Kumuka KwemaPUC Asina Kubatanidzwa Nepesvedzero Yawo Pakushambadzira Kwezvamatongerwe Enyika

Zvezvamatongerwe enyika zveAmerica zvakachinja zvikuru mumakumi maviri amakore apfuura, zvichisundwa zvikurukuru nokuwanda kwamaKomidhi ePutiki Action (PAC). Masangano aya anoshanda nenzira yokuzvimirira munhimbe dzemasangano ezvokutsvaka uye masangano ezvamatongerwe enyika, bva azova vatambi vakatanhamara mukuumba nhau dzezvokuvhota uye revo. Kusafanana nePUC dzegamuchidzanwa dzinobatanidzwa kumasangano ebhizimisi, masangano ebhizimisi, maPC anokwidziridza ndokushandisa mari panzvimbo yezvamatongerwe enyika pasina batano yapamutemo kuumba chinhu chipi nechipi. Kushata kwavo kwakashandura zvikurukuru mamiriro ezvinhu ezve enyika, kufumuranisa mikataro yezve yemari, kuzvidavirira, uye basa remari mune zvematongerwo enyika.

Kunzwisisa mapurani nemigumisiro yePCAC zvinokosha nokuda kwomunhu upi noupi anofamba mumhoteredzo yazvino uno yezvamatongerwe enyika. Kubva kunzi Citizens United chisarudzo kukuputika kwendyiko yemari yakasviba, aya matare akashandisa zvisakiso zvapamutemo kuti akudziridze kusvika kwawo. Nyaya inopa nzvero huru yokuti maPC asina kubatanidzwa anotapura sei mirau yezvamatongerwe enyika, denho dzaanoparira, uye nhamburiko dzinopfuurira dzokuvandudza tsika.

Ndeapi Mabhuku Asina Kubatanidzwa?

MaPUC asingabatanidzwi madare ezvamatongerwe enyika ayo asingabatanidzwi nemutezo, mubato wezvamatongerwe enyika, kana kuti rimwe sangano ripi neripi rakananga rakadai sesangano kana kuti mubatanidzwa webasa. Anonyoreswa neFederal Ecommotion Commission (FAC) uye anodzorwa nezvinodikanwa zvehurumende zvokuzivisa, asi anofarikanya kuchinjika kunoshanda. Aya matare anogona kukwira zvitsama zvisina muganhu kuvanhu, masangano, uye mubatanidzwa, uye anogona kupedza mari iyoyo pamhatsa yakafara yemibato, kubatanidza kutungamirira kushambadza kana kuti kushora, uye kuvhotera.

Shoko "Usingabatanidzwi" rinoasiyanisa ne "PACIS," iyo inoumbwa namasangano ebasa, kana kuti masangano ezvokutengeserana uye inogona bedzi kukumbira mipiro mudziva rakaganhurirwa ravanhu, zvakadai savashandi kana kuti mitezo. PACIS, nenzira yokupesana, inogona kukumbira voruzhinji uye haisati yakasungwa neganhuriro dzemipiro imwe cheteyo inoshanda kumibato yebato. Uku kuvaita motokari inosarudzwa nokuda kwavapi vakapfuma namapoka efariro chaiyo anotsvaka kupesvedzera mavhotaro pasina masangano ezvamatongerwe enyika anoiswa padzimwe ganhuriro.

Nheyo Dzenhau Nenheyo Dzemitemo

Gadziriro yemitemo inodzora zvirongwa zveSangano reSangano reSangano rePUPU yakabuda munhevedzano yenhimbe dzezvinjo dzemari nemirau yedare. Federal Econstation Campaigment Act (FEKA) ya 1971 negadziridzo dzayo dza 1974 dzakatanga gadziriro yazvino uno yedare rezvamatongerwe enyika, kubatanidza zvinodikanwa neganhuriro zvemipiro. Zvisinei, kukura kwePACIC yakamhanya nokukurumidza pashure pechisarudzo cheDare rapamusoro muna Citazens United.FEC, iyo yairangarira kuti masangano nemipiro yaigona kupedza mari isingaganhurirwi pazvirongwa zvezvamatongerwe enyika zvakazvimiriro zvakazvimiriro. Ikoko kudzora nzira yokugadzira kwePCCC, chisarirano chePCC, chitsaruso chezvisingakwaniwiriranwa chitsatsatsatsatsatsatsatsa mari paP.

Pashure pa Chisarudzo chePUNICES , D.C. chisarudzo cheDare reNhenhare mu Speichnow.org v.FEC (2020) chakajekeswazve kuti matare endyiko bedzi, kana kuti Percs, aigona kugamuchira mipiro isina kuganhurirwa yakabva kuvanhu, masangano, uye masangano. Iyi pamutemo yakaparira mutoo mutsva une simba nokuda kwokushandiswa kwezvamatongerwe enyika, uye asingabataniswi PACIC yakakurumidza kuva simba guru muchisarudzo. Pacs 2020 daro chitsarudzo chezvisarudzo, PeCs dzoga, dzakakwira nokupedzera mari inodarika $5, mapepa maererano nemapepa anobva mumashoko okuOpense.org.org

Mavara Makuru EmaPASINA KUTAURWA

  • Kubva kuvanoda kufunda namapati: PC dzisingabatanidzwa dzinoshanda pasina kutsinhirana nenhimbe dzechikwata kana kuti matare ebato, zvichiabvumira kuronda zvinangwa zvawo zvamazvo.
  • Sangano risina muganhu: Vanogona kugamuchira mipiro youkuru hupi nohupi inobva kuvanhu vamwe navamwe, masangano, uye mibatanidzwa yavashandi, inongova pasi bedzi pokuzivisa zvinodikanwa zvemipiro inopfuura $200.
  • Misengwa yemipingwa yemari: PaCs dzisingafaniri kubatanidzwa dzinofanira kunyoreswa neFEC uye mafaira mishumo yenguva dzose ino udzame mipiro yadzo nendyiko, kunyange zvazvo mhosho dzine chokuita nemari isina magetsi dzinogona kuvanza chiteshi chemupi.
  • Ndyiko dzinoshandiswa mumugwagwa: Nyuza dzinogona kushandiswa nokuda kwokuzivisa kwakananga, kuzivisa, kuvhota, kuwana nhamburiko dzokuvhota, uye ndyiko dzokutarisira.
  • [[NHAU]] ganhuriro dzemipiro: Yakasiana nePCs, idzo dzinoiswa paganhuriro dzemipiro yechisarudzo, PCs dzisingabatanidzwa hadzina kutarisana nekepisi pamusoro pezvinogona kusimudzwa kana kuti kupedzwa, chero bedzi ndyiko dzakazvimirira.

Kushandiswa Kwenhungamiro Yokuzivisa Zvematongerwe Enyika

Kushambadzira kwezvamatongerwe enyika muUnited States kunodzorwa nokushandiswa kwemirau yehurumende, mirau yeFEC, uye zvirevo zvedare. Bipartisan Champaign Reformation Act ya2002, inozivikanwawo saMcCaine-Fangeold, yakaedza kuvhara tsodzo munhimbe dzemari kupfurikidza nokuganhurira mari yakapfava nokudzora "kukurukurirana kwekurukurirano dzehurumende"(] kushambadza kunodudza mutengi mukuru mukuru mukati mamazuva 30 kana 60 esarudzo. Zvisinei, Hurumende yeUnited[FLT] yakaparira mikana mipimo yeBCRA, kubatanidza kurambidzwa kwemibatanidzwa yebhizimisi uye kudzo, uye suo resuo remari inodzo isingadzorwi.

FEC isangano guru rokuchengetedza mapurisa remitemo yehurumende yezvemari, asi kubudirira kwayo kwakadziviswa negadziriro yezvivako nezviwanikwa zvishoma. Komisheni yacho ine mitezo mitanhatu, isina kupfuura mitatu kubva pabato rimwe rezvamatongerwe enyika ripi neripi, zvichireva kuti zviito zvikuru zvokudzika mutemo zvinoda kubvumirana. Somuuyo, FEC haina kuwanzoronda chiito chokudenha mukurwisana nePACIS, zvikurukuru muzvinoitika zvakaoma kunobatanidza mibvunzo yapamutemo pamusoro pokutsinhirana kana kuti rondedzero yenhau yenhau.

Nyaya Yokuva Akadzidza Inoramba.

Kumwe kwokupesana kunoparira zvikuru mushambadziro dzezvamatongerwe enyika muwirirano pakati pe "issue advocacy" na"kudzvinyirira kushambadzira. Kuratidzira kunobatanidza kurukurirano idzo dzinokurudzira zvakajeka kusarudzwa kana kuti kukundwa kwomutengi anoziviswa zvakajeka(kushandisa mashoko akadai se "vhota," kana kuti "dhirowa". Uku kushambadzira kunodzorwa kufutunurwa nokuganhurirwa kwemiganhu. Kupesana, nokupesana, gadziriro yehurukuro dzinokurudzira zvakajeka nhau pasina kudzorwa kana kuti kushora zvakajeka, uye kwakarevererwa munhevedzano nemiraudzo yezve yezveri yemari.

MaPUC asina kubatanidzwa akashandisa uyu musiano kupfurikidza nokugadzira kushambadza kunotsoropodza kana kuti kurumbidza chinyorwa chomukwikwidzi panhau pasina kushandisa mashoko amashiripiti okuratidzira kunyengera. Uku kushambadza kunogona kuratidzirwa pedyo neZuva reIsantion uye kazhinji kazhinji kunoshanda sedenho kana kuti rumbidzo dzakafukidzwa zvishoma, bva vanokundikana kunze kwekuzivisa kwakakomba uye kupedza ganhuriro dzinoshanda kuratidzira kurasika. FEC yakarwisa kurondedzera nhungamiro dzakajeka nokuda kwokusiyanisa pakati pemapoka maviri, uye matare akapfupikisazve mwero wakapfupikisa wezvikwanisira sekutaura kunodzorwa.

Kushambadza Kusingabatanidzwi Kwakaita Mapringitika Asina Kubatanidzwa

Masimba ezvemari ePPACs akashandura mashambadziro ezvishambadzo munzira dzinoverengeka. Chokutanga, aya matare anogona kupfuudza nhimbe dzechikwata nematare ebato, achiabvumira kudzora madhipatimendi mumijaho yamakwikwi. Muma 2022 pakati penhambo, maPU apamusoro bedzi akapedza anopfuura $1,1 bhiriyoni pakuzvibhadharira kwazvimirira, maererano neFEC mapepa. Uku kushandisa betsero kunogonesa kuita kuti PACs arondedzere mashoko ekurukurirano yezvamatongerwe enyika, kazhinji kazhinji anomanikidzira vada kudenha kana kuti kubudisa mapepa anobva kumapoka akunze.

Chechipiri, PC inogona kudenha nhamba dzakati dzezviverengero uye nyika dzinoshambadzira nokuvhiya zvakarurama, ichishandisa mashoko nenzvimbo dzokuzivisa dzemichina idzo dzaichimbova nzvimbo yakakwana yenhimbe. Ikoku kwakatungamirira kukuputsika kwemisika yokushambadzira, namashoko anogadzirirwa kuvacherekedzo dzevezeki, mabasa anodirana, uye zviteshi zvekutepfenyura zvomunzvimbomo. Muuyo wacho imhoteredzo yamashoko yakanyanyovanza uye yakaderera, umo vavhoti vanogamuchira zviratidzo zvinorwisana kubva kumanyuko akawanda.

Mari Isina Tariro Nemari Isingazivikanwi

Chikamu chinokosha chemari inoshandiswa isiri yemhete yePCAC chinorongwa semari ine rima , inopedzwa nemasangano asingazivisi vapi. Ikoku kunobvira nemhaka yokuti maPACI akawanda asingabatanidzwi akaumbwa sa501(c) (4) masangano enzanga kana kuti 501(c) (6) masangano ezvokutengeserana, ayo asingadikanirwi kuzivisa mari dzawo dzemari pasi pemiraudzo yeIRS. Mapoka aya anogona kuita zvinyorwa zvokushambadza nokuvhotera apo anodzivirira kuva wezvigoveri zvemari. Mukuwirirana neBrennan Center yeRuramisi yeSangano yehurumende akawedzera zvinoshamisa zvikuru chibviro cha2020, kushambadza mari yakasvikwa nemabhiriyoni Z $565.

Kushaya mari yakasvibira kunosekesa nheyo huru yokuoneka kwemari yenhimbe, iyo inoitirwa kuzivisa vavhoti pamusoro pokuti ndiani ari kuedza kupesvedzera zvisarudzo zvavo. Vasingazivi manyuko emari, vavhoti havagoni kuyera fungidziro dzinobvira kana kuti rwisano dzemhindu. Vatsoropodzi vanotaura kuti mari isina tariro inobvisa chivimbo chavanhu mumuitiro wevhoti uye inogonesa kudzongonyedza kudzimwe nyika, kunyange zvazvo kune ufakazi hwakaganhurirwa hwokubatanidzwa kwounyanzvi kwedzimwe nyika kupfurikidza namaPCs.

Zvivako Nezvinetso Zvokushanda Nesimba

Pacs dzisingabatanidzwi dzinoshanda mukati memhoteredzo inodzorwa ine zvisarudzo zvinoverengeka zvinokosha. Imwe yenhau dzinopfuurira zvikurusa kushaikwa kwemirau yetsinhirano yakajeka. Nepo maPACI makuru achirambidzwa kubatira pamwe nenhimbe dzedanho, rondedzero dzetsinhirano dzakamanikana uye dzakaoma kumanikidzira. Zvikamu navashandi vePACIC zvinogona kukurukura kupfurikidza nekurukurirano, vapi zano vanogoverana, kana kuti kutaura kwavose kunosanorongwa kudzivisa kutsinhirana kwakajeka. FEC yakatsoropodzwa nokuda kwokukundikana kunzvera kana kuti kuranganisa zvinofungidzirwa, kuchitungamirira kumhoteredzo inodzorwa muyaniso umo isingawanzodzokerwi.

Rimwe gonhi rinobatanidza kushandiswa kwe "PACIs," iyo inochengeta zvose zviri zviviri nhauro yegamuchidzanwa yePACI inoganhurirwa nenhauro yePACI inogona kugamuchira mari isina kuganhurirwa. Masangano iwaya anogona kusimudzira mari yemipiro yakananga kuvadaviri apo anotsigirawo ndyiko dzinozvimirira, achiparira kujeka pamusoro pedonzo remipiro uye bviro yemipiro. FEC yakabudisa mirangariro inobvumira maPACI, asi mapoka anorinda anopikisa kuti anoita kuti zviokomuko zvinobvumirwa nomutemo.

Zvinetso Zvepamutemo Kuchiremera Chepfungwa

Zvisarudzo zvedare zvakaganhurira nguva dzose ganhuriro dzeFEC dzekudzora dzisingabatanidzwi PACI. Mu MCcheon v. FEC (2014, Dare Rapamusoro rakadzika miganhu yezvipo, richibvumira vanhu kupa chitsama chikuru kumari seyavanoda. Chisarudzo chakaderedzazve gadziriro yokutungamirira kupfurikidza nokuwedzera mipiro mikuru kupinda mugadziriro yezvamatongerwe enyika. Zvisarudzo zvakasimbisa nheyo yokuti ndyiko dzinozvimirira rudzi rwekutaura kwakadzivirirwa pasi peFiriji Yokutanga, kuchikuita kwakaoma kuti vapa Hurumende ive miganhuro mitsva.

Mubatanidzwa wepanikiro dzedare kumirarira mirau yemari nesangano rokuchengetedza risingatenderwi wakaita mhoteredzo umo maPAC anoshanda neredhiyo yapamutemo yakati. Chinyorwa chokuchengetedza cheFEC chinoratidza kuti kunyunyuta kwakawanda pamusoro pePAC kunorambwa kana kuti kunoguma nezvirango zviduku, uye sangano racho hariwanzoita nzvero dzinopfuurira. Iri shawa yokudzora rakakurudzira kuwanda kwamaPAC asina kubatanidzwa nemibato yarodzanwa.

