Chirevereriso cheAmerica chinorondedzerwa nebviro yacho huru nokuda kwechiito chokukurumidza, chakasimba. Uhu unobva musimba guru rakapiwa muhofisi, hunobatira seinjini yehurumende yehurumende, kuchigonesa kuchengetwa kwemitemo, mufambiro wetsika dzokumwe, uye kutarisirwa kwehurumende huru. Zvisinei, iyi injini inoshanda mukati mechikamu chikuru chakagadzirwa nokungwarira chemitemo, tarisiro yemitemo, uye hwirudzuro yedare. Purezidhendi anoshandisa simba rechiremera kwete muchinhu chisina chinhu, asi mukati megadziriro yehurumende yakagadzirwa nenzira yakajeka kudzikamisa simba, nokuzvidavirira. Kunzwisisa iri simba kunokosha kunzwisisa kusawirirana kukuru kwechidzo chehurumende yeAmerica inodzora uye gakavanwa rinopfuurira pamusoro poukuru hwechiremera chechiremera chehurumende.

Kuvamba kweBumbiro reMitemo kweChiremera Chinodzora

Hwaro hwesimba ravakuru vakuru huri muBumbiro reMitemo reU.S., bva mashoko acho anopa rondedzero huru panzvimbo pebhuku remirayiridzo rine udzame. Uku kusanzwisisana kwakanyandura mazana amakore ekurukurirano, kurukurirano, uye rwisano yapamutemo pamusoro pezvinogona uye zvisingagoni kuita. revo yesimba ravakuru vakuru haina kutanga kwete kupfurikidza nedudziro inopfuurira, asi kupfurikidza negadziriro dzinoshanda dzokutonga rudzi rwuri kukura.

Nyaya II: Charter yeVague

Chikamu I, icho chinodudza nokungwarira masimba chaiwo eCongress muzvikamu zvine gumi nezvisere zvakaparadzana, Chikamu II chinovamba nechibvumikiso chikuru: "Simba roukuru richapiwa kuna Purezidhendi weUnited States of America. Iyi "Kutsigira Claus" imavambo ekurukurirano inokosha yebumbiro remitemo. Vatsigiri vamasimba esimba, Mukuru weUnitary Theory[ inoramba kuti chitsauko ichi chinopa Purezidhendi mupimo uye kudzora bhizi guru rose. Vamwe vanotaura kuti kupfuudzira Claus chinongovawo chigaro chebasa, uye masimba ose okupinda muboka kubva paChikamu II chemitemo chinotevera.

Kunyanduka kwaClaus Nokusakendenga Kwavana Claus

Mubiyake anotsoropodza Claus yeViseting Claus iTake Care Claus, iyo inoda Purezidhendi kuti "Tarisisai kuti Mitemo ipetwe nokutendeka". Iyi gadziriro inobatanidza Purezidhendi zvakajeka kugadziriro yomutemo yakatangwa neCongress. Kukakavadzana pakati paPapatika paPaslace napane basa rokutarisira Claus ndiyo mavambo enharo yerimwe nerimwe resimba guru revakuru vakuru. Mutungamiriri angataura kuti chiremera chomugariro, asi pakupedzisira anomanikidzirwa nechinodikanwa kuti aite mitemo seyakanyorwa. Iyi rwisano iri pamwoyo pemibvunzo yakapoteredza mirayiridzo yehurumende, kutungamirira, kungwarira, uye basa raPrezidhende mugariro inoumba dare.

Kugadzwa uye Simba Rebvumirano

Chikamu II chinopawo Purezidhendi masimba chaiwo anogoverana neDare, zvikurukuru simba ku vakuru vehurumende (vatongi, nhume, mitezo yeKibitmate) uye ku zvibvumirano zvakati kuti. Apo Purezidhendi anopa dare reSangano reSangano rinopa "Advice neConstance]. Uku kugoverana simba rutivi rukuru rwechekero nedzinoro. Kudzivisa chinodikanwa chetendero chikuru, Purezidhendi panzvimbo inobvumiranwa. [FLT:] [FFF: 4,] [4] kupfurikidza naaya anobvumira purogiramu yechinguvana.[FFFOLT]

Purezidhendi saMutungamiriri Mukuru naMutungamiriri weNhengo

Kupfuura rugwaro rweChikamu II, Purezidhendi anoshandisa chiremera chinoshanda somukuru mukuru wehurumende uye somukuru mukuru wemauto wenyika. Mabasa aya anogovera mutoo unoshanda wokushandisa muitiro uye kuita chimwe chinhu kutyisidziro dzechengeteko dzenyika.

Kukura Kwesimba Remukuru

Bumbiro reMitemo rinogadza Purezidhendi se Commander-in-Chience of the Army and Navy. Ikoku kunopa udzori hwechisipo pahondo asi hakupi simba rokuzivisa hondo, iyo yakachengeterwa chose chose nokuda kweGungano. Chisarudzo chehondo cheGave rwa 1973[[[FLD]], chakapfuudzwa naProfesiti yechiPurotesita Nixon's chuchu, kuedza kurondedzera miganhuro yebasa rehondo rapurezidhendi, kuraira Mutungamiriri wenyika maawa 48 okuzivisa mauto ane zvombo uye kubvisa mauto pashure pamazuva 60 kutonge Hurumende ichibvumira kushandiswa kwesimba. Hurumende yemitemo yehurumende inodzokororongedzero inodzo inodzorwa zvikuru, seyamateveri yakaita simba repamutemo rehurumende kuti itongerwe chiremera chisati pamutemo.

Nhau Dzokumwe Nedzidziso Yechinoumba Chinomera

Muzvinhu zvisiri zvapamutemo, Purezidhendi anowanzorondedzerwa se "Mutezo mukuru wehurumende yehurumende muukama hwake namasimba okumwe," dzidziso yakaziviswa munhau yeDare rapamusorosoro United States v. Curtiss-Wright Transport Corp.[FL:1] [193]. Uyu murangariro mukuru unokarakadza kuti Purezidhendi ane masimba enhaka mumiitiro yemo yokumwe mumiitiro yakasununguka mumiitiro yakasununguka yemimwe nyika iyo yakazvimirira munhume. Zvisinei, kunyange munhau dzokunze, Mutungamiriri wenyika anodzorwa ne Preversado] yeProme reProgmentantswor anodzora kuvamba kana kuti mabasa ehondo. Mano anodzoro anoitwawokukurukuriranawo pakupedzisira anodzorwa nokudzorwa kwezvibvumirano zvechibvumirano zvebasa.

Zviridzwa Zvechiito Chakananga: Nhevedzo Dzinodzora Neziviso

Mirairo yavakuru vakuru zvishandiso zvinooneka zvikurusa uye zvine simba zvechiito chakananga chapurezidhendi. Inobvumira Purezidhendi kutungamirira kushanda kwehurumende yehurumende yehurumende uye kushandisa muitiro pasina kupfuudza muitiro wemitemo. Kunyange zvazvo ine simba, haisi cheki isina kunyorwa uye iri pasi peganhuriro dzemitemo nedzinoshanda.

Chii Chinoita Kuti Gadziriro Yavakuru Vakuru Ive Yapamutemo?

Nhevedzo yavakuru vakuru inofanira kuwana chiremera chayo muChikamu II chakananga kupiwa simba neChibvumirano. Kana nhevedzano inopfuura iyi miganhu, inodzorwa nematare. Muenzaniso wakakurumbira zvikurusa weichi [[FLT:][4] pasi peChikamu II. Kuraira kwevakuru vakuru hakugoni kuita mitemo mitsva, mari yakafanira, kana kuti kupokanidza mitemo iripo yehurumende. Kana nhevedzano inopfuura iyi miganhu, inotapurwa nematare. [195], (8], 1]

Mirayiro Yechiratidzo Chenyika Munhau yeAmerica

Miraidzo yechiremera yakashandiswa kuumba nzanga yeAmerica munzira huru. [[FLT: 0] . . .[FMAN] project (1863) na Abraham Lincoln akashandisa chiremera chavakuru vakuru kusunungura varanda mumaruwa anopandukira, inoruramiswa sechinodikanwa chehondo pasi pesimba rake guru. [[FFLT: 4.] [FFFUM]] Nhesvet . [194] [5]

Tsamba Yebumbiro remitemo: Kuongorora Nokudzikamisa

Gadziriro yokuongorora nokudzikamisa igadziriro yokugadzira yakagadzirirwa kudzivisa kubatanidzwa kwesimba rechiremera muudzvinyiriri.

Kutarisira Kwedare Nesimba Rechitoro

Congress ine shopu huru yezvokunzvera mukuru. Chinokosha zvikurusa i simba rechikwama ; hapana chiito chokutungamirira chinogona kutsigirwa pasina mari yakakodzera. Congress inotungamirirawo kunzwisa mashoko [[, nhau , dzinomira sechitoko chakakomba [[FLT][FLT][FLT][FLT]][FLT]][F:5], uye dzinoda kuti bazu guru ripe kugovera mashoko pasi pe [[FT:] Contion Act Act . [idzo], nepo inomira sechinogumira chibvumirano che "Crimemessmagent naMismes], inobvumira Purezidheali kubvisa simba rokushatisa mashoko nokuda kwesimba. shome yechamuso.

Kuhwirudzura Kwokutonga: Basa reDare Gurusa

Kunyange zvazvo matare achiwanzozviisa pasi pomukuru mukuru panhau dzechengeteko yenyika uye mutemo wokumwe, anowanzopindira kuti atsigire ganhuriro dzebumbiro remitemo nedzemitemo. Nhengo huru dzinobatanidza:

  • Thrown mapeji & Tube Co. v. Sawyer (1952): yakaganhura masimba enhaka emigariro yekurumidziro yapamusha.
  • [[FLT] United States v. Nixon [774]): ropafadzo yechiremera yakaganhurirwa, ichida Purezidhendi Nixon kutendeutsa matepi eWatergate.
  • [FLT]MP v. Hawaii (2017): yakatsungirira chisarudzo chapamhene chaPurezidhendi pamusoro pokupinda nokuchengeteka kwerudzi pasi peImmigation and Nationality Act, nepo ichigadza ganhuriro parusarurano rworudzidziso.

Iyi nhau inoratidzira kuti nepo Purezidhendi anoshandisa chiremera chinokosha, matare anochengeta simba rokurondedzera miganhu yawo. Chirongwa Oyez paCornell Law chinogovera pfupiso dzinosvika dzeidzi zvisarudzo zvekatanhamara.

Mafungiro Avanhu Vose Nokuzvidavirira Kwematongerwe Enyika

Kupfuura nzvero dzesangano dzakarongwa, Purezidhendi pakupedzisira anozvidavirira kuvhota. Nhevedzo yavakuru vakuru kana kuti chisarudzo chemiitiro yokumwe chinotungamirira kumiuyo yakaipa yezvamatongerwe enyika chinogona kunyandura chishoro chezvamatongerwe enyika, kukuvadza mirau yetendero yaPrezidhendi, uye kutapura muuyo wesarudzo inotevera. Zvinobudisa nhau, mapoka ezviwanwa, uye nzanga yavagari vemo zvinoita basa rinodenha chiito choukuru mukuru uye kuzivisa vanhu, kuchiparira chinhu chine simba, kana chisina kurongwa, mubatanidzwa wokuzvidavirira.

Simba Rine Simba Munhambo Yenhamo Nokukura

Hondo Yevagari Vemo, Kuderera Kukuru Kwoupfumi, uye Hondo Yemagandanga, zvose zvakaona bazi raitungamirira richiva nezviremera zvitsva zvakachinja hurumende zvachose.

Dzidziso Youtungamiriri Hwesangano

Mumakumi amakore achangobva kupfuura aya, dudziro chaiyo yebumbiro remitemo inozivikanwa se Hurukuro yedare ramasangano yawanwa. Iyi rondedzero inoramba kuti Kudzosa Claus yeChikamu II kunopa Purezidhendi udzori hwose pabazu rehurumende, kubatanidza simba rokubvisa mukuru mukuru upi noupi wehurumende kana kuti mushandi padandiro. Vatsigiri vanopikisa ikoku kuri madikanwa nokuda kwokuzvidavirira uye udzori hunobudirira. Vanotsoropodza vanodzivisa kuti kunotyisidzira kuzvimirira kwamasangano uye basa rehurumende, kunosekesa mutemo. Iyi rondedzero yakashandiswa kururamisa zviito zvokudenha zvakadai semari inodzokorora, kuhwirutsirazve, uye kudenha kuzvimirira kwavaongorori vehurumende vose uye mazano chaiwo.

Hondo Paugandanga Nemasimba Enyika Okuchengeteka

Pashure pedenho dzaSeptember 11, kutarisirwa kwaPrezidenti George W. Bush akataura masimba makuru anodzora, kubatanidza kunzvera kwemichina yemagetsi kusingabvumirwi, kusungwa kusingachinji kwevavengi, uye kushandiswa kwematare ehondo. Zviito izvi zvakaruramiswa muMutungamiriri weChief wetendeii uye Chibvumirano cheUsen for Auto Force (AMFF) zvakapfuudzwa neDare repamutemo. Hondo dzinotevera dzakapfuudzwa nedare repamutemo, kubatanidza Hamdi v. Rumsfeld[ na [FLT:] BEDINEB] na[FFFFLT]. , zvakaguma neDare guru remitemo inosimbisa basa rehurumende, kunyange mumitezotooto yehurumende yehurumende yehurumende.

Hurumende Inodzora Nekudzora

Hurumende yazvino uno, namasangano akawanda akazvimirira uye masangano edzoro, inopa denho yechienzi kusimba guru. Mapurezidhendi akatsvaka nenzira inowedzera kudzora kupfurikidza nemirairo yavakuru vakuru inoda kunzvera kwechitsaru chechibharo [ uye kuhwirudzurwa neHofisi yeInformation and Reguralgation Affairs (ORA). Simba rokugadza misoro yesangano nokuibvisa razova nzvimbo yehondo huru, neDare Rapamusoro rinotonga mu Mutemo [LC v.[FLTFLT]] [20]) chirongwa cheConsolation Excial Providuction Bureaution chinoshation decial provicesss kupfurikidza nokubvisa simba rechiremera. Masangano ePrezimenteastsssss anoramba kudzora kudzora pamutemo.

Mugumo: Nharo Inopfuurira Pamusoro Pesimba Neganhuriro

Kushandiswa kwesimba guru kunomirira chinoitika chikuru chekudzora kweAmerica. Kunokosha zvose zviri zviviri nokuda kwokuva nesimba rinobudirira uye manyuko etsika inodzorwa. Sangano recheki nedzinodzikamisa, nepo kazhinji kazhinji richishatisa uye richinonoka, rinogovera gadziriro inokosha umo simba iri rinofanira kushandiswa. Kupesana hakusati kuri kana Purezidhendi asati achifanira kuva nesimba, asi kana gadziriro yehurumende yakasimba zvakakwana kubata simba iroro. Sezvo ukuru hwehurumende yehurumende yehurumende nenhengedzo yepasi zvinopfuurira kugadzirika, kuoma kuri pakati pebasa rehurumende rakakomba rakakomba gurusa uye pfundo rekudzorwa kwemitemo kucharamba kuripo. Nokuda kwokupfupikisa kwakakwana kwesimba repamutemo nerongedzero, [FLD] Cremiontion pamionsion paServicenceography yebasa rapamusoro-gurukota rehurumende [1]