Munhambo yemitengo, hurukuro yezvamatongerwe enyika yakashandurwa zvikuru, yakasundwa zvikurukuru namasangano anoshanda kunze kwebato regamuchidzanwa negadziriro . Pakati pavatambi vanopesvedzera zvikuru asi vasinganzwisisiki pane vasingabatanidzwi vePiateolitiki Matare amabasa ePineitiki (PAC). Kusafanana namamwe makambani avo akabatanidzwa nemutemo (akabatanidzwa nemunhu chaiye, patongendi yezvamatongerwe enyika, kana kuti sangano) rinofambiswa nesangano (* remasangano) rinoshanda nokuzvimirira. Uku kuzvimirira kunobvumira kupfuudza mari kuti vatsigire kana kuti vatsigiriki, mitemo, kana kuti nhau dzemakombiyuta dzisina kubatana zvakananga nenhimbe. Sezviwirirano yemadhipati yemadhipatimendinditi dzakakura, iyi yasvikazve zvisingaenzaniswi kuti mashoko ezvamatongerwe enyika ashandiswe, anoitirwa, anoitwa, uye anoshandiswa. Kunzwisisa basa ravo kunokosha nokuda kwomunhu neanotaura nezvoutano munyika inorwisana nehurumende.

Kunzwisisa Zvidzidzo Zvisina Kubatanidzwa

Kunzwisisa tapuro yePACI, uko kunotanga kurangarirwa kuva kunokosha kunzwisisa kupesana kwavo kwapamutemo nokushanda. Pasi peFederal Econstruction Campaignt Act (FECA), PC iyo isingatsigirirwi nomubhadharo, parti yezvamatongerwe enyika, kana kuti sangano rinorongwa sePACI. Chikamu ichi chinobatanidza mapoka akawanda, kubva kumagamuchidzanwa, mupiro une miganhu yezvitsama zvemari zvakazvimirira zvikuru zvemisi ichangobva kupfuura iyi, inozivikanwa sePACICs. Musiyano mukuru uri mumano avo okukwidza nokushandisa mari.

PaCs dzegamuchidzanwa dzisingabatanidzwi dzinoiswa pamiganhu yemipiro yadzo (pari zvino $5 000) pamunhu pagore kuPAC, uye $5 000 pamunhu oga pavvurudzo kubva kuPC. Aya mapoka anowanzomirira masangano epfungwa, nhau imwe, kana kuti kunyange masangano ezvokutengeserana anosarudza kusaumba dare rakabatana. PaC, pane rumwe rutivi, akanyoreswa nenzira inobudirira pashure pechisarudzo cheDare Rapamusorosoro ra2010 mu [[FL:0] CINCEN[FLT] United. Vanogona kusimudza zvitsamamariso zvisingaganhuri kubva kuvanhu, kumasangano, uye masangano, asi vanofanira kushanda nenzira yakasiyana neapi kana kuti ipi inoparira. Zvose zviri zviviri zvinodontswa muabhuromendiro pasi pe [FTFON][3]

Kukura kwePACIs dzisati dzabatanidzwa kwave kuchishamisa. Muna 1990, matare akadaro ari pasi pema500 aivapo; pakasvika 2020, Federal Evolution Commission (FEC) yakashuma anopfuura 2 000 vanoshingaira vasingabatanidzwi, kubatanidza ose ari maviri maPACI egamuchidzanwa neEpule. Simba rawo remari rinokatyamadza: Super PACs oga rakapedza anopfuura mabhiriyoni $1,3 mukati memazirwe echi20. Uku kuwanda kwokushandisa mari kwakazvimirira kwakashatisa zvikurukuru kutepfekenura mashoko ezvamatongerwe enyika, zvikurukuru sezvo aya mapoka akagamuchira gadziriro dzemichina dzakaisvonaka.

Kushanda Kwemapakirwo Asingabatanidzwi Muhurukuro Yemadhigitaidhi

Madhipatimendi anofambidzana nenzanga, madhipatimendi, makombiyuta, maapps, zvazova zviteshi zvikuru zvokutumira mashoko ezvematongerwe enyika. MaPAC asina kubatanidzwa akaonekwa kuva nyanzvi zvikuru pakushandisa zvinhu izvi. Kusafanana navanoda kuzoda kuongororwa kana kuti mapati, ayo anowanzotarisana nokukwirira kwakafara, mapoka anozvimirira anogona kudenha zvikamu zvidukuduku zvevavhotera nemashoko akagadzirirwa. Zvishandiso zviduku zvikuru izvi zvakavaita vatambi vane simba mukuumba hurukuro yezvamatongerwe enyika pamwero mukuru.

Somuenzaniso, PCAC isina kubatanidzwa inogona kushambadzira paFacebook zvikurukuru nokuda kwavashandisi vane makore 18-35 avo vanotevera kuchinja kwemamiriro okunze, vachidzivisa tsvina nokuwedzera simba. Nenzira yakafanana, murwi wePUPAC wekare wetsika ungaranga vavhoti muruwa rumwe rweminamanamaruwa nepositi, Youtube bhuroko revhu, uye mireza yepurogiramu. Mugumisiro ikurukurirano yavose yakakamukana apo mapoka akasiyana - siyana anogamuchira zvimiro zvechokwadi, zvinogoverwa namaaunzirobhoti nemifananidzo yemienzarati panzvimbo pokugovera zvakaitika zvezvinobudisa nhau.

Kukurumidza kwekuparadzira kwemakombiyuta kunodzikamisawo pesvedzero yePACIS. Vhidhiyo kana kuti foni yakagadzirwa zvakanaka inogona kuvhara utachiona mumaawa, kukunda kuongorora chokwadi uye kutenderera kwenhau kwemagamuchidzanwa. Uku kukurumidza kwakanga kuri kuratidzwa zvakazara muna 2016 na2020 sarudzo, apo mapoka anozvimirira akaisa zvinhu zvaigara zvichiiswa mungozi zvainangidzira muganhu pakati pedhayo nerakabhuro. Nepo zvimwe zvezviito izvi zviri pachena, zvakawanda zvakagadzirirwa kuedza kunyandura ndangariro, hasha, tariro yokuita kuti zvipikire uye kubudisa mipiro.

Fambidzirano dzamamwe mashoko kumanyuko ane chiremera dzinogona kubetsera varavi kunzwisisa chikero. FEC's renhimbe yemari inopa mapepa matsva pamari isina kubatanidzwa. Nokuda kwokunzvera kukuru kwendyiko dzemitengo, mishumo inobva Brennan Center ye Justice inopa purofiti yenguva dzose pamari yakasvinwa asina kunyorwa.

Betsero Dzezvirongwa Zvemadhiragi Zvemapazi Asiri Akabatana

Mafoni anogadzira mapepa anobatsira panzvimbo pokuti pasave neasingawaniki, uye izvi zvakabatsira kuti zvigadzirwe paIndaneti kuti zvive zviteshi zvematongerwe enyika.

  • Kuparadzira mashoko kwapakarepo. Chiitiko chenhau chinogona kunyorwa ndokusundirwa kuvateereri mumaminiti. Uku kukurumidza kunobvumira PCS kurondedzera nhau dzinoreverwa zvisati zvagona kupindura, kuchiumba nzwisiso dzavose dzokutanga.
  • Kushambadzira kwakajeka kumapoka chaiwo omuvhoti. Zvinyorwa zvakafanana neFacebook naGoogle zvinobvumira vashambadzi kusarudza vateereri kupfurikidza nejogirafiti, fariro, wirirano yebato, zera, uye kunyange mufambiro wokuvhota wapfuura. Uku kururama kunoderedza mirangariro yakapambadzwa uye kunowedzera bviro yokupesvedzera kuvhota.
  • Kuvimbisana kwenguva chaiyo nemhinduro. Nzvimbo dzenzanga dzekushandira pamwe dzinogona kucherekedzwa nokuda kwekuvimbisana mibatanidzwa ne(se), kugoverana, tsinhiro(*kufambisa PCs kugadziridza mashoko panhunzi. A/B kuedza zvinhu zvokusika nekopi kwakakurumbira, kunobvumira mapoka kuzviita nokukurumidza zvakavakirwa pazvinorira.
  • Nhimbe inoita kuti ive nesimba kana ichienzaniswa nemitoo yegamuchidzanwa. Kudzidzisa nokuisa terevhizheni imwe mumusika mukuru kunogona kudyira mazana ezviuru zvemadhora. Kushambadzira kwemichina kunogona kupedza chikamu chiduku chemari iyoyo, kuchikuita kuti kuve nyore zvikuru nokuda kwePACIS shomanene dzisina kubatanidzwa kukwikwidzana navavengi vakapfuma.
  • [ Kutora mari nendaza chivako. MaPAC akawanda anoshandisa kushambadzira kwemichina kwete bedzi kutsigira asi kukumbira mipiro miduku. Iyi mipiro inovaka mavambo anodzokororwazve avatsigiri vanogona kuunganidzwa nokuda kwesarudzo yomunguva yemberi nenhimbe dzechinyorwa.
  • kutiza vachengeti vemagedhi enhau. kupfurikidza nokukurukura zvakananga kupfurikidza nezvokudya zvenzanga neemail, PACs arves set sults, inobvumira kusava nevharniod(uye kazhinji kazhinji kunyanyisa) mishumo kusvika kuvateereri pasina kugadziriswa.

Zvakanakira izvi zvakabvumira kuti pave nehurumende inosarudzwa nevanhu pane dzimwe nzira, asi zvinomutsawo kunetseka kukuru pamusoro pokuzvidavirira uye kunaka kwekurukurirano yevanhu vose.

Matambudziko Nezvinonetsa

MaPC asingabatanidzwi, nemhaka yokuti anoshanda ari oga uye kazhinji kazhinji asingapindurwi zvikuru, anopa denho dzinoverengeka kuperero yehurukuro yezvamatongerwe enyika.

  • Hurusarudzo nokuda kwemashoko asina kururama uye kurambwa. Pasina kutarisirwa kwezvokunyora nhau dzegamuchidzanwa, PACs inogona kuparadzira kutaura kwenhema kana kuti kunotsausa nokusarangwa. Mukati mejarati 2020, matare akawanda asina kubatanidzwa akawanikwa akasimudzira rondedzero dzakawanda pamusoro pekuvhota, gare gare dzakawedzerwa negadziriro dzebot nevashandi vokumwe.
  • Kushaikwa kwokuona pachena mumanyuko emari. MaPU Asiri anobatanidzwa anodikanwa kushuma vapi kuFEC, asi mabudire. Kunokuita kuti kuve kwakaoma kuzivisa kuti ndiani zvirokwazvo ari seri kweshoko.
  • Kupinda kwemari pamurangariro wavose pasina kuzvidavirira. Nemhaka yokuti maPAC akazvimirira haagoni kutsinhirana navadaviri, anogona kuita zvipikirwa kana kuti denho izvo nhimbe imene isingatongobvumiri. Kupindira pakati pekutaura kwePCAC nenzvimbo yezvikuva zvemuteshi kunogona kutsausa vavhoti ndokushatisa nhau.
  • Kushambadzira kwemapikicha ezvamatongerwe enyika. FEC yakatamburira kuvandudza mitemo yenhambo yemitauro. Kusafanana nokushambadzira kweterevhizheni, uko kunofanira kubatanidza "Kupindwa nokuda kwe"draimers, kushambadzira kwapaIndaneti kunogona kuva kwokupa zvokudya nokunyangarika pasina chiratidzo. Platforms dzakashandisa matanho okuzvidira okuoneka, asi kuchengetedza kunoramba kuri kusingachinji.
  • Kuiswa kwenzvimbo dzinodzorwa nokunaya. Microbic - targess inosimbisa mirangariro iripo kupfurikidza nokuratidza vashandisi zviripo zvinongosimbisa bedzi mirangariro yavo. MaPC asingabatanidzwi kazhinji kazhinji anotsigira kutumira mashoko kwakanyanyisa kusimbisa mavambo, uko kunogona kupfuudzirazve kuvhengamura nokuderedza nzvimbo yavose.

Iyi nhau haisati iri fungidziro. Nzvero dzinoitwa ne Center yeProfector dzakanyora kuti vaAmerica vanotsamira zvikurukuru panyuko dzenzanga nokuda kwenhau dzezvamatongerwe enyika havangatongogoni kusangana nemirangariro inodzorwa. Brennan Center inopfuurira yemari ye [[FLT:] yakavanzika mumatongerwe enyika [ udzame hwokuti pat] patss anoshandisa miparo isati iri yokwenete.

Kugadzirisa zvinetso izvi kunoda mubatanidzwa wekuchinja zviri pamutemo, kuzvidavirira, uye dzidzo. Saint Ads Act, yatangwa muCongress asi isati yapfuudzwa, ingada zvikuva zvemichina kuti zvichengetedze mapepa ezviziviso zvehurumende, akafanana nemitemo yezvinobudisa nhau. Zvimwe zvikarakadzo zvinosanganisira kusimbisa simba rokuita kuti zvinhu zvirambe zvichichengetwa uye kudikanwa kwenguva chaiyo nokuda kwokushambadza mari kuri pachako.

Kunetsa Ubati Ushe Hwehurumende Hunosarudzwa Navanhu

Kuwanda kwemaPU asina kubatanidzwa mumichina kunotakura miuyo yose iri miviri yakanaka neyakaipa nokuda kwokutonga kwedemokrasi. Kune rumwe rutivi, aya mapoka anogona kuwedzera kutora rutivi kupfurikidza nokupa mirangariro yakapinzwa pasi uye kuvhota avo vanonzwa varashwa nezvamatongerwe enyika. Kukwanisa kuronga paIndaneti nokukwidziridza mipiro miduku yemipiro yemadhirakiti yakabvumira mavhiri okukwikwidza nefariro dzakaisvonaka. Somuenzaniso, chirongwa chapresidenti 2020 chaBernie Sanders chakatsigirwa zvikuru neSuper PACI (Chinjo Yedu) yakabatanidza mamirioni avapi navazvipiri kupfurikidza nemikoto yemichina. Nhakato, kubudiswa kwakananga paruramisiro yedzinza, dziviriro yemhoteredzo, kana kuti kudzorwa kwepfumba kunogona kunyandura vagarisira ndangariro ndangariro ndangariro dzakananga vanhu vagari vemo.

Kune rumwe rutivi, zvishandiso zvimwe chetezvo zvinopa simba makambani euswa zvinogona kushandiswa kuderedza chivimbo. Apo zvitsama zvikuru zvemari zvisingazivikanwi zvinopinda mumatare akazvimirira, vanhu vanganyumwira zvakarurama kuti mavhoti avo anogona kutengwa. Kunzverwa kwe 2021 kwakaitwa neUniversity of Maryland kwakawana kuti 77% yavaAmerica vanodavira kuti panofanira kuva neganhuriro pakushandisa nhimbe, uye 65% inotsigira kuraira kushambadza kwose kwezvamatongerwe enyika kuti kuzivise mapepa ayo. Chifungwa chokuti tsika inoiswa mudhuro inogona kudzotsa nokusimudzira pesvedzero yedemocracyism, tyisidziro yakananga kukushanda kwapamutemo kwehurumende yehurumende.

Uyezve, kuiswa kwemitemo yezvisakiso zvezvisakafanira nePUC inogona kuderedza kunaka kwehurukuro. Panzvimbo pokusimudzira kurangarira, nharo dzapaIndaneti dzinowanzova mheremhere dzendudzi. PACs dzinobetserwa mune zvemari nezvamatongerwe enyika nokuvimbisana kwemirangariro, naizvozvo dzine shungu shoma dzokudzikamisa manzwire adzo. Ikoku nesimba kunoparira njodzi huru yenhema nokuderera chivimbo mumasangano, sezvinopupurirwa namasangano akafanana ne Trans Corporation[F:1] mu "Truth Decay" rayo.

Kuoneka Kwepamutemo uye Kwokutungamirira

Gadziriro yapamutemo yazvino yePUCs ibasa rakaganhurirwa remirau, zvisarudzo zvedare, uye rondedzero. Bipartarisan Champaigment Reformation ya2002 (BCRA) yakaisa ganhuriro pamari yakapfava uye kubudisa miraudzo, asi Chibaizen . Chinotsakatira nzira yePUPC. Chifocho, FEC yakundikana kuvandudza mirauriro yayo nokuda kwokushambadza kwapaindaneti yezvamatongerwe enyika, ichisiya kuiswa kwemitemo yavo vamene. Dzimwe nyika dzakaita kuzivisa kwavo vamene mitemo, asi paInterlymmmmm

Nhamburiko dzechinjo dzinotarisana nechishoro chakasimba. Vatsigiri nokuda kwokushandisa mari isina kuganhurirwa vanotaura kuti matare akazvimirira chimiro chokutaura kwakasununguka muFirst Amendment. Vanoomerera kuti vavhoti vakachenjera zvakakwana kuona kupfurikidza nokutaura kwenhema uye kuti zvinodikanwa zvokuzivisa zvinogovera kuzvidavirira kwakakwana. Zvisinei, ufakazi hunoparirwa nemhesano dzekunyengera kwomuvhoti uye kudzokororwa kwedzimwe nyika muna 2016. 29 . Misipidhi nokusvika kwemichina inorevesa mira zvose zviri zviviri murairo neidi ravose.

FEC inoramba yavharwa panhau dzakawanda, navamiriri vayo vatatu veDemocratic nevaRepublica vatatu kazhinji kazhinji vasingakwanisi kubvumirana. Muna 2022, dare rakadzima gunun’udzo paPACIS dzinoverengeka dzisina kubatanidzwa dzinobatanidzwa mukuramba kwechitanhatu, richidudza kushaikwa kwezvishandiso zvokusimbisa uye mitemo mishomanene. Iyi ganhuriro inoreva kuti mutoro wokuzvidzora umene unowira pamakambani ezvoruzivo rwokugadzirwa kwezvinhu, ayo anotarisana nerwisano dzawo dzefariro apo mari yezvamatongerwe enyika inoiswa mungozi.

Fundo Dzenhau: MaPUC asati achibatanidzwa ari Kushanda

Mienzaniso inoenzanisira pesvedzero yePