rwevatano hwakava paMatare aKhudziro Ecompal Claus sezvinoshandiswa kudzimwe nyika kupfurikidza ne 144th Amendment, Dare Gurusa renhau harina kubatanidza zvizere kunzvera kwakavakirwa pavatano kusvikira United States v. Virginia [19696].]. Thit IX inogovera mutoo wemitemo unowanzopa mishonga inopfuura izvo Bumbiro remitemo rinoda (* sezvinoda kuti zvikoro zvidavise kunetswa nedenho yevatano.).[Forlation Doctrition Doctritions pasi pesword inosimbisa kuti nyikadzodzo dzinobvisa kusarura pahwaro yevatano, apo TitX inodzora proctivessssssssss padzidzo.

mhedziso

Chirongwa cheIncorporation Doctrine chinoramba chiri chipenyu, chinobatanidza kukura kwechibvumirano chehurumende chapakuvamba bedzi cheBill of Rights nezvinorayirwa zvazvino uno nokuda kwedziviriro dzakafanana munyika dzose. Kupfurikidza nokuvhozhokera kwakasarudzwa, Dare Gurusa rakashandisa zvakawandasa, asi kwete zvose(Z $Bill of Rights kuhurumende nehurumende dzomunzvimbomo, zvichitsamira pagadziriro yakafanira nedziviriro yakaenzana yeGaramende rehurumende. Mitemo yeFrederal inoshanda neiyi nzvimbo yapamutemo munzira dzinoverengeka: inogona kujekesa ukodzero yekodzero dzinobatanidzwa, inoita kuti dzipfuure zvisarudzo zvemitemo, uye inobvumira chiito chehurumende kudzivisa kuputsa hurumende. Mitemo yakadai sekodzero dzechiNavial Act, ADA, uye I shotX imwe neimwe inotsamira panheyo dzinoiswa nenheyo nevhuro itsva.

Kutarira mberi, dzidziso ingatarisana nedenho itsva. Kubatanidzwa kweSecond Amendment kuchichiri kugadziridzwa, zvikurukuru pamusoro pezvirongwa zvokupa mazano akasarudzwa ( New York State Rifle & Pistol Association v. Bruen, 2022]. Gadziriro dzisina kubatanidzwa ``grand jajitation, kutonga kwedare revagari vemo, uye kuwirira kwechikamu chedare rehurumende, uye kubatanidzwa kwechikamu chimwe chechikamu chedare rehurumende, uye kudzokororwa kwechikamu chazvino unotongerwa pamutemo cheAmerica. Panguva ino, nharo dzinopfuurira pamusoro pechikamu chaMabasa eDare eHurumende panzvimbo 5 [202]]. Kunzwisisa pamutemo maererano nokusaitwa kwemitemo yemitemo yehurumende.