Mavambo Enhau Ouchangamire Hworudzi uye Bumbiro Remitemo reU.S.

United States Constitution, yakanyoreswa muna 1787, yakaita gadziriro yehurumende itsva yehurumende, asi yakasiya nzvimbo yendudzi dzemaIndia eAmerica isingarondedzerwi zvikuru. Panguva yeConvention yeBumbiro reMitemo, varongi vairangarira marudzi amaIndia semasangano akaparadzana, maruramiro ayo nyika itsva yaizoitisa kurukurirano nebvumirano. Iyi nzwisiso yokutanga inoratidzirwa murugwaro rweBumbiro reMitemo, runodudza “Indien" katatu , nguva dzose mumugariro wesimba renyika panzvimbo pekodzero dzedzinza.

Commerce Claus (Njeresa, Chikamu 8, Claus 3) inopa Congress simba “rokudzora kutengeserana namarudzi okumwe, uye pakati penyika dzinoverengeka, uye namadzinza eIndia.” Kupfurikidza nokuisa ndudzi dzeIndia mumutsetse mumwe chetewo samarudzi okumwe nehurumende, vabvumiri vanobvuma chose chose mugariro wavo wezvamatongerwe enyika. Zvisinei, ichi chitsama chakapawo chiremera chehurumende yehurumende isina kudzorwa paukama hwemari namarudzi, simba iro gare gare raizoshandiswa kururamisa miitiro yehurumende.

Treaty Claus [Mazita] (Mazita II, Chikamu 2, Claus 2) anobvumira Purezidhendi kuita zvibvumirano ne “zano nemvumo yeDare.” Kubva muna 1778 kusvikira muna 1871, United States yakapinda muzvibvumirano zvinopfuura 370 neMarudzi. Zvibvumirano izvi zvakazivikanwa somutemo mukuru wenyika pasi po kuva Clausce [ [Mazita] (Mazita VI, Clauskiase 2), izvo zvinozivisa kuti zvibvumirano zvose zvakaitwa pasi pechiremera cheUnited States zvinobatira. Pasinei zvapo nouyu mutevero mukuru mukuru wemitemo, U.S yakaputsa zvibvumirano, zvichitungamirira kuwe kwenguva refu yenhau yemitemo pamusoro penhau youmambo yedzinza.

Kunyarara kweBumbiro reMitemo pamusoro pouchangamire hwakagarwa nhaka hwendudzi dzeMamwe ndudzi kwakaparira nzvimbo iyo Dare Rapamusoro-soro rakazozadza pakupedzisira. Munhevedzano yenhau dzapakuvamba, Mutongi Mukuru John Marshall akafumura dzidziso yaizorondedzera mutemo weIndia womubatanidzwa kwamazana amakore. Mu [FLT][FLT]] Johnson v. McITsh [FLT] [1823], Dare rakaramba kuti vagari vemo vaisagona kutenga nyika zvakananga kundudzi dzemaIndia nemhaka yokuti kuwana kwakapa United States zita rokupedzisira renyika. Iyi “DHAUROPIRO yewaradziro". Iyi yakaganhurira nenzira inobudirira kodzero dzedzinza apo yakanga ichiziva kuti ndudzi dzakagara mumo.

Gadziriro Huru Dzebumbiro reMitemo Netapuro Yadzo Pauchangamire HwomaIndia

Kufurwa Nemakoko

Supremacy Claus anosimbisa kuti mutemo wehurumende unoisa nzvimbo yokutanga pamutemo wehurumende. Nokuda kwendudzi dzemon, iyi nheyo yave iri zvose zviri zviviri nhoo nebakatwa. Kune rumwe rutivi, inodzivirira matare enyika pahurumbidzo dzehurumende , asingagoni kudzora nhau dzedzinza panzvimbo dzinokakavadzana. Kune rumwe rutivi, apo Courts inopfuudza mitemo inorwisana nehurumende, mutemo wehurumende unova unodzora udzoro. Somuenzaniso, Majoid Crimes Act (185) akapa matare enyika pamusoro pemhosva huru nomwe dzakaparwa, kunyange apo vose vari vaviri vapfuridzi nanyajambwa vakanga vari mitezo yedzinza. Dare guru rinosimudzira chiito mu [FLD:] .[FLD1] United States v[FF: [FF] [5] [5] [18]

Simba Rezvokutengeserana raClaus Nerokuumba

Indian Commerce Claus yakadudzirwa kupa Congress simba remamongi pamusoro penhau dzeIndaneti(a) simba rakafara kwazvo zvokuti harina kuganhurirwa nezvibvumirano zvenguva dzose zveBumbiro reMitemo. Mu [FLT][FLD]] Loff [[FLT]][[FLT][4] [[FLT]] [[FLT] [03] [03], Dare rakatonga kuti Congresss aigate yaigona kutsiva zvibvumirano zvenguva dzose, kunyange nyika inovimbisa yechigarire yedzinza inobata. Chisarudzo chakaparadza uchangamire no kuzaruko rwedzinza, mukati mamirioni enyika akachinjirwa kunyika dzisina kuva nenzvimbo. Nhasi, simba redzinza rinopesana nedzidziso yetsika dzamarudzi anotanga kupesana nedzidziso yemitemo yemitemo.

Treaty Clause uye Kuguma Kwobvumirano Kuitwa

Pangano yaParamende yakapa marudzi Claus chishandiso chine simba chokutaurirana neUnited States seyakaenzana. Zvisinei, muna 1871, Congress yakabatanidza mutasvi webhii nemutemo wakaguma kuitirwa chibvumirano nendudzi dzeIndia. Kubvira panguva iyoyo, zvibvumirano nendudzi zvakaitwa nomutemo kana kuti murairo wehurumende, izvo zvaigona kuchinjwa neCongress dzinotevera. Kuchinja uku kwaderedza nzvimbo yepamutemo yemarudzi edzinza ndokubvisa ukama kubva kune imwe yebvumirano yokutonga kwehurumende. Pasinei zvapo nokuguma kwebvumirano, zvibvumirano zviripo zvinoramba zvichisungirwa zviri pamutemo, uye matare anoramba achishandura mumitemo yemitemo.

Chiratidzo cheNkaro Dzapamusorosoro: “Marchy Trigion” uye Kupfuura

[[FOLT:0] Johnson v. McInsh (1823)

Sezvataurwa, nhau iyi yakatanga dzidziso. Kunyange zvazvo kodzero dzemaIndia dzezvinhu dzakaganhurirwa, yakazivawo kuti ndudzi dzaiva ne “zita reIndiyani” raigona kuparadzwa bedzi nehurumende yehurumende (kwete nehurumende kana kuti navanhu vamwe navamwe. Iyi nheyo gare gare yakaumba hwaro hwechivimbo chehurumende.

[[[ITSOGURE] CORY (1831)]

Cherokee Nation yakatsvaka murairo mukurwisana nemitemo yeGeorgia iyo yakaparadza hurumende yedzinza ndokutora nyika dzamadzinza. Mutongi mukuru Marshall akatonga kuti Cherokee Norty yaisava “rudzi rwokumwe” muChikamu III cheBumbiro reMitemo, asi panzvimbo pezvo“ rudzi runotsamira pahurumende.” Iri shoko risinganzwisisiki rakabvuma uchangamire hwedzinza nepo richihuita kuti huve tarisiro yehurumende. Dare rakarambawo kuti Cherokee National risagona kukwidza nyika muDare Rapamusoro-soro-jena muganhu.

[[[FOL:0] Worcester v. Georgia[ (1832)

Muchisarudzo chenhau, Dare Gurusa rakaputsa mitemo yeGeorgia sechisingawirirani nemitemo youtongi hwedzinza. Marshall akanyora kuti “rudzi rweCherokee inzanga yakasiyana, runogara ndima yarwo, umo mitemo yeGeorgia isingagoni kuva nesimba.” Purezidhendi Andrew Jackson akaramba zvakakurumbira kumanikidza kutonga, kuchitungamirira kuMudungwe weMisodzi. Kunyange zvakadaro, Walcester anoramba ari mhaka yehwaro yehwaro, achisimbisa kuti hakuna chiremera pamusoro pechiremera kutoti Dare rinokubvumira.

United States v. Kagama (1886)

Nyaya iyi yakatsigira Major Crimes Act, ichipa simba rematare ehurumende pamusoro pemhosva dzakati.Dare rakaruramisa uku kupindira kupfurikidza nokukumbira rondedzero yeward − ndudzi dzinotsamira uye dzinoda dziviriro yehurumende. Chisarudzo chacho chakakudza zvikuru simba rehurumende pakurasikirwa negadziriro dzemitemo dzedzinza.

[ McClanahan v. Arizona State Taxis Commission [773]

Muchiitiko chazvino uno, Dare Rapamusoro rakasimbisazve kuti hurumende hadzigoni kubhadhara vagari veAmerica vanorarama panzvimbo dzenzvimbo kutoti Congress ichibvumira zvakajeka.

Mhedziso Yechi 14 Nougari hweAmerica Yorudzi

Gemende yechi 14, yakasimbiswa muna 1868, inobvumira kuva mugari wemo ku “vanhu vose vakaberekwa kana kuti vakasikwa muUnited States, uye pasi poudzori hwayo.” Chitsama chinoti“ kuzviisa pasi pesimba rayo” chakadudzirwa neDare Gurusa reChiitiko mu .[FLT][FLK]] [[FLT] [184] [184] kubvisa maIndia okuAmerica. Dare raidavira kuti vanhu vemo vakanga vasinga “tamisiwi noumambo hweUnited States" nemhaka yokuti ruvimbiko rwavo rukuru. Yakatora chiBatika cheIndian chiBaktictic Act of [F [FLD] [FF] [FF] [FF5]] [5] [6]] kubvumira vagari vemo vose.

Kugadziridzwa kwesimba pauchangamire hwedzinza kwakaoma. Rugariko haruna kugumisa ukama hwenzvimbo dzinochengeterwa mauto; ndudzi dzakaramba dziri pasi petarisiro yehurumende. Dzimwe nhengo dzedzinza dzinotaura kuti vimbiso ye “dziviriro yakaenzana” inorwisana nekodzero dzapamutemo dzedzinza rokusarudza kana kuti kushandisa mitemo yedzinza zvakasiyana. Dare ragara richidavira kuti hurumende dzemadzinza, sevatongi vakaparadzana, hadzina kusungwa nePendementment yechi14 munzira imwe cheteyo sehurumende kana kuti hurumende yehurumende.

Basa Repamutemo Razvino Uno: Mutoro Wehurumende Nokuzvisarudza

Dzidziso Yokuvimba

Bumbiro reMitemo hariiti kuti pave noukama hwechapupu, asi Dare Gurusa rakaita basa rehurumende kudzivirira ndudzi dzeMarudzi eAbonda nepfuma yavo zvakavakirwa pazvibvumirano uye mutauro wewadhishi mu Kathagama nedzimwe nhau. Iyi ndiyo inodzivirira ndudzi nedzidzo ya1975 (ISDEA) muitiro wakachinja kudzorwa kwemapurogiramu ehurumende, asi mutoro unopfuurira kubviswa. Zviitikoso zvakafanana ne [FLT] .[FFFF] :[5]

Masimba eCongress uye Murayiro Wekodzero Dzevanhu veIndia

Muna 1968, Congress yakapfuudza dare reIndian Civil Rights Act (ICRA), iro rakashandisa zvizhinjisa zveBill of Rights kuhurumende dzendudzi. Iri rakanga riri mavambo ebumbiro remitemo raishandiswa nehurumende yaro (Conrer rakashandisa simba raro rokuganhurira uchangamire hwedzinza muzita rokudzivirira kodzero dzevanhu. Zvisinei, ICRA haibatanidzi dziviriro dzose dzebumbiro remitemo (mh., hapana chibvumirano chehurumende, hapana kodzero yokupa zano mumatare emadzinza pandyiko dzehurumende). Dare rapamusorosoro rakaramba richirangarira nguva dzose kuti habeas corpus reyamuro pasi peICRAs rinodzivirira chiremera chedare redzinza.

Zvinetso Zvebumbiro Remitemo Renguva Ino

Kodzero Dzenyika nedzidziso Yokuwana

Dzidziso yokuwana, yakavakirwa murondedzero yapamutemo ye15 muzana yeEurope, yave ichirambwa nemimwe mitumbi yamarudzi ose asi inoramba iri mumutemo webumbiro remitemo muU.S. kupfurikidza ne Johnson v. McInish. Marudzi emosdalem anopfuurira kurwira kuziva mazita awo enyika apakuvamba, kazhinji kazhinji kupfurikidza nokutaura kuti mitemo yehurumende kana kuti zviito zvehurumende zvinodzivirira kodzero. Masero anoramba aiputsa kodzero dzechibvumirano. [FLT][FLT]] [FFLT]] [FFGOLT] [3] v.[FLT][FLT] [FLT] [FFLT] [F] [FLT] .[5] .[FLT] [4] [4] mamiriro emitemo emitemo yomutemo wendudzi dzinotonga, inotototototototototototototototototosanwa zvikuru, dzinotototoda nyika nyika yevhurwa nyika

Kusawirirana Kwepfungwa

Matsotsi nehurumende panzvimbo dzavanhu idzoro rakamonerwa rehurumende, renyika, uye chiremera chedzinza. Masimba Arwisana Navakadzi anozivikanwa pamutemo wedzinza wakaganhurirwa panzvimbo dzamatsotsi amarudzi pasati ari vapari veNatistiki vamasimba masimba omumba, kuchinjwa kwechikamu che Oliphant v. Suquamish Indian Tribe (188), iyo yairangarira kuti ndudzi hadzigoni kudzosa zviremera zvisiri zvamaNatiriti. Rudzi rwedzinza panzvimbo inoramba zvikuru, nokumwe kuiramba kuti inoputsa kusarura maruramiro echi6 e “CVH.[FLT].

Manyuko Okusika Nokudzoreswa Kwemhoteredzo

Kugoverwa kwaMasimba eBumbiro reMitemo kwakaumbwawo nokudzora kwedzinza pamusoro pezviwanikwa. EPA] Tsvakation seHurumende inobvumira ndudzi dzinozivikanwa kuti dziise mipimo yemvura yakanaka pasi peGungano reNyutsi, asi iyi mipimo inogona kurwisana nefariro dzehurumende nedzehurumende. [FLT][3] [[FLT]] Michian. [ [[FLT] [20:5], Dare rapamusoro rakaganhurira mano eEPA okuisa chiremera chedzinza pamusoro penyika dzisiri dzavanhu.[5]

Nhau Huru Muuchangamire HwemaIndia Nhasi

  • Kudzivirirwa kwekodzero dzerudzi: tyisidziro dzinopfuuridzirwa kubva kugadziriro dzegadziriro dzemarongerwo enzvimbo, kubudisa manyuko, uye kupindira kwehurumende. Dare rePamusorosoro McGirt chisarudzo chine mibvunzo yakavhurwa pamusoro pemiganhu yakaganhurirwa.
  • Kugamuchirwa kwouchangamire hwedzinza mumutemo wemubatanidzwa: [[FT:2] Bhureau yeMibvunzo yeIndian [ inopa basa rakaoma remitemo, uye Congress inowanzofuratira kubvumira kwedzinza kupfurikidza nemitemo yakadai se2020 [[FLT:]] Great American Outboodes Act[.
  • RUUMISTION pamusoro pemhosva dzeutsotsi nedzevagari vemo: Matare emadzinza achiri kushaiwa chiremera pavakwirirwi vasiri veManiti akawanda, kuparira nzvimbo dzokuita kuti mutemo uteererwe. VAWA 20222] wirirano yehurumende yedzinza yakakudziridzwa pamusoro pedzimwe mhosva dzisiri dzehurumende, asi kushandura kunotarisana nedenho dzebumbiro remitemo.
  • Control pamusoro pezviwanikwa nenhau dzemhoteredzo: Tsvene inotsvaka batira pamwe kana kuti chiremera chikuru pamusoro pepfuma mukati mendima dzamadzitateguru avo, kazhinji kazhinji ichitsamira pamaruramiro ebvumirano sedziviriro dzebumbiro remitemo.
  • [[FLT: 0] Traffing neuchangamire hwezvemari: mano endudzi kuisa mitero pamabhizimisi asiri ezvemari panzvimbo anokakwa anoganhurirwa nezvisarudzo zveDare Gurusa rakadai se Atkinson Trading Co. v. Shirley [1997]. Robon, inotenderwa pasi pe [[FLT: 4.] Indian Gaming Regatation Act (1988)[FLT:], yakabvumikisa chishandiso chine simba chemarikai, asi inoramba iri pasi poutariri wehurumende.

Kutarira Mberi: Chinjo yeBumbiro reMitemo uye Kutsigira Urudzi

Nyika dzakawanda dzemaIndia uye masangano okudzora vanhu anotaura kuti Bumbiro reMitemo rinofanira kuongororwazve kuti ridzivirire zvizere uchangamire hwedzinza. Zvibvumirano zvinobatanidza kugadziriswa kwebumbiro remitemo kuti zvibvumirano zvishandiswe pasina kubvumirana kwedzinza, kana kuti mutemo wehurumende unosimbisa kuchengeteka sebasa rinosungirwa rebumbiro remitemo. Congress of American Indian [

Nokuda kwavadzidzisi navadzidzi, kunzwisisa nheyo dzebumbiro remitemo dzekodzero dzeMaIndia eAmerica kunokosha. Bumbiro reMitemo rinogovera zvose zviri zviviri gadziriro youkuru hwehurumende nenharo dzapamutemo dzouchangamire hwedzinza. Kurwisa kupfuurira kudzikamisa idzi nheyo dzinokwikwidzana.(FFORM:1) , maruramiro ehurumende, uye mamiriro etsika edzinza pacharo painobva mutemo weIndia wazvino uno. Kupfurikidza nokufunda mhindu yenhau kubva kuMarshall Trigosy kusvikira ku McGritt[, munhu anowana nzwisiso mukuumbwa kwamagariro eBumbiro remitemo yemitemo yeChirungu namaIndia neuchangamire zvamarudzi avo.

Zviwanikwa zvikuru zvokunzvera zvinosanganisira Congress yeAmerican Indian, , Bureau of Indian Affaian Affairs[[[FLT:]]. Dare guru panhau dzinokurukurwa pano ringawanwa kupfurikidza ne [FLT:][12][13][FLT][FLT][FLT]][FF:9]][FLT]] .[FLT]