Ukama pakati pemitemo yehurumende nekodzero dzehurumende hwave huri chinhu chikuru chinodzora vokuAmerica kubvira pakuvambwa. Nyaya inoongorora zvinorehwa nemitemo yehurumende pachiremera chehurumende, ichiongorora mienzaniso yenhau, mutemo wezvakatangira, zvisarudzo zveDare Repamusorosoro, uye nharo dzepanguva imwe cheteyo dzinoramba dzichiumba kuparadzirwa kwesimba muUnited States.

Mavambo Enhau Echido Chokurwira Nyika

Gadziriro youchangamire huviri yeAmerica yakaberekwa mukubvumirana pane zvisina kufanira pakati pavarwi vaida hurumende huru ine simba naavo vaitya simba guru. The Arpes of Confederation (1781-1789) yakaparira hurumende ine simba risina kusimba, ichisiya chiremera chikurusa nehurumende. Kundikano dzayo (hwunosakwanisa kubhadhara mutero, kudzora kutengeserana, kana kuti kuchengeta mauto akamira (akabatana neConstitution yeBumbiro reMitemo ra1787.)

Kushandiswa Kwebumbiro Remitemo

Bumbiro reMitemo rakatanga gadziriro umo masimba ehurumende anodudzwa akapiwa kuhurumende yorudzi (Mazita I, Chikamu 8), nepo Mutengo weThine waichengetera mamwe masimba ose kuhurumende kana kuti vanhu. James Madison, achinyora mu Fiterast Nhaka., wakataura kuti masimba ehurumende aizova “aduku uye anorondedzerwa,” nepo masimba ehurumende aizova“ anoyera nokusingagumi." Iri boka, zvisinei, rave richikwikwikwidzana nguva dzose kupfurikidza nokududzira nokushandisa.

Dambudziko Rokuderedza Kutambura Nehondo Yevagari Vomunyika

Denho yokutanga huru kuchiremera chehurumende yakauya mukati meNullification Crisis ya1832-33, apo South Carolina yakazivisa mitemo yehurumende yehurumende isina maturo uye isina chinhu mukati memiganhu yayo. Purezidhendi Andrew Jackson akatyisidzira simba rehondo, uye kubvumirana pane zvisina kufanira kwakaderedza rwisano yacho (asi mubvunzo wokuti hurumende dzaigona kuramba mutemo wehurumende pasina kuzombobvira dzakava dzisina kupedzwa kutozosvikira paKudzivirira kweChivilimu. Rukundo rweUnion neReconfoundations (D13, 14th, uye 15) zvakakudziridza simba rehurumende, zvikurukuru vimbiso yeKineth Amend Amend Rendement yedziviriro nemuitiro yakaenzana, iyo gare gare gare gare gare yakava hwaro hwokubatanidza Bill wekodzero dzechipo dzakawanda dzechipose.

Miitiro Yehurumende Yakagadziridzazve Chiremera Chehurumende

Mitemo inotevera inoratidzira mitoo inodzokororwa yekupindira kwehurumende uye kudzokera shure kwehurumende.

Kubata Kutsva Nemasangano Anoshandira Pamwe

Franklin D. Roosevelt purogiramu dzeNew Deal(kubva paSocial Security kusvikira kuNational Labor Relations Act(Frantlday'. United States yaifanira kutungamirira purogiramu dzakawanda dzehurumende, kazhinji kazhinji mumipimo yehurumende, mumuenzaniso unorondedzerwa se “hurumende yehurumende.” Dare Gurusa rokutanga rakakunda mitemo mizhinji yeNew Deal (g., [[FLT] 0]] Schechter Poultry v. United States, 1935), asi pashure pedare ra19737 rekuroverera, Dare rakatsigira simba renyika renyika pasi pomutengi (Claus Claus). Nguva ino yakaronga nzira yokushandisa kudzosera nyika yehurumende yehurumende yazvino uno.

Mutemo Wa 1964 Wekodzero Dzevanhu

Chibvumirano cheCouvil Rights Act chakabviswa muukama hwehurumende. Chakarambidza rusaruro mudzimba dzavose, basa, uye zvirongwa zvinotsigirwa nehurumende . "Kutsigira Jim Crow] mitemo muMadokero enyika. Act yaivimba nezvose zviri zviviri Commerce Clause (Tit II) ne 144th Amendment (Tit Lend Reformation). Kunzwa kweAtlanta Motel v. United States [[FLT] [1964], Dare rapamusoro raitsigira Tit II, richisimbisa kuti Komhembe dzehurumende dzavanhu dzakaita basa muProfesitorendidzo yehurumende yaidzosa. Ichi chisarudzo chakaratidzira pfundo rakakwirira resimba rehurumende uye raimanikidzirwa kuparadziro. Zvisinei, chakamutsawo pfundero pakati pekodzero dzehurumende dzakaita kuti muganhu wehurumende yaidzose muganhu mubumbiro rehurumende.

Kukura Kwemabhedhi uye Kutarisirwa Kusingadhuri

Act yeAffordcules Care (ACA) ya2010 yakaita nzvimbo itsva. Mutemo waida kuti mitemo iwedzere Médicaid ive isingachinji kusvikira ku 138% yemwero wourombo kana kuti njodzi yokurasikirwa nemari yose yehurumende yeMedicaid. Mu National Federation of Independent Business v. Seberius[[FLT]] [202], Dare rapamusoro rakatonga kuti tyisidziro iyi yakanga isiri yemakwara, ichiita kuti iwe nenzira ive inosarudzwa. Sapa 2025, magariro gumi haana kuwedzera Mdid, kuparira mativi makuru mutura rezvoutano. Ichi chiitiko chinoratidzira kuti Dare redare pane dzimwe nguva rakanzvera sei nyika apo rinochengetedza mamiriro ezvinhu.

Mitemo Yemhoteredzo Nekudzivisa Hurumende

Federal Decreat yemhoteredzo(9) Mitemo yeCheneoc Air Act, Cleenater Water, National Environmental Policy Act(2015), National Policy Act inokosha zvikuru mipimo yemitemo yehurumende. United States kufanana neCalifornia, yakapiwa chiremera chaicho pasi peChenaio Air Act kugadza mipimo inodzorwa nechakakomba, yakatungamirira nzira, asi mimwe yakadzivisa mirairo yehurumende. Obama-era Clean Power Plan (2015), iyo inovavarira kuderedza kubudisa carbon kubva kunzvimbo dzesimba resimba, yakatarisana nematare 27 asati agara neDare gurusa. Trump yakaitsiva nomutemo unodzosera kudzorerwa. Iyi mirando yeBhibhedhi yezvikamu zvinodzoro.

Muitiro Wedzidzo: Kubva Pakusava Nemwana Asara Kuenda KuEssa

The Child Led Behind Act (2001) yakamirira basa gurusa rehurumende muK --12, inoda kuti nyika dzipedze miedzo yakarongwa ndokusangana nezvinopirwa unyanzvi mukutsinhana nokuda kwemari yehurumende. Nyika zhinji dzakanyunyuta nezvezvipikirwa zvehurumende uye zvisati zvaziviswa. Mutevedzeri Wose Wese Wese Wenefieds Act (2015) akadzorera chiremera chinokosha kunzvimbo nenzvimbo, kubviswa kubva mukuva chinyorwa chehurumende kuti arongedzere. Iri mutemo webhiparistanis unoratidza kuti mutemo wehurumende unogona sei kukudza uye kubvumiranisa kuisa kurangarira kwehurumende kutsamira pamasimba ezvamatongerwa enyika.

Chiratidzo Chenhau Dzapamusorosoro dzeDare Dzinozvidza Dzikamo Yesimba

Dare Rapamusorosoro rakabatira somumiriri wehurumende, richidudzira Bumbiro reMitemo kuisa miganhu yechiremera chehurumende nechehurumende.

McCulloch v. Maryland (1819)

Murangariro waMutongi mukuru John Marshall wakavamba nheyo mbiri dzakavakirwa: kuti Congress ine masimba anoreva kupfuura ayo akadudzwa (akabva muMurayiro neFanet Claus), uye kuti kutaura hakugoni kubhadhara hurumende yomubatanidzwa (nemhaka yokuti “simba rokutera rinobatanidza simba rokuparadza”). Iyi nhau yakasimbisa ukuru hwehurumende ndokugovera kutsanangurwa kwakafara kwechiremera chehurumende kwaizokumbirwa kwamazana amakore.

Gibbons v. Ogden (1824)

Nyaya iyi yakarondedzera simba reCongress pamusoro pezvokutengeserana zvenyika dzakawanda, ichiti rinotambanukira kumubato wose wezvokutengeserana uyo unodarika mitsetse yenyika kana kuti unotapura inopfuura nyika imwe. chisarudzo chacho chakaderedza kuva nechikepe chemvura cheNew York choga ndokugadza muenzaniso wezvokutengeserana kukuru kweClassia jurispulnce , uye muenzaniso wakatsigira gare gare mutemo wekodzero dzevanhu weNew Deal nekodzero dzevanhu.

United States v. Lopez (1995)

Kwenguva yokutanga mumakore anoda kusvika 60, Dare Gun-Free School Zones Act rehurumende (*) yakarova mutemo weGun-Free School Act . nokuda kwokupfuura simba reCongress rokutengeserana Claus. Dare rakatonga kuti kuva nepfuti pedyo nechikoro hakuna kutapura zvikuru kutengeserana kwenyika. Leopaz [1997] [i] yakaratidzira nhambo itsva yokunzvera kwehurumende yesimba rehurumende ndokumutsidziridza Pendement yeTBSD. Yakatechwa semuganhu une rerevo. Yakateverwa ne v. United States] [FLT]] [1997], iyo yakarova mutemo unodikanwa nomutemo womunzvimbomo kuti utarise mute pamite pamitengi yepfuti.

Sebelius (202)

Sezvacherekedzwa, iyi nhau yakatsigira murairo womunhu oga weACA somutero asi yakabvisa chirango chewedzero yeMedicaid. chisarudzo chakasimbisawo kuti Commerce Claus haabvumidzi Congress kumanikidza vanhu kutenga chibereko (inishuwarenzi yokurarama), icho chakaganhurirwa mirau yehurumende yomunguva yemberi. Chisarudzo chakanga chiri kubvumirana kwakaoma kwakachengeta gadziridzo youtano nepo kuchisimbisazve ganhuriro dzebumbiro remitemo pamusoro pokugombedzerwa kwenyika.

Shelby County v. Hoker (2013)

Muchisarudzo cha524, Dare rakagumisa chisarudzo chenhau yeVoting Rights Act ya1965, icho chaida kuti nyika dzakati nenharaunda dzive norusaruro kuti dzionese mitemo yokuvhota isati yachinja. Mutongi Mukuru Roberts akataura kuti mutoo wacho wakanga wakavakirwa pamashoko ekare uye wakaputsa “uchangamire hwehurumende.” Chisarudzo chacho chakabvisa nenzira inobudirira hurumende yapamberi pevhu ndokutungamirira kuganhuriro yemitemo itsva yokuvhotera, ichiratidza kuti kudzora kwedare kunogona sei kuchinja simba zvinoshamisa kuti zvisarumbidzwe.

Jackson Women’s Health Organization (2022)

Chisarudzo cheDare chokuputsa Roe v. Wade [773] uye Parenthood v. Casey (1992) yakadzorera mirau yokubvisa pamuviri kuhurumende. Kutonga kwakaparira mibatanidzwa yemitemo: mimwe inodzika mitemo inoiswa pedyo nezvhongonene, mimwe inodzivirira kuwanikwa kwokubvisa mimba, uye kupfuudzwa pamusoro pokufamba kwenyika nemishonga zvinopfuudzwa kunopfuurira. MaDobs muenzaniso wazvinonyanya kukosha weDare rinobvisa chiremera kukutaura pamusoro penhau huru, nenhau huru yezvokugara zvakanaka munyika yezvipatara.

Nharo Dzinopfuurira Mukutonga Kwepanguva Yazvino

Kupesana kuripo pakati pemitemo yehurumende nekodzero dzehurumende kuri kuramba kuchiitika munenge munzvimbo dzose dzemitemo.

Kunyoreswa pamutemo

Pasinei zvapo nokurongwa kwechikanzuru chehurumende sechikamu chePhydromed Substances Act cheSangano I raidzorwa nePupply I, inopfuura nyika 20 dzakanyoresa varaidzo mbanje, uye dzinoda kusvika 40 dzinobvumira kushandiswa kwezvokurapa. Department yeRuramisiti rakaregeredza zvikuru kutevedzerwa kutevedzerwa kutevedzero kupfurikidza nenhevedzano yemetarranda (kutanga ne 2013 Cole Memories), asi rwisano yacho inoramba isina kupedzwa. Mabhizimisi ehurumende echicaragues anotarisana nengozi yehurumende, ganhuriro, uye mitero. Nhambudzo dzemisi ichangobva kupfuura iyi yokudzosa kudzosa mbanje (yakabudiswa neDEA muna 2024) ingagona kuderedza mukahanya, asi gakavadzano huru yomubatanidzwa wenyika inopfuudzo inopfuutsiridza.

Maguta Anochenesa Nokutama - tama

Mibatanidzwa namaguta anoganhurira batira pamwe nezviremera zvokupinda vagari vemo zvehurumende yehurumende yapasi rose kwamakore. Gadziriro yeTrump yakaedza kunyima mari yehurumende pa “hurumende yehurumende”, asi matare akadzivisa zvikuru nhamburiko idzi. Kutarisira kweBiden kwakagumisa mitemo mizhinji iyoyo inodzivisa pamutemo asi yakatarisana nedenho dzayo amene dzinobva kuhurumende yokuti chinhu chehurumende chinoisa pokupinda nokupinda munyika. Nhau yacho inosimbisa kuti hurumende nehurumende dzomunzvimbomo dzinogona sei kudzivisa chiito chehurumende yehurumende yehurumende, kunyange apo kutama kuri nzvimbo yesimba rehurumende rehurumende.

Zvinoda Utano Hwavose Nemushonga Zvinopedza

COVID-19 yakaparira chiito chehurumende chisina muenzaniso chaibvira kuganhuriro dzerwendo kumirairo yetemo kuidzororo. Nyika dzakasimbisa masimba adzo outano hwavo vamene. Hurumende yeBiden yeyapanguva yakashata inoda vashandirwi vechinguvana kuraira kuti vapiwe nhomba kana kuti kuedzwa kwakaparadzwa neDare gurusa mu National Federation of Independent Business v. OSA[[FLT]] [2022]. Hurumende dzakafanana neFlorida dzakarambidza kuraira kwemabhii kudzo kunoitwa namabhizimisi ehurumende, kuchitungamirira kurwisana pamusoro pouyo anodzora mutevedzero mukurusa weyamubatanidzwa wehurumende mumigariro yenjodzi.

Kusunungurwa kweHurumende uye Autonomy Yomunzvimbomo

Humwe hurefu hwemipimo yakaoma huri mukati mehurumende dzimene. Masangano mazhinji ehurumende akabvisa nenzira inowedzera mitemo yomunzvimbomo (panobhadharwa mari shomanene, kudzorwa kwerendi, kurambidzwa kwepurasitiki, dziviriro dzemapurisa, uye kusasarura dziviriro dzehurumende dzakafanana zviri madikanwa. Iyi mipimo ine simba, pane dzimwe nguva inonzi “kusunungurwa kwechisipo,” inoratidza kuti gakava pamusoro pokuparadzirwa kwesimba kwapakati penyika hakuganhurirwi kuukama hwehurumende asi kunobatanidzawo kusawirirana kwehurumende. Somuenzaniso, chirambidzo cheMisso chemitemo yepfuti yomunzvimbomo (yakatarwa muna 2021) inosimudzira hondo dzapamutemo nehurumende pamusoro peGapplitemption Yechipiri.

Basa Rezvidhori Zvehurumende

Magweta ehurumende akava vatsigiri vakuru muhondo dzehurumende, vachigaroisa matare ehurumende akawanda pamusoro pezviito zvehurumende. Mudzo mose muri muviri Republican neDemocratic, mapoka enyika akadenha mirau yemhoteredzo, mitemo yokutama, mitemo yokutarisira utano, uye nhano dzedzidzo. Iyi matare kazhinji kazhinji akaguma nemirairo yenyika yose iyo inodzivisa mutemo wehurumende kuti usaita mubato worudzi rwacho.

Kutarira Mberi: Nguva Yemberi YechiFrederalism

Dzikamo pakati pemitemo yehurumende nekodzero dzehurumende haisati ichingomira; inochinja nemubatanidzwa wezvamatongerwe enyika unochinja, kugadza dare, uye murangariro wavose. Zvinhu zvinoverengeka zvichapesvedzera kupesvedzera kuisa. Voruzhinji veDare Gurusa vezvino uno vanosachinja vakaratidza fariro mukusimbisa ganhuriro pasimba rehurumende, sezvinoonekwa mu West Virginia v. EPA[FLT] [[FLD] [2022], izvo zvinoderedza mano eEPA okudzora kupisa kwegasi pasi peCookin Act. Dare re “mibvunzo yemajor ” rinoda kuti shingairire zvakajeka apo inobvumira mabasa makuru ezvemari nerevo. Iyi dzidziso inogonazve kuganhurira muganhu womugariro wenyika munharaunda dzakafanana nedzoutano.

Munguva ino, kuvandudza kwehurumende kunopfuurira kutungamirira kukuedza mitoo yehurumende. Hurumende dzakatungamirira pazororo remhuri rinobhadharwa, kuvandika mashoko enhau (zvikurukuru, kusatora rutivi kweCCPA yeCalifornia, uye kusiana kwemagariro, uye kufambiswa kwenzvimbo. Mano enyika oku “va nyanzvi dzehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu." (Rustice Brandeis) inoramba iri chibvumikiso chine simba zvikuru chekodzero dzehurumende. Zvisinei, vashori vanopikisa kuti gadziriro yakakamukana inoparira kubvisa mimba (somuenzaniso, kupfuudzano, kana kuti kodzero dzoutano) mipimo mishoma inodikanwa kudikanwa.

Mubvunzo hausati uri wokuti miitiro yomubatanidzwa ichatapura here maruramiro ehurumende, asi kuti miuyo iyoyo ichakurukurwa sei. Mhinduro inotsamira pakududzirwa kwapamutemo, kuda kwezvamatongerwe enyika, uye zvinodikanwa zvinopedzwa kurudzi rwakasiana - siana. sezvo United States inonangana nedenho itsva — kubva kumurairo wokugadzira kusvikira kudenda rinotevera — gakava renheyo pamusoro pechiremera chehurumende nehurumende richasara pakati pehurumende yeAmerica.

Nokuda kwokuraviwazve panheyo dzebumbiro-mitemo rehurumende, ona ndaza yenhau ye [FLT: 0] Constitution Annoted: Tendimendment. Nokuda kwokunzverwa kwemitemo yemisi ichangobva kupfuura iyi yeDare Gurusa reHurumende, yeProject yehurumende yeProject [ inogovera mashoko echibvumirano cheRegistance Conference of Legastitus[[FLT:]]