Sumo kuUnited States Constitution imashoko mapfupi okusuma anorondedzera zvinangwa zvinokosha nenheyo dzinotungamirira dzechinyorwa. Inovamba namashoko akakurumbira, " Isu vanhu," tinosimbisa basa ravagari vemo mukugadza hurumende. Iyi rugwaro rwakavakirwa pavhu rakava nepesvedzero huru pavagari veAmerica neuzivi hwezvamatongerwe enyika, kuumba mufambiro worudzi rwokutonga nekodzero dzevanhu. Kunyange zvazvo mashoko 52 bedzi akarebesa, Pregatepment inoratidzira zvishuvo zvikuru zvokuedza kweAmerica uye inopfuurira kushanda sechisakiso chemitemo, kurukurirano yavose, kurukurirano dzavose, uye chiziviso chavose.

Zvakaitika Kare uye Kuchinja Kwemashoko Acho Okutanga

Convention yeBumbiro reMitemo ya 1787 yakaungana muPhiladelphia kuzokurukura utera hweZvikamu zveConfederation. VaFramers, kubatanidza James Madison, Alexander Hamilton, naGeorge Washington, vakatsvaka kuvamba hurumende yamarudzi inobudirira zvikuru nepo vakanga vachichengeta nheyo dzeRepublic. Pregagegery yakarongwa naGouverneur Morris, uyo akabatira paDare reSpeciation neCommunication. Mashoko ake " Iwe People" namaumbikisha pamutemo yapakuvamba iyo yakaronga mitemo yacho, ichizivisa chinja kubva pabvumirano yehurumende yehurumende yakabatana kurumbidzo yavagari vemo yavanhu vanobva muvagari vemo.

Chisarudzo ichi chakaratidzira pesvedzero yavafungi vokuNzwisisa vakadai saJohn Locke, uyo akataura kuti hurumende yapamutemo inomira pamvumo yavadzorwi, uye Montesquieu, uyo akasimbisa kuparadzana kwamasimba. VaFramers vakawanawo parondedzero yenzanga yaJean-Jacques Rousseau, kunyange zvazvo vakaipfavisa neitiro hanya dzinoshanda nokuda kwedzikamo nenhevedzano. Pakadaro Hurumende yezivi dzinoshandiswa pakati pemifungo inochinja ya1776 negadziriro yeBumbiro remitemo. Haisati ichipawo masimba api naapi neapi neapi neapi neapi (* asi panzvimbo dzinodudzwa [[FLTL:]]] migaro. [FLT]]]

Nokuda kwenhau yokunyora, National Archives inogovera rugwaro rwapakuvamba namanotsi. Constitution Center yeNyika [ inopawo tsinhiro dzinobetsera dzinobva kunyanzvi.

Zvinhu Zvitanhatu Zvava Nechinangwa: Kuongorora Kwakajeka

Sumo inogadza nharidzano nhanhatu huru, imwe neimwe inomirira nharidzano yehwaro yeRepublic itsva. idzi vavariro hadzisi dzinogombedzerwa pamutemo asi dzinobatira senhungamiro dzinodudzira nokuda kwokunzwisisa madonzo makuru eBumbiro remitemo.

Vambai Zvakanaka Zvikuru

Chikamu ichi chakapindura zvakananga kudimburwa pasi peZvikamu zveConfederation. VaFramers vakatsvaka kugadzira hurumende yenyika yakasimba zvikuru ingagona kukurira makwikwi enyika, kuronga mamiriro ezvemari, uye kupa kumira kwakabatana mune dzimwe nyika. Chitsama chakakwana zvikuru"[ chakabvuma kuti mubatanidzwa wacho wakanga usina kuva usina mhaka asi unokwanisa kugadziridzwa kupfurikidza negadziriro yebumbiro-mitemo. Nokufamba kwenguva, chinangwa ichi chave chave chichikumbirwa kururamisa ukurumbiso yehurumende, muganhu wezvokutengeserana wehurumende, uye kubatanidzwa kwemasangano kupfurikidza nokugamuchirwa nokuumbwa.