Kufambira Mberi Kwemazuva Achangobva Kupfuura uye Kuchinja Zvinhu

Mumhinduro kuitiro hanya dzinokura pamusoro pepesvedzero yePCAC, nhano dzinoverengeka dzokuvandudza dzakatangwa pamwero yehurumende nehurumende. The for People Act (H.R. 1), dzakapfuudzwa neHouse of Declaimers muna 2021 asi dzisati dzaitwa neDare, dzingadai dzakada kuziviswa kwakawedzerwa kwokushandiswa kwemari yezvamatongerwe enyika, kubatanidza namapoka emari matema, uye dzingadai dzakasimbisa masimba ezve ezvekuchengeta. Chisarudzo chakakarakadzawo gadziriro duku inowirirana negadziriro yemipiro inoderedza pesvedzero yemipiro mikuru. Kunyange zvazvo mutemo wacho usina kuva mutemo, wakazivisa kunyandurwazve nokuda kwokuoneka nokuzvidavirira.

Nhamburiko dzenzvimbo dzehurumende dzave dzichibudirira zvikuru. Nyika dzinoverengeka, kubatanidza California, New York, uye Washington, dzakagadza mitemo inoda kuziviswa kwamanyuko apakuvamba okushandisa mari nokuda kwokushambadzira kwezvamatongerwe enyika, kunyange apo kushambadza ikoko kunoitwa nePCACs. Iyi "chiito chakasimba" mirariro inovavarira kubaya chifukidzo chemari yakasviba kupfurikidza nokuraira kuti kushambadza kuzivikanwe vapi vakuru vanobhadhara mari. Zvinetso zvedare zvokuzivisa mitemo yokuzivisa zvakabudirira kazhinji kazhinji kazhinji, nematare anotsigira kuva mutengi wemitemo yezvinodikanwa zvokujeka.

Kuyera Matanho Nokuganhurirwa Kwawo

Kunyange nokuziviswa kwakawedzerwa, mipata inokosha yasara. Gadziriro yemakombiyuta yemagetsi inofukidza bedzi matare anosimudza kana kuti kupedza anopfuura $50 000 pagore, uye maPAC akawanda asingabatanidzwi anowira pasi pechikumbaridzo ichocho. Mukuwedzera, shopu yesangano iri yakaoma zvikuru kunzvera nokunzvera, kuchikuita kuti kuve kwakaoma kuvatori venhau namapoka anotarira kuti vasarudze mitoo yokushandisa munguva chaiyoiyo. Vamwe vachinji vakadana nokuda kwemitengo, purojekedzo inoteserwa yendyiko dzose dzezvamatongerwe enyika, yakafanana negadziriro inoshandiswa neFederal Commusements Commissions for manyusts.

Chimwe chikarakadzo chinowedzera chinodikanwa chokuti zvikamu zvemichina zvichengetedze mapepa avose okushambadzira kwezvamatongerwe enyika akadai saGoogle naMeta, uye kuzivisa kuzivikanwa kwavatengi. Safeed Ads Act, yatangwa muna 2017 uye yatangwazve mumarusando anotevera, ingakudziridza mitemo yokuzivisa inoshanda kuzivisa nokudhinda paIndaneti. Nepo rugwaro rwacho rusati rwapfuura, mamwe mapuratifomu akagamuchira nokuzvidira matanho okuratidza pachena, kunyange zvazvo mutemo unoramba uchipesana.

Nguva Yemberi Yokushambadza Kwezvamatongerwe Enyika Nemapapiki Asiri Ane Nhevedzo

Chirango chemari inoshandiswa isiri yakabatanidzwa chichatsamira pazvinhu zvinoverengeka, kubatanidza kugadza kwedare, chiito chomutemo, uye dzvinyiriro yavose. Mugadziri wedare rapanguva ino unokarakadza kuti Dare haringatongobviri kushandura [ Chinoumba United munhambo iri pedyo, kureva kuti ndyiko dzazvimirira dzichapfuurira kubatwa sekutaura kunodzivirirwa. Zvisinei, Dare ringagona kujekesa miganhuro yomutemo inobvumira munhau dzinobatanidza kuzivisa, kubatana, kana kuti rondedzero yechinyorwa.

Chinjo yomutemo inoramba ichibvira, kunyange zvazvo yakaoma mune zvamatongerwe enyika. Nzvero dzavanhu dzinoratidza nguva dzose tsigiro yakafara yebhiparti yemari yokuona kwenhimbe, uye kune itiro hanya inokura pamusoro pepesvedzero yavadzori vedzori pamuitiro wezvamatongerwe enyika. Kana Congress ichigona kukurira girapperrow, purust iyo inobatanidza zvinodikanwa zvokuzivisa, masimba makuru zvikuru eEFEC, uye mitemo yokubatanidza kukura kwapabopo.

Zvinofanira Kucherekedzwa Nevadzidzisi

Nokuda kwaavo vanofunda kuwiriraniswa kwemibatanidzwa yezvokushambadzira kwezvamatongerwe enyika nenhimbe, miitiro inoverengeka inofanirwa nengwariro iri pedyo. Kushandiswa kunowedzera kwouchenjeri hwokuisiaiaidzo noushoma mukushambadza kwezvamatongerwe enyika kunomutsa mibvunzo mitsva pamusoro pokuziviswa nokuzvidavirira. Basa rePACIC mumijaho yakaderera yakaderera yakadai semitemo yehurumende nesarudzo dzedare, kazhinji kazhinji kazhinji kazhinji kuchivakwa kusinganzverwi zvikuru kupfuura mumakwikwikwi apurezidhendi kana kuti esangano. Uye hondo dzemitemo dzinopfuurira pamusoro pezvinodikanwa zvokuzivisa, zvikurukuru mumashoko emichina, zvichaumba nzvimbo yezve yehurumende yamakore anouya.

Kunzwisisa nzira idzo PACIs dzinopesvedzera nadzo kushambadzira kwezvamatongerwe enyika kunokosha nokuda kworuzivo rwekuva mugari wemo. Sezvo nhambo yesarudzo ya2024 inosvika, ndyiko dzinoshandiswa naaya matare sezvingabvira ichasvika zvinyorwa zvitsva, ichikudziridza gakava pamusoro pokuona, kururama, uye basa remari muhurumende inosarudzwa navanhu. Kuramba wakabatanidzwa nenhau idzi namanyuko akavimbika . Kubatanidza mapepa ehurumende eFEC, mishumo inobva kuOpensecrets.org, uye kunyorwa kweBrennan Center yeRuracrity kunobatsira vagari kuti vashambadzirwe munyika yakaoma yezvo zvamatongerwe enyika.

mhedziso

MaPUC asina kubatanidzwa akachinja zvikurukuru mhoteredzo inodzorwa nokuda kwokuzivisa kwezvamatongerwe enyika muUnited States. Mano awo okukwidza nokushandisa zvitsama zvisina kuganhurirwa, anoshandisa misiyano yapamutemo pakati penhau youdzori uye anoratidzira kudzorwa kwapamutemo, uye kushanda nokutarisira kwakaganhurirwa kwakavapa pesvedzero inopa miuyo inosarudzwa. Nepo zvinodikanwa zvokuzivisa zvichigovera kujeka kwakati, kuvhara kwakadai semari yakasvibira nemitemo yebatira pamwe isina kusimba zvinosekesa kuvimbika kwetsika. Kuedza kwokuchinja kwapamutemo nekwezvamatongerwe enyika kunotarisana nezvipingamupinyi, asi kudikanwa kwavose pakupedzisira kungatungamirira kuchinjo ine revorevo. Nokuti zvino, muuyo wePC wezvamatongerwe enyika zvisingabatanidzwa unoramba uchidzorwa pamitemo yefundo neitiro dzavose.

.Explore FEBC paPUC inotanhanhanhapo ITA ZVIPUMO zvamatongerwe enyika zvinoshandiswa kupfurikidza neOpenSecrets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .