Simba redare rokutanga nokuchengeta mabasa okuparadzira vanhu rinomira sechinhu chinokosha chokutonga kwehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu, kuvimbisa kuti vagari vemo vane mukana wokuzvimirira, wakasiyana, uye wekukwirira kwakakwirira. Mitemo, semitumbi yakasarudzwa inomirira vanhu, ine chiremera chakasiyana chokuita pamutemo, kugovera mari, uye kutungamirira vashambadzi vezvokuparadzira. Chiremera ichi hachisi hacho chidzoreri chete kudzora; mutoro mukuru unoumba nzvimbo yavose, unochengetedza kuzivikanwa kwetsika, uye unoita kuti pave nomutevengi anozivikanwa. Nyaya ino inoongorora basa rakasiyana - siyana redare mukuumba nokuendesa mashoko avose, kuongorora nheyo dzepamutemo, mabasa okutarisira, uye kuzviisa pasi kwokuzvimirira.

Mavambo Epamutemo ETV Inobudiswa Paruzhinji

Zvishandiso zvepamutemo izvi zvinorondedzera basa racho, urongwa hwokutonga, manyuko okushandisa mari, uye kudzivirira kuzvimirira kwevanoshambadzira veruzhinji. Pasina hwaro hwepamutemo hwakasimba, kuparadzira pachena kune ngozi dzinova pasi pezvido zvematongerwe enyika kana kuti dzvinyiriro dzezvokutengeserana, zvichideredza chinangwa chakwo chikuru chokushumira vanhu vose.

Kutevedzerwa kweBumbiro reMitemo uye Kutemwa Kwemitemo

Mumarudzi akawanda, bumbiro remitemo pacharo rinogovera hwaro hwokuparadzira vanhu. Somuenzaniso, mutemo weGermany Basic unovimbisa rusununguko rwokuparadzira nemirairo kuti vashambadzi vehurumende varongwe kuti vave nechokwadi chokuzvimirira pahurumende. Nenzira yakafanana, Bumbiro remitemo reSouth Africa rinoda kuti kutepfenyura kudzorwe nomutoo unosimudzira utongi hwehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu, mhatsa, uye kuzvidavirira kwavanhu. Masimba anoshandura nheyo dzemitemo idzi kuva mitemo ine udzame iyo inoumba masangano anoparadzira vanhu uye inoronga kodzero dzavo nemisengwaro.

Zvirongwa zvemitsetse zvinosiyana - siyana zvikuru asi zvinowanzosanganisira urongwa huripo:

  • [ Misengwa yebasa ravose – zvakadai sokugovera mashoko asina rusaruro, zviri mukati medzidzo, uye zvirongwa zvetsika.
  • Zvivako zveGovernance – kazhinji kazhinji dare kana kuti dare rakagadzwa nedare remitemo kana kuti ravakuru vakuru, zvine dziviriro kudzivisa kubata kwezvamatongerwe enyika.
  • Mitemo inoumba [ – kubatanidza mitero yerezinesi, mari inopiwa nehurumende yakananga, uye kepisi dzemari yebhizimisi.
  • Uzvimiriri [ - dziviriro dzapamutemo padzongonyedzo dzinoitwa nehurumende kana kuti vamwe vatambi vezvamatongerwe enyika.

Muenzaniso unokosha iUnited States, umo Corporation for Public Broadcasting (CPTB) yakaumbwa nePUCS BBC Act ya1967. Iri mutemo wehurumende wakagadzwa CPB sesangano rakavanzika, risingaripi mari kumitezo yavose yeredhiyo neterevhizheni, kuvimbisa kuti zvisarudzo zvirimo zvinoramba zviri pamwero womunzvimbomo. Nenzira yakafanana, United Kingdom’s BC Royal Charter inodzokororwa uye inovandudzwa nguva nenguva neParamendement, inorondedzera madonzo avose, mari inotsigirwa nomuripo werezi, uye mutezo waro mukuru mukuru wayo.

Kushandisa Mari Nepfuma

Rimwe ramasimba makurusa anobvapo echirongwa chechibvumirano nderokudzora zviwanikwa zvemari zvokuparadzira. Zvisarudzo zvokutsigira zvinenge zvaitwa zvinotapura zvakananga ukuru, kunaka, uye kuzvimirira kwemabasa. Masimba angafanira kuronga mari yegore negore, kugadza mwero yerezinesi, kana kuti kubvumira zvirongwa zvemari inobhadharwa kwegore rakawanda. Nzira yokutsigira mari ine chokuita zvikuru nokuzvimirira kwenyanzvi dzenhau uye kuronga kwenguva refu.

Nzira dzinoshandiswa pakutsigira mari dzinosanganisira:

  • Mitero yemari – mutero wemba weterevhizheni kana kuti redhiyo, unozivikanwa muEurope (zvikurukuru, BBC, LARD/ZDF muGermany, NHK muJapan). Magislature anowanzogadza mwero wemari inobhadharwa uye anovimbisa kuti kuunganidzwa kwawo kwakazvimirira muhurumende.
  • Hurumende inopa mari yezvikarakadzo zvegore negore - miraudzo yemari yenyika, inozivikanwa munyika dzakadai seCanada (CBC/Radio-Canada) neAustralia (ABC). Uyu muenzaniso unopa chirongwa chemitemo pamutemo simba rehurumende asi unopinzawo mungozi dzvinyiriro yezvamatongerwe enyika.
  • [[[NHAU]] Mari yakagadzirwa [ - mubatanidzwa wemari yavose nemari yebhizimisi, zvakadai sokushambadzira kana kuti kutsigira. Mitemo ingafukidza mari yebhizimisi kudzivirira mipimo yebasa ravose.

Mitemo inewo simba rokuwedzera kana kuti kuderedza mari, inogona kuva munondo wakakuyiwa nekaviri. Nepo mari inobvumira vashambadzi kubudisa zvinhu zvakaenzana, mari inogona kuderedza mapurogiramu, kubvisa, uye kuderera kwebasa ravose. Somuenzaniso, mumakore achangobva kupfuura aya, matare anoverengeka akapikisa kutsigirwa kwemitero yerezinesi munguva ino inodirana, achinyandura kuhwirudzura kwemiedzo yemari inotambirwa nokuda kwevashambadzi venhau seBBC neFrance Téléwies.

Kutarisira Kwomutemo Nokuzvidavirira

Kunze kwokutanga nokutsigira nokutsigira shamhu dzavose, masangano okutonga anoita basa rinokosha muutarisiri kuti vave nechokwadi chokuti vatepfenyuri vemashoko vehurumende vanoita zvavanorayira uye vanoramba vachizvidavirira kuvoruzhinji vavanobatira.

Kuda Kuzvimirira

Mitemo inotarisana nechinetso chikuru: inofanira kuzvidavirira kuvatepfenyuri vehurumende nokuda kwoutariri hwavo hwemari yavose nokunamatira kunzvimbo yavo yebasa ravo ravose, nepo ichivadzivirirawo padzongonyedzo yezvamatongerwe enyika.

  • Miviri inodzorwa yakazvimirira – yakadai seOncom in the UK kana kuti Australian Communies and Media Authority, iyo inobata mipimo irimo ndokunzvera zvichemo.
  • [ matare epamutemo – matare eparamende angaitisa kutongwa, kuhwirudzura mishumo yegore negore, uye kukumbira vakuru vakuru kupindura mibvunzo, asi havagoni kuraira zvisarudzo zvokugutswa.
  • Zvibvumirano – zvibvumirano zvamakore akawanda zvinoisa miganhu yezvipfuro zvemari, zvichiganhurira kupindira kwezvamatongerwe enyika kwegore negore.

Somuenzaniso, vashambadzi vehurumende veGermany vanoshanda muzvibvumirano zvehurumende zvinoda tendero neparamende dzose dzehurumende yeGermany, muitiro unobatanidza kuvimbisa kuzvimirira. MuJapan, NHK inotarisirwa neDare raGavhuna rakagadzwa neMutungamiriri weHurumende nebvumirano yeparamende, uye bhajeti yayo inofanira kutenderwa neDiet. Iyi mitoo inovimbisa kuti matare emitemo ane basa pasina kudzora kwakananga kwomunyori wenhau.

Matare eParamende uye Kutongwa Kwevanhu Vose

Matare apamutemo akatsaurirwa kukurukurirano, tsika, kana kuti zvinobudisa nhau kazhinji kazhinji anobatira semasangano makuru anotarisira nokuda kwokuparadzira pachena. Anohwirudzura mishumo yegore negore, anoyera basa rinopesana nevavariro dzemitemo, uye vatungamiriri vanoshambadzira mibvunzo pazvisarudzo zvine chokuita nemitemo.

Kutarisira kunobudirira kunonangidzira ngwariro pa:

  • [ upfumi hwemari - kuvimbisa mari yavose inoshandiswa zvakanaka uye pasina tsvina.
  • [ Kuwirirana nemuchina unoiswa panzvimbo imwe - kusimbisa kuti gadziriro dzinosvitsa mhatsa, kusasarura, uye zvinodikanwa zvedzidzo.
  • [ Kuzvichengetedza [ - kutarira zviratidzo zvipi nezvipi zvedzvinyiriro yezvamatongerwe enyika kana kuti yezvokutengeserana pazvisarudzo zvokupepeta nhau.
  • Kuvimbisana kwechiPublic – kunzvera nzira iyo vashambadzi vanokumbira nayo ndokupindura nayo kumhinduro yavateereri.

Miitiro yakanakisisa inobatanidza kuraira vashambadzi venhau vaparuzhinji kubudisa mishumo ine udzame yegore negore, kuita kunzvera kwavose, uye kuzviisa pasi pekunzvera kwokunze. Basa redare rinotonga nderokuva nechokwadi chokuti iyi miitiro ine chokwadi uye inoshanda, kwete kuzvisarudzo zvechikamu chimwe nechimwe chomupepeti wenhau.

Kuzvidavirira Kuvanhu Vose

Nyika dzakawanda dzakatanga gadziriro dzokunyunyuta dzakazvimirira, kana kuti matare okubata navose zvichemo zvavaoni navateereri. Mitemo ingarairawo kuti vashambadzi venhau venzanga vabatane namabhodhi ezvibvumirano zvenzanga kana kuti kuita misangano yehoro yomutaundi.

Kuona zviri pachena chinhu chikuru. Vanoshambadzira vanhu vanofanira kubudisa nhungamiro dzavo dzokupepeta nhau, manyuko okupa mari, uye zvivako zvokudzora. Mitemo inogona kuraira kunzvera kwavose kwenguva dzose uye kuhwirudzurwa kwakazvimirira kwechakabudiswa nechinotapura. Kupfurikidza nokuita kudaro, vanosimbisa chisungo chokuvimba pakati pomushandisi wenhau navanhu.

Maonero Anoita Nyika Yose Pamabasa Acho

Nzira iyo matare emitemo anoshandisa nayo simba rawo pakuparadzira vanhu inosiyana zvikuru munyika yose, achiratidzira gadziriro dzakasiana - siana dzezvamatongerwe enyika, magariro enhau, uye mipimo yetsika. Nepo mimwe mienzaniso ichiisa rovedzo yakasimba yemitemo, mimwe inoda kuzvimirira kwezvombo.

United Kingdom: Royal Charter neParamende Kutarisira

BBC, mumwe wevashambadzi vehurumende vekaresa uye vanoremekedzwa zvikurusa munyika, anoshanda pasi peRoyal Charter inomutsidzirwa makore gumi ari ose. Tchata chishandiso chehurumende yeUK asi chinorangarirwa neParamende. Mari yeBBC inoshandiswa nepects kupfurikidza nepectives inogadzwa nehurumende, ichifanira kuongororwa neparamende. Kudzora nokutarisira kweBBC kwakachinjwa muna 2017 nokuumbwa kweBBC Board nebasa reparameyary yeOcom. Dare rePlameterry, zvikurukuru raMagictic, Cul, Media, Komiti inobvunzurudza nguva dzose uye inobvunzurudza nhau huru dzehurumende.

Germany: Kubatanidzwa kweHurumende Nechibvumirano Chehurumende

Gadziriro yokuparadzira yavose yeGermany yakaitwa kuti ive yakanaka, navanoshambadzira voruwa (MHARAR) nomukoto worudzi (ZDF) unodzorwa nezvibvumirano pakati pehurumende 16. Paramende imwe neimwe inofanira kusimbisa zvibvumirano, kupa masangano emitemo basa rakananga mukugadza gadziriro yapamutemo. Kubhadharwa kwakavakirwa pamutero weraisensi yemhuri (Rudfunckengradg) inorumbidzwa nemubato wakasununguka uye ipapo inotangwa neparamende. Iyi gadziriro inovimbisa kubvumirana kwakafara uye kudzivirira vashanyi kubva kupesvedzero imwe.

Canada: Kubvunzurudza uye Kuongorora Kwemagetsi muParamende

Canadian Broadcasting Corporation (CBC/Radio-Canada) isangano rehurumende rinotsigirwa zvikurukuru kupfurikidza nepurogiramu dzegore negore dzeparamende. Chirairo charo chinorondedzerwa muSabata reSangano reSangano reSangano reSangano reSangano reSangano reMitezo reZuvara reCanadian. CBC inotarisana nemvuudzo dzepanhambo nenhambo uye inofanira kupindura kumatare eparamende. Kubhanya kwave kuri denho inopfuurira, nekurukurirano pamusoro pomwero nedzikamo yenhau dzeCanadian Heritage.

Japan: Kubvumirwa Kwezvokudya uye Boka RavanaGavhuna

NHK, mushambadzi wehurumende weJapan, anoshanda pasi peBroadcast Act. Board of Garmars inogadzwa noMutungamiriri weHurumende nemvumo yeNational Diet, uye bhajeti yayo inofanira kutenderwa neDiet.Izvozvi zvinopa chibvumirano basa rinokosha mukutarisira zvamatongerwe enyika. Zvisinei, kuitira hanya pamusoro pepesvedzero yezvamatongerwe enyika kwakamuka, uye chinjo dzakakarakadzwa kusimbisa kuzvimirira kweNHK.

Nyika Dzichiri Kubudirira: Kuvaka Bhadhiskuro Yavose Inobva Muuranda

Mumasangano akawanda outongi hunobuda, masangano emitemo ane denho yokugadza kuparadzira kwavose uko zvinobudisa nhau zvinodzorwa nehurumende zvakanga zviripo kare. Masangano emarudzi ose akaita UNESCO anogovera nhungamiro pamusoro pemiitiro yakanakisisa yemitemo, kubatanidza dziviriro dzorusununguko nokutora rutivi rwavose. Somuenzaniso, muSouth Africa, Broadcasting Act yakaparira SABC somushandisi wenhau, nepo Independent Communications Authority of South Africa (ICAA) inodzora chikamu chemitemo munyika dzakadai pe Kenya, Ghana, uye Brazil yakaita mitemo yokushandura manyuko ezvokubudisa mashoko kuva mabasa avose echokwadi.

Matambudziko Nenhungamiro Dzomunguva Yemberi

Kutepfenyura kweruzhinji kunotarisana nezvinetso zvakawanda muzana remakore rechi21: kuvhiringidzika kwemichina, kuderera kwevateereri, makwikwi okudirana muzvikuva, uye kubatana kwezvamatongerwe enyika.

Kuchinja kwemadhigirii uye Manyasi Matsva

Mitemo iri kuda kuti vashambadzi venhau vape zvinotemwa nevanhu vakawanda, kusanganisira mabasa anoitwa, mapodhudhu, uye zvinobudisa nhau. Uku kuwedzera kunomutsa mibvunzo pamusoro pemari, makwikwi nezvinobudisa nhau, uye rondedzero yebasa ravose munzvimbo yakakamukana yezvinobudisa nhau. Mamwe matare emitemo akavandudza mirayiro yezvitepfeko zvehurumende kubatanidza zvakajeka mashoko ekombiyuta, sezvinoonekwa neBBC’S iPlayer neRDARD Medithek yeGermany.

Kutsigira Mari

Mutezo werezinesi wegamuchidzanwa uri mudzvinyiriro sezvo vateereri vaduku vari kurega terevhizheni. MaLegislature ari kutsvaka zvimwe mitoo yakadai sezvitsama zvemari zvakarongwa, mifananidzo yakavhengana ine kushambadza kwakaganhurirwa, kana kuti chibharo chemba yakafara cheimba. Muna 2022, hurumende yeUK yakazivisa kuderera kwemakore maviri pamubhadharo werezinesi weBBBC uye kuhwirudzura kutsiridza kwedzimwe mhando dzemari. Nenzira yakafanana, France yakakurukura kuzivisa mashoko avose uye kugadziridza mabhajeti akagadzirwa.

Kuzvimirira Kwezvamatongerwe Enyika Munguva Yokusanzwisisana

Munyika dzakawanda, vashambadzi venhau vehurumende vanotarisana nepomero dzerusaruro kubva kumativi ose ari maviri ezvamatongerwe enyika. Magracy anofanira kudzivisa muedzo wokushandisa utariri sechishandiso chedzvinyiriro yezvamatongerwe enyika. Kusimbisa mitumbi inotonga yakazvimirira uye kuva nechokwadi chemimiririri yakasiana - siana pamabhodhi anodzora kunogona kubetsera kudzivirira kuzvimirira. Mamwe masangano akagadza kwenguva yakagadzwa nezvinodikanwa zvezvamatongerwe enyika pamapapu kuti aderedze vhiringidzo yeGroseji.

Kubatanidzwa Kwavose Nokuvimba

Kuchengeta chivimbo chavose kunokosha. Mitemo inogona kuraira vatepfenyuri venhau kuti vashandise mipimo yakasimba yepepeti, kururamisa kwemiitiro inojeka, uye kutanga kuvimbisana kwevateereri. Somuenzaniso, mirayiridzo yeBBC yeMitemplial Guideline inowanika pachena uye inomanikidzirwa neUnion yeTemplicial Clinity. Maglature anogona kuraira miitiro yakafanana yokuzvidavirira mune dzimwe nyika.

mhedziso

Simba redare rokutanga nokuchengeta mabasa okuparadzira vanhu chinhu chinokosha chokusimudzira ruzivo, kuvimbisana, uye nzanga dzinobatanidzwa netsika. Kupfurikidza nenheyo dzebumbiro remitemo nemitemo, mari yamano, uye utariri hwakadzikama, masangano emitemo anogona kuparira mhoteredzo umo vashambadzi venhau vanobudirira sevanozvimirira, vakavimbika, uye masangano anogamuchira. Zvinetso zvezera remichina yezvokutengeserana nedzvinyiriro dzezvamatongerwe enyika zvinogona kuvandudza nzira dzavo dzokuva nechokwadi chokuti kutepfekedzerwa kwavose kupfuurira kubatira fariro nefariro nokuda kwezvizvarwa zvapasi pose.

Zvinhu zvinowanikwa kunze kweBhaibheri kuti uverengezve: