Kutaura Kupfupi Nouremu Hunotsungirira

Sumo yeUnited States Constitution inoumbwa nemutsetse mumwe chete wakaumba nyika yeAmerica kubva muna 1787. Haisi mvumo yesimba; haisi donzo. Haisi mavambo edonzo; inoumba nheyo idzo masangano aiitirwa kuti ashande. Kweanopfuura mazana maviri amakore, mashoko adzo akatorwa mumatare, akadzokororwa mukirasi, uye akakumbirwa munguva dzenjodzi yorudzi. Kutanga kunoshanda sehwaro hwetsika nehweuzivi hwehurumende yeAmerica, kuyeuchidza vagari vemo kuti Bumbiro remitemo haisipo nokuda kwayo imene, asi kuti aite zvinangwa zvakafanana: chinzwano, ruramisiro, dziviriro, chengeteko, rusununguko. Kunzwisisa kuti aya mashoko akaumba sei kuzivikanwa kwavo vose vari vaviri munzanga yazvinoumba uye kutsanangura nhau yavo yeAmerica.

"Isu vanhu veUnited States, muRwisano, kuumba Dare rakakwana zvikuru, kugadza Ruramisiro, kudzivirira kwemhuri, kugovera dziviriro yavose, kusimudzira Ugarikano, uye kuchengetedza Zvikomborero zveRusununguko kwatiri timene neProspost, tinogadza ndokugadza iyi Bumbiro remitemo reUnited States of America.

Nhau Genesisi uye Chinangwa

Convention yeBumbiro reMitemo ya 1787 yakasangana muPhiladelphia kuti ikurukure kusava nesimba kweZvikamu zveConfederation. Vagadziri vakaziva kuti ndazawo zvayo yemasimba ehurumende haingakurudziri kuvimbika kwevagari vakasiyana - siyana vanopararira mudzimwe nyika dzine gumi nenhatu. Vaida kutanga kwaizojekesa chinangwa chehurumende itsva mumutauro waigona kubatanidza rudzi rwakakamukana. Dare reStar, rinotungamirirwa naGouverneur Morris, rinorumbidzwa zvikuru nokunyora shanduro yokupedzisira. Morris akabvisa mwedzi yekurukurirano mumashoko okubudisa rugwaro rumwe runotangira nemashoko "Isu" panzvimbo pe "Isu States" chisarudzo chamauneidzoro chamaumbirwezve manyuko echiremera chehurumende.

Predge yakashanda mabasa akawanda pakuvakwa. Yakapa kutaura kupfupi kwevavariro dzeBumbiro reMitemo, yakapa nheyo isingapinduri nokuda kwekurukurirano dzemagakava, uye yakatanga gadziriro yokududzira rugwaro rwakafara. James Madison gare gare akacherekedza mu[Federal:0] Federalst N. [40 kuti Pregegegeria yaitaura kuti zvinhu zvikuru zvenzanga yenyika nehurumende. Zvinhu izvozvo zvakanga zvisina kubvumirwa; zvaimirira zvishuvo zvevanhu vakanga vachangobva kurwa hondo yokumukira kuti vawane rusununguko rwavo. Maparera akanzwisisa kuti riphabliki reko rekare raidiwa kupfuura zvivako zvepamutemo, zvinoda zvinangwa zvakafanana izvo zvaibatanidza vagari vemo vomunyika dzose, zvemari, zvetsika.

Nhau yenhau nemhaka yokuti inozivisa kuti Sunday yakanga isiri donzo rapashure. Yakanga iri kutaura kwakarongwa kwokungwarira kwedonzo renyika. Apo Dare Rapamusorosoro rakadudza mavambo muzvisarudzo zvaro (_hakusi mu ] MCloch v. Maryland[[[FLT]] [1819]) uye [[FLT].S. Mitemo, Inc.[FLT.[FLT]] [195] [195]) [95] yakabata Pregryts setsime resimba rePretation asi senhungamiro yokunzwisisa mifungo yakakwirira. Chirationgeritirome. Chikuru mu [FL.][FLT][FFF]

Nheyo Dzemacore Semashongwe Okuzivikanwa

Mashoko okutanga anotaura nezvezvinangwa zvitanhatu, chimwe nechimwe chazvo chakabatsira chaizvo kuti vanhu vokuAmerica vazivikanwe sevanhu vose; pfungwa idzi hadzisi dzechokwadi; dzakatsanangurwazve mukurwisana kwezvamatongerwe enyika kwechizvarwa chimwe nechimwe uye kwepamutemo.