Tanga Ruramisiro

Ruramisiro muPregagery inonongedzera kumasangano apamutemo anoruramisira uye asingasaruri. MaFramers anonangidzira kutsiva kutonga kwokuzvitutumadza kwehurumende negadziriro yemitemo yaishanda zvakaenzana kuvagari vose. Iyi donzo rakatungamirira kukuumbwa kwedare rehurumende rakazvimirira, kutonga nedare rinobetsera, uye zvirambidzo pamitemo yapashure uye zvikwereti zvechibharo. Kurondwa kweruramisiro kwakaita zvisarudzo zveDare Gurusa renyika, mumiitiro youtsotsi, uye dziviriro yakaenzana. ruramisiro yeruramisiro inoramba iri itiro hanya huru munharo pamusoro pezvirongwa zvokutonga, gadziridza, uye kusvika kumitengo yepamutemo.

Kunetsa Mudzimba

Rugare rwemhuri rwaireva kudzivisa vhiringidziko yomukati nemhindu. Shayss' Region (1786-171787) yakanga yaratidzira utera hweMitemo mukuchengeta nhevedzano. Bumbiro reMitemo rakapa simba hurumende kudzvinyirira kumukira, kudana varwi, uye kuvimbisa hurumende imwe neimwe rudzi rwehurumende yehurumende. Nhasi, vavariro iyi inoisa chiremera chehurumende munharaunda dzakadai sedavidzo rengwavaira, kudzikamisa mutemo, uye chengeteko yenyika. Inozivisawo miganhu yehurumende panguva yenyongano yavagari vemo.

Govera Nharo Dzokuzvidzivirirawo Kwavose

Mashoko anozivikanwa navose edziviriro anonongedzera kuchengeteko yenyika patyisidziro dzokunze. Constitution inopa simba Congress rokusimudza mauto, kuchengeta hondo, uye kuzivisa hondo. Gadziriro dzokuzvidzivirira sebasa rehurumende yenyika, kwete kusiiwa kunyika imwe neimwe. Mumazana amakore apfuura, iri donzo rakadudzwa kutsigira kutangwa kwemauto enguva dzorugare, kuumbwa kweBato reDefence, uye chiremera chapurezidhendi munhau dzokumwe nyika.

Kusimudzira Kubudirira Kworuzhinji

Chitsama chemashoko egarofesi yave iri chimwe chemashoko akakwikwidzwa zvikurusa mukududzira kwebumbiro remitemo. MuPrecuget, inogadza nharidzano huru yeshuvo; gare gare, Chikamu I, Chikamu 8 chinopa simba reCongress kutero uye kupedzera garikano. Gakava pamusoro pokuti ikoku kunobvumira mapurogiramu makuru ehurumende (mutook., Social Security, Medicare, zero) kana kuti madonzo akaganhurirwa bedzi akaumba hurukuro yezvamatongerwe enyika yeAmerica kwamazana maviri amakore. Pregeain’s inference’s forferation of ] garikano yegari yemagariro yehurumende ] inokurudzira murangariro wehurumende yose nokusimudzira nokushingaira gara zvakanaka vagari vemo yayo.

Chengetedza Zvikomborero Zvorusununguko Kwatiri Nekusvika Patakanga Tava Kusvika

Iyi mirau inobatanidza muganhu weBumbiro reMitemo nedziviriro yerusununguko, kwete bedzi nokuda kwechizvarwa chazvino asi nokuda kwedzinotevera. Inoratidzira chitendero chavaFramers chokuti rusununguko runodikanwa dziviriro dzinodikanwa dzesangano: kuparadzana kwamasimba, kunzvera nedzikamo, habeas corpus, uye dziviriro pakunzvera kusina mufungo. Mashoko " unyengeri"" [ anoumba Bumbiro remitemo noukoshi, achikarakadza kuti rourongwa hwechinyorwa chinofanira kutsungirira. Iyi pesvedzero yedonzo pamitengo yebumbiro remitemo, chimuteveriso chenyika, uye nzira mhenyu.

Tapuro Pauzivi hweAmerica

Muuyo mukurusa wesumo pauzivi hwevagari vemo uri mumashoko ahwo okutanga: " Isu Vanhu. Iyi rondedzero yakasimbisa uchangamire hwakakurumbira sechinhu chinotangira kutonga kweAmerica] pfungwa yokuti chiremera chezvamatongerwe enyika chinobva pautongi, kwete namadzimambo kana kuti vakakwirira. Iyi nheyo yakashandura ukama pakati pavanhu nehurumende, ichisimudzira tsika yokutora rutivi nemutoro.

Uchangamire Hwakakurumbira Nesonganiro Yenzanga

Kupfurikidza nokuzivisa kuti Bumbiro reMitemo rinogadzwa ndokutangwa ne "Isu vanhu," vaFramers vakagamuchira zvakajeka rondedzero yebvumirano yenzanga. Vagari vanobvumirana kudzorwa mukutsinhaniswa nokuda kwedziviriro yekodzero dzavo netsigiro dzefariro dzavo dzose. Iyi pfungwa yakaparira gamuchidzanwa reAmerica rehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu nevoruzhinji, kubatanidza kuvhota, basa redare redare, uye kurongeka kwehurumende. Yakaruramisawo Bill of Rights, inodudza dziviriro dzakananga mukurwisana nehurumende inodenhwa. Pfungwa yokuti vagari vemo vanobva mumanyuko okupedzisira echiremera vakakumbirwa namasangano avakadzi, kodzero dzavagari vemo, uye maruramiro okuvhotera.

Dzidzo Yemibatanidzwa Nokuzivikanwa Kwenyika

Presage ndiimwe yamagwaro okutanga anodzidziswa kuvana vechikoro veAmerica. Kudzokororwa nokudzokororwa kwaro kwazova muitiro wehurumende, kusimbisa nzwisiso inogoveranwa yedonzo rorudzi. Kosishi yedzidzo yeCBIVI inowanzoshandisa sumo kutanga mifungo yehurumende, ruramisiro, uye rusununguko. Masangano akafanana Bill of Rights Institute [ anobatanidza kusuma mudungwe muzvinhu zvokudzidzisa nheyo dzemitemo. Iyi dzidzo yakabetsera kutsigira mutauro wehurumende wavose muzvizvarwa zvose uye kukamu zvezvamatongerwe enyika.

Masangano Enzanga Nemavambo

Munhau yose yeAmerica, vachinji vakakwidziridza zvipikirwa zvePregary zvokutsigira chinjo. VaAboligist vakataura kuti uranda hwakapesana nevavariro dzokutanga ruramisiro nokuchengeta rusununguko. Zvinyoreso zvakakumbira "Isu Vanhu" kuraira kuva nechokuita kwakazara munzanga yezvamatongerwe enyika. Chivil Rights Movement ye 1950 ne 1960s zvakashandisa mutauro wePregary kuraira ruramisiro yakaenzana negarikano yavose yavagari vose. Misi ichangobva kupfuura iyi zvikuru, vatsigiri veruramisiro yezvemari, chiito chemamiriro okunze, uye kuchinja vagari vemo vakadudza Pregation kuti vapindurire kubatira zvakanaka.

Tapuro Pauzivi Hwezvamatongerwe Enyika hweAmerica

Sumo yakapesvedzera uzivi hwezvamatongerwe enyika kupfurikidza nokuumba donzo rehurumende sokubatira zvinodikanwa zvavanhu nokudzivirira maruramiro avo.

Kururamisira uye Rusununguko Senheyo Dzenheyo

Kuzvipira ku ruramisiro uye musumo yakasunda nhamburiko dzokugadza mitemo inosimudzira nokudzivirira rusununguko rwomunhu. Iyi nheyo inokosha kukunzwisisa kwehurumende. Mifungo yeDare rapamusoro kazhinji kazhinji inodudza kuvamba kwemanyuko akazvimirira [5] kutsigira kududzirwa kunowirirana namadonzo aro makuru. Somuenzaniso, Dare rakanongedzera kuwedzero yenhau dzinobatanidza ukuru hwehurumende, rusununguko rwevagari vemo, uye nzvimbo yesimba renyika. Ruratidzo rweruramisiro rwakachinjawo kukuramukwa kwakakodzera uye dziviriro yakaenzana pasi pechine.

Kubudirira Kwehurumende Nebasa Rayo

Chitsama chamashoko "Kuzivisa garikano yose" chave chiri nhevedzo inotevedzana mukurukurirano dzezvamatongerwe enyika. Avo vanofarira hurumende yakaganhurirwa havasati vachitongoda kubvumira purogiramu dzenzanga yakafara; vanonongedzera kumasimba anodudzwa muChikamu I sechinoganhurira. Vamwe vanotaura kuti mutauro wePregegry, wakabatanidzwa neNdokano yeChipokacha neSangano reChipoka. Iyi mirangariro inoparira makakavarakatanwa pamusoro peNew Factor, Great Society, Afford Carence Act, uye kurukurirano dzapanguva ino pamusoro pezvoutano hwenyika yose nedzidzo. Pregation nokudaro inoshanda sechikamu chediviso chenhau dzose dziri mbiri.

Kuzvidzivirira Kunozivikanwa Navose Nesimba Rinoshandira Vanhu

Chinangwa chokugovera kuzvidzivirira kwavose chakaumba gakava pamusoro pegadziriro yehondo, kuungana kwouchenjeri, uye dzikamo pakati pechengeteko nerusununguko rwevagari vemo. Kudzivirira kwePregadge nerugare rwemhuri kunosimbisa chishuvo chavaFramers chehurumende inokwanisa kudzivirira zvose zviri zviviri kurongeka kwomukati nechengeteko yokunze. Ikoku kwakaruramisa chiremera chehurumende chikuru mukati menguva yehondo neyamarudzi, nepo kuchisimudzirawo itiro hanya pamusoro pekunyengera kwevakuru vakuru vehurumende.

Pfungwa Yemubatanidzwa

Nharidzano yokuumba mubatanidzwa wakakwana zvikuru wezvamatongerwe enyika yakapesvedzera uzivi hwezvamatongerwe enyika pamusoro pourudzi, urudzi, uye kubatanidzwa. Hondo yavagari vemo neReconstructives zvakadudzirazve rudzi rweUnion, kuramba pfungwa yokuti hurumende dzaigona kusagona kubviswa pasina kutsiva. Muzana ramakore rechimakumi maviri, Pregation yakadudzwa muzvinoitika zvakadai se Trexas v. White[ [1869] kusimbisa kuvadziko yeUmwe yeUniyo yeUniyo. Nhasi, gakava pamusoro pesimba renyika, rouchangamire, uye chiziviso chenharaunda zvinopfuurira kunongedzera kukuona kwePregtion yerudzi rwakabatana.

Sumo Mududziro Yebumbiro reMitemo

Kunyange zvazvo Supremet isingapi masimba okuvamba, anoita basa rakaganhurirwa asi rine revo mukududzira kwebumbiro remitemo. Dare pane dzimwe nguva rinobvunza Sumo kuti rinzwisise zvinangwa zvavose zveBumbiro remitemo apo dare gurusa kana kuti nhungamiro yakatanhamara rinenge risina kujeka. Dare rapamusoro rakataura kuti Precuredge ingashandiswa kupedza panikiro pamusoro pevavariro yavaFramers, asi haigoni kuva hwaro hwokushatisa mutemo. Nyanzvi dzemitemo dzakadai saJack Balkin naRandy Barnett dzakapopotera basa romuPregist mugadziriro dzetsika yapakuvamba nedzipenyu dzemitemo.

Somuenzaniso, mu Jacobson v. Massachusetts (1905), Dare rakataura nezvokududzwa kwemagariro avose ezvirongwa kuti vatsigire mitemo yokudzivirira. Mu United States v. Curtiss-Wright Exp. [193], Mutongi Sutherland akakumbira kutsigira chiremera chapamberi chehurumende muzvinhu zvokunze. Mienzaniso iyi inoratidza kuti Pregeget inogona sei kupesvedzera kurangarira kwokutonga kunyange pakusabvisa zvakananga. Nokuda kwokunzvera kwakadzama, [FLT]

Kudzokera Kune Imwe Nguva

Pregedge inoramba iri chinyorwa chipenyu, chinonokorwa mashoko muhurukuro dzezvamatongerwe enyika, kutaura, uye kuratidzira kwavose. Mashoko acho anoshandiswa mumativi ose epfungwa kururamisa zviono zvinokwikwidzana zvoudzori hweAmerica. Somuenzaniso, vatsigiri vehurumende yakaganhurirwa vanosimbisa "kudzivirira zvikomborero zvorusununguko," nepo vatsigiri vehurumende inoshingaira vachisimbisa "kusimbisa garikano yose." Kuramba kwaPregary’s anoreva nhema mukuva kwayo kwakazarukira kwezvayo, [inokurudzira chizvarwa chimwe nechimwe kutsanangura revo yazvo mukuwirirana nedenho dzazvino uno.

Nharo dzazvino uno pamusoro pokupinda munyika, tarisiro yezvoutano, ruramisiro youtsotsi, uye muitiro wemamiriro okunze kazhinji kazhinji zvinonongedzera kusumo. # We The People hashtag yave ichishandiswa kukurudzira vagari vemo muhurumende inosarudzwa navanhu. Vana vechikoro vanopfuurira kudzokorora, kazhinji kazhinji nedzongedzo dzinoratidzira zvinhu zvenguva ino zvokutanga (g., "Isu vanhu veUnited States, kuti tiumbe mubatanidzwa wakakwana zvikuru..."). Kuchinjika kwePreging isimba rayo uye manyuko enharo anopfuurira.

Uyezve, Sumo yehurumende itsva yakawana pesvedzero yamarudzi ose. Kubuda mukutonga kwechiito chinodzvinyirira kwakafunda kutanga kweAmerica Constitution somuenzaniso wezvishuvo zvorudzi. Mabumbiro emitemo munyika dzakadai seIndia, Germany, uye South Africa anobatanidza kutaura kwokutanga kunowirirana nemisoro yeruramisiro, rusununguko, uye garikano yose.

Bhuku renyanzvi remisi ichangobva kupfuura iyi, Mashoko Akaita Kuti Tive kupfurikidza naAkhil Reed Amar, anonzvera kuti mutauro webumbiro-mitemo unosimbisa sei mavambo enyika yeAmerica (kubatanidza kuumbwa kweAmerica). Ramale Law Journal Forum yakabudisa rondedzero dzinonzvera basa rePreggedies mumufungo wetsika wazvino uno. Izvi zviwirirano zvinosimbisa kuti rugwaro rwePregit runopfuurira sezvose zviri zviviri chinyorwa chenhau uye kutaura kupenyu kwemipimo yeAmerica.

mhedziso

Kusimbisa kwaPregedge panzvimbo yavanhu nenharidzano dzavo dzeshuvo kwakaumba zvikuru donzo ravo renyika yeAmerica nouzivi hwezvamatongerwe enyika. Kupfuurira kubatira sechiedza chinotungamirira nokuda kwemipimo yenyika nokudzora. Kuvambira pakunyorwa kweBumbiro remitemo kusvikira kumasangano ezvamatongerwe enyika azvino uno, Pregary yakagovera mashoko mapfupindurira ane simba echinoparira kuti hurumende ivepo nei uye chainofanira kuvavarira kuita. Madonzo ayo matanhatu (jerefera), ruramisiro, dziviriro, garikano, uye rusununguko) zvinochengeta zvitemeso zvoupenyu hwavose hweAmerica. Senharo pamusoro penhungamiro yenyika yazvinopfuurira, Pregtion pasina panikiro ichakumbirwa, kuturikirwa, kutsanangurwazve, kuvimbisa kuti pesvedzero yayo itsungirire mberi kure kwenguva yokuvamba.