"Isu Vanhu" — Uchangamire uye Kuzivikanwa Kwomumwe Nomumwe

Mashoko matatu okutanga anomirira zvichida kutangazve kukurusa kweBumbiro reMitemo. Kupfurikidza nokutaura kuti chiremera chehurumende chinobva kuvanhu panzvimbo pehurumende kana kuti namambo upi noupi wokunze, vagadziri vakavamba nheyo youchangamire hwakakurumbira iyo inoramba iri pakati pezivikanwo yehurumende yeAmerica. Uku kutaura kunoramba madzimambo, machinda, uye ubati ushe hwaMwari mukutsigira kuzvitonga kwehurumende yehurumende. Iko kunosimbisa kuti kuva mugari wemo wemo wehurumende kunogovera kwete maruramiro bedzi asiwo mitoro yokutora rutivi muupenyu hwerudzi.

VaAmerica vazvino uno vanosangana "Isu vanhu" nguva dzose. Kunooneka pazvivako zvehurumende, mumatare, uye mumhemberero dzavose. National Archives muWashington, D.C., inoratidzira ganda rokutanga, uye mamirioni avashanyi gore rimwe nerimwe vairava mashoko iwayo murugwaro rwapakuvamba. Chitsama chacho chakagamuchirwa namasangano enzanga anotsvaka kufutunura rondedzero ye "Vanhu" kubva kuvatongi vaipikisa kuti vanhu vari rutivi rwe "Isu Vanhu," kuvatsigiri vevakadzi vakaraira, kumasangano enguva ino nokuda kwekodzero dzokuvhotera nokuchinja. Chizvarwa chimwe nechimwe chakarwisana nenhau yevoruzhinji zvechokwadi, uye kuita kudaro chakachengeta chipikirwa chePregatoriswo chiripo chiri chipenyu panzvimbo inotonaka panzvimbo pokurarama.

! Chisungo Chakakwana Kwazvo" — Chirongwa Chisina Kuparadzwa

Chitsama chamashoko "Aa akakwana zvikuru" chinobvuma kusakwana apo inenge ichishuva kuvandudzika. Igadziriro yamaune yewirirano yewirirano yedavire(hakusi "Mubatanidzwa wakakwana" asi "Mubatanidzwa wakakwana zvikuru". Mutauro uyu unobvuma kuti gwaro rokutanga rakanga riri muuyo wenguva yaro, rakakwana nokubvumirana pane zvisina kufanira pamusoro pouranda nemifananidzo zvakakundikana zvinangwa zvenyika. Vagadziri vaiziva kuti vakanga vachivaka nheyo, kwete chivako chapera. Chizvarwa chimwe nechimwe chakatevera chadaidzwa kuita kuti chiva chiva neUnion Union yakakwana zvikuru kupfurikidza nebumbiro remitemo, kuchinja magariro, uye masangano enzanga.

Chikamu ichi chine revo yakananga mukurukurirano dzehurumende nechinzwano chorudzi. Hondo yavagari vemo yakaedza kana Union yaigona kupukunyuka, uye Gettysburg Address yaAbraham Lincoln yakawana zvakajeka pamutauro wePreadge wedonzo rerudzi. Mukati mechivil Rights Movement, Martin Luther King Jr. yakakumbira chipikirwa chisina kuzadzikwa cheTsiginition yeConstitution mu "Ine Dream" yake, kukumbira rudzi kuti rurarame maererano nemitemo yarwo yokutanga. Nhasi, gakavariro pamusoro pezviziviso zvorudzi, matunhu, kana kuti kukamumuka kweruwa, Martin Luther King Jr. kazhinji kacho akadzokera kumubvunzo wezvinoreva kuronda chinoitwa kuti chironde chikwane chinzwa chikwane.

Kutsvaka Tsika

Ruramisiro ivavariro yokutanga inodudzwa muPregary, uye yave iri yenharo hurusa. Vagadziri vakanzwisisa ruramisiro mukuwirirana nomutemo, kushandiswa kwakaenzana kwemipimo yapamutemo, uye dziviriro yekodzero dzomunhu oga. Zvisinei, Bumbiro reMitemo rapakuvamba rakabvumidza uranda uye rakanyima vakadzi maruramiro okuvhota, kuchiparira mukaha mukuru pakati pechipikirwa chePregegedge nechinhu chaichoicho cheAmerica. Kurwisa kuvhara mukaha iwoyo wakarondedzera zvakawanda zvenhau yeAmerica.

Kutangwa kweruramisiro kwakasunda kukura kwamaruramiro avagari vemo, kuvamba kwemiitiro yakafanira yedziviriro, uye kuumbwa kwamasangano akarongedzerwa kuvimbisa kubatwa kwakaenzana mumutemo. Zvisarudzo zveDare Gurusa mu Brown v. Board yeDzidzo[ [1954] [[FLT]), Marda v. Arizona [[FLT]] [196], [[[FLT], [[[FLT]] O.]bergefell v. Hodge b [20]] [20] zvose zvinogona kunzwisiswa senhamburiko kuita ruramisiro. ruramisiro pamusoro pezviito zvokuchinja utsotsi, uye kupfuurira kuvimbisa maruramiro aidzoro yeiyi inosaidzoro.

"Remekedza Kushanda Mumba" — Nhevedzo Norugare

Runyararo rwemhuri runonongedzera kurugare rwomukati nenhevedzano. Vagadziri vakanga vapupurira Rupanduko rwaShays muna 1786, urwo rwakafumura kusakwanisa kweMitemo yeConfederation kuchengeta nhevedzano yavose. Chitsama chamashoko chinoratidzira musengwa wokudzivisa kusagadzikana kwevagari vomunyika uye kugovera nzira dzokupedza nadzo rwisano mukati momutemo. Ndiyo nheyo yebumbiro remitemo nokuda kwenheyo yokuti rwisano dzinofanira kupedzwa kupfurikidza nemiitiro yapamutemo panzvimbo pamasimba masimba.

MuAmerica yazvino uno, runyararo rwemhuri rwave ruchikumbirwa mumashoko anobva mugariro dzehurumende murwisano dzavagari vemo dzekodzero kumhinduro yengwavaira nenhenda. Chikamu chinosimbisa mutoro wehurumende wokuchengeta chengeteko yavose apo unoremekedza rusununguko rwomunhu. Dzikamo pakati penhevedzano norusununguko idzvinyiriro inogara muzivikanwo yehurumende yeAmerica, uye Preggery inogovera gadziriro yokukurukura dzvinyiriro iyoyo kupfurikidza nokubvuma zvose zviri zviviri sezvinangwa zvehurumende zvapamutemo.

"Chirongwa Chokuzvidzwa Kwavose" — National Security

Chitsama chinozivikanwa navose chedziviriro chinosimbisa chengeteko yenyika sebasa guru rehurumende yehurumende. Inoratidzira kuziva kwavarongi kuti mubatanidzwa unobudirira waida mano okuzvidzivirira umene patyisidziro dzokunze. Iyi gadziriro inogovera hwaro hwebumbiro remitemo nokuda kwehondo, masangano ouchenjeri, uye muitiro wechengeteko yenyika.

Chizivikanwo chenyika yeAmerica chakaumbwa zvikuru nebasa renyika sesimba rehondo. Kuvambira paHondo dza 1812 kusvikira kuHondo dzenyika kusvikira kudenho dzazvino uno dzehondo dzeIndaneti nougandanga, dziviriro yavose yakabatanidza vaAmerica patyisidziro. Chitsama chinomutsawo mibvunzo inokosha pamusoro pesimba rehurumende munhau dzechengeteko dzenyika, dzikamo pakati pechengeteko nerusununguko rwavagari vemo, uye basa renyika munhau dzenyika yose.

. . . . . .

Chitsama chezvikamu zvegarikano chave chiri chimwe chegadziriro dzenhandaro zvikurusa mukududzira kwebumbiro remitemo. Chingava chinopa chiremera chikuru kuhurumende yehurumende kusimudzira garikano yavagari vemo kana kuti kungorondedzera zvako chinangwa chamasimba anodudzwa chakashorwa chifo chokuvamba. Chitsama chacho chinooneka kaviri muBumbiro remitemo (Pregistry) muChikamu I, Chikamu 8, chinopa simba reCongress ku "Kutsigira Rufumo rwavose neyavose."

Pasinei zvapo nerevo yayo yakapokanidzwa, mashoko ekodzero dzegarikano ave anokosha kuzivikanwo yeAmerica. Inopa nheyo yebumbiro remitemo yechengeteko yenzanga, Medicare, nhano dzoutano, kuisa zvinhu zvemombe, muitiro wedzidzo, uye mirau yezvemari. New Deal yema1930, kuumbwa kwemambure echengeteko yenzanga muma1960, uye nharo dzenguva ino pamusoro pezvoutano dzinochinja zvose zvinoda garikano. Chikamu ichi chinotaura kutsikanoshandira kuAmerica kushandira zvakanaka pamwe chete pamwe chete nerusununguko rwemunhu nehwn. Pregary haisati ichipedza chinetso chenhau iyi yezvamatongerwe enyika.

"Ramba Zvikomborero Zvorusununguko" — Rusununguko Nekodzero Dzako

Donzo rokupedzisira rinodudzwa musumo nderokuwana rusununguko nokuda kwe "Isu timene nePostrity""" zvinoreva zvose zviri zviviri chizvarwa chazvino nomunguva yemberi. Mutauro uyu unotarisisa mberi unosimbisa rutivi rwenguva pfupi kuzivikanwo yeAmerica. Vagari havasati vari bedzi vabhadharwi vorusununguko runochengetwa nezvizvarwa zvakapfuura asiwo vachengeti vorusununguko rwaavo vachatevera.

Rusununguko runochengetwa neBumbiro reMitemo runobatanidza zvose zviri zviviri rusununguko rwakaipa (rusununguko mukudzorwa nehurumende) uye rusununguko rwakananga (kukwanisa kutora rutivi mukuzvidzora). Bill of Rights, iyo yakawedzerwa nokukurumidza pashure pokunatswa, inonatsa paidzi dziviriro. Munhau yose yeAmerica, revo yorusununguko yakura kupfurikidza negadziriso dzebumbiro remitemo nerondedzero dzedare kubatanidza rusununguko rwokutaura, rudzidziso, pepanhau, uye maruramiro kumuitiro wakafanira nedziviriro. Nongedzero yePregation’s ku "Postrity" inoyeuchidza vaAmerica kuti rusununguko runochengetwa ibasa rinopfuurira iro risingagumiswi nenhamburiko dzipi nedzipi nedzipi nedzinga.

Mashoko Okutanga Muudzori hweAmerica

Nepo Sunday isati iri manyuko akazvimirira esimba rehurumende, yakadudzwa muzvisarudzo zvakawanda zveDare Rapamusorosakawanda senhungamiro inodudzira. Mu Mcloch v. Maryland (1819), Mutongi John Marshall akashandisa Sunday kuti atsigire kuti Constitution inofanira kunzwisiswa muchiedza chezvinangwa zvayo zvakafara pane kurava magwaro matete. [[FLT:]] Jaconson v. Massachusetts (19105), Dare rakashandisa garikano kutsigira mitemo inomanikidzirwa. [[FL:] U.S.[vFT.FLT] [FF]]

Sumo yakaitawo basa mumutemo wamarudzi ose namabasa okukurukurirana. Chibvumirano cheSangano Romubatanidzwa Wenyika Dzapasi Pose, mabumbiro emitemo enyika dzakawanda, uye zvibvumirano zvamarudzi akawanda zvakanyora pamutauro nechimiro cheAmerican Preggee. Kutaura kwokuti "Isu Vanhu" tazova chiratidzo chenyika yose chokuzvitonga kwehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu, chinooneka munyika kubva kuSouth Korea kusvikira kuSouth Africa. National Archives[[[[FLLM:1]] inogovera zviwanikwa zvikuru pakunyora dhirowa uye nhaka yePreging's, kuratidzira kushanda kwayo kusingaperi.

Kuzivikanwa Kwechikwata Chazvino Uno uye Kutanga Kwacho

Sumo inoumba kuzivikanwa kwevagari vemo veAmerica vazvino uno munzira dzakawanda. Chokutanga, iko kutangira dzidzo yavagari vemo. Vadzidzi munyika yose vanodzidzira nomusoro uye vanodzokorora mashoko okutanga serutivi rwokutanga kwavo kuhurumende yeAmerica. Iyi dzidzo yakafanana inoparira pfundo renhevedzo yetsika. Constitution Center yeNational Center inogovera mapurogiramu nezviwanikwa zvinobetsera vagari vemo kupinda munheyo dzePreging'ss mumashoko azvino uno.

Chechipiri, mavambo anokumbirwa mumitambo yokuberekwa nayo nokuda kwavagari vemo vatsva.Masangano okubatanidza kugarwa kwevagari vemo eU.S. anobatanidza kutanga muitiro wokuita kuti zvivepo, achibvumira vatsva vokuAmerica kusimbisa kuzvipira kwavo kunheyo dzokuvamba dzenyika. Izvi zvinosimbisa pfungwa yokuti vaAmerica havasi vorudzi kana kuti dzinza asi kuti vanonamatira kutsika dzinowirirana dzinotaurwa muzvinyorwa zvokuvamba.

Chechitatu, Sumo inowanzooneka mukutaura kwezvamatongerwe enyika mumativi ose akasiana epfungwa. Mapurezidhendi anobva kumativi ose ari maviri akadudza mavambo mukero dzokutanga, hurukuro dzeHurumende yeUnion, uye kero dzenyika. Masangano enzanga anoikumbira kudenha miitiro iripo netsigiriro nokuda kwokuchinja. Mutauro wePregator wakafara zvakakwana kuwiriranisa nedudziro dzinokwikwidzana, izvo chaizvoizvo zvinouita kuti uve unobetsera sechiratidzo chinobatanidza. Inogovera mashoko anozivikanwa nokuda kwekurukurirano yezvamatongerwe enyika pasina kuparira muuyo.

Chechina, Sugududzo inopesvedzera nzira iyo vaAmerica vanonzwisisa nayo misengwa yavo kune mumwe nomumwe. Mashoko okuti "Kuzivisa Nhaka yeWelfare" ave ari chinhu chikuru kukurukurirano pamusoro poutano, dzidzo, uye muitiro wezvemari. Chitsama chemashoko "Revetai kuti mapurisa adzorwe" chinozivisa pamusoro pekurukurirano dzehurumende, nhevedzano yavose, uye kodzero dzavagari vemo. Kutaura kwokuti "kuchengeta Zvikomborero zveNtshukuro" kuumba kurukurirano pamusoro pezvakavanzika, kutaura kwakasununguka, uye rusununguko rworudzidziso. Chitsama chimwe nechimwe chinogovera giramupi wemipiyuta kupfurikidza narwo kana hurumende yavo iri kuzadzika madonzo acho okuvamba.

Basa Resumo Munguva Dzenhamo

Munhau yose yeAmerica, nhambo dzenjodzi yorudzi dzakanyandura ngwariro yakamutsidzirwa kusumo. Mukati mekuderera kukuru kwoUkuru Hwemari, Purezidhendi Franklin D. Roosevelt mapurogiramu eNew Deal akaumbwa zvakajeka senhamburiko dzokusimudzira garikano yavose nokutanga ruramisiro. Mukati meChivil Rights Movement, vashingairi vakakumbira chipikirwa chePregation cheruramisiro nerusununguko kudenha kusarura. Pashure paSeptember 11, mutauro wePregatedgey wedziviriro yavose nerugare rwemhuri dzakaoneka muhurukuro nekurukurirano pamusoro pechengeteko yenyika nekodzero dzavagari vemo.

Denda reCOVID-19 rakamutsa gakava pamusoro poukuru hwechiremera chehurumende kuti chitsigire garikano yose kupfurikidza nezviito zvoutano. Mutauro wePregeget wakagovera gadziriro yokuitirana nharo mose muri muviri nokuda kwemijekiseno inosungirwa napakurwisana nemitemo inosungirwa, murairo wokuvhara mabhaisiko, uye kuvharwa kwezvemari. Uku kukwikwidzana kwakanaka nokuda kwenzanga yehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu; kunoratidzira kuti nheyo dzePregegery dzinoramba dzine chokuita nokuita chisarudzo chazvino uno.

Mirangariro Yemaonere Ezvinhu Neapasi Rose

American Pregage yapesvedzera gadziriro yebumbiro remitemo munyika yose. Mabumbiro emitemo enyika akawanda anovamba nechitangidzo chinotaura madonzo ehurumende namanyuko echiremera chayo. Mashoko okuzarura eSangano Romubatanidzwa Wenyika Dzapasi Pose ($") Isu Vanhu veSangano Romubatanidzwa Wenyika Dzapasi Pose"(echo chiumbwa cheAmerica). Constitution of India, Republic of South Korea, uye Federal Republic of Germany yose inobatanidza mazarupikidzo akajeka akafanana neayomuchinyorwa cheAmerica.

Iyi pesvedzero yenyika yose inosimbisa kuzivikanwa kwevagari veAmerica kupfurikidza nokubatanidza nheyo dzakagadzwa dzenyika mutsika huru yehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu. VaAmerica vanogona kudada muidi rokuti Pregeget yavo yakabatira somuenzaniso nokuda kwamamwe marudzi anotsvaka kutanga udzori hwedemocracy. Zvisinei, kuparadzirwa kwenyika yose yomutauro wokutanga kunokarakadzawo kufananidzwa. Mamwe marudzi pane dzimwe nguva anobatanidza nongedzero dzakajeka kuzivikanwa kwedzinza, nhaka yerudzidziso, kana kuti zvichemo zvenhau izvo American Pregdages yakabvisa namaune. [[FLT:]]

Mugumisiro: Basa Risina Kuchinjwa Redu Vanhu

Mashoko acho 52 anoramba achiumba kuzivikanwa kwevagari veAmerica nokupa mashoko akafanana nokuda kwechinangwa chenyika. Haapi mhinduro dziri nyore kumibvunzo yakaoma, asi anosimbisa mibvunzo iyo vaAmerica vanofanira kuramba vachibvunza: Tiri kuronda Union yakakwana here? Tiri kuva nechokwadi chokuti rugare rwemhuri nderwedu here? Tiri kugovera dziviriro yavose here?

Iyi mibvunzo haina mhinduro zvechigarire. Chizvarwa chimwe nechimwe chinofanira kuipindura chitsva muchiedza chemigariro inochinja nenzwisiso dzinochinja dzeruramisiro, rusununguko, uye zvakanaka. Nyanzvi dzePregedge dzinova mupfupi napamhina yayo. Yakananga kumisa kududzirwa kwebumbiro remitemo asi yakakwana kuwiriranisa kukura nokuchinja. Chinodavirira vanhu veAmerica kuti vaite chiito pasina kutema chimiro chakarurama chinofanira kutora.

Sezvo nyika inonangana nedenho dzezana ramakore rechi21(_8) zvamatongerwe enyika, kudzongonyedzwa kwemitengo, kuchinja kwenhamba yavagari vemo, njodzi yemhoteredzo, uye tyisidziro dzenyika yose. Chinoyeuchidza vaAmerica kuti vakasungwa pamwe chete kwete neropa kana kuti ivhu asi nokuzvipira kumitemo yakati. Inokumbira vagari vemo kuti vazvione sechimwe chinhu chebhizimisi reboka rinovambwa munguva inosvika mberi uye mberi kukuvambwa kwezvizvarwa zvomunguva yemberi. Kupesvedzera kwechizivikanwo chenyika dzeAmerica haisi nhau yokuchengetedzwa kwenhau. Inhau yetsika inopfuurira. Nguva iri yose vagari vemo vanovhotera, vanobatira padare, vanotaura pahoro, kana kuti vanobatanidzwa muupenyu hweguta, vanoita chipikirwa chamashoko anotanga: Vanhu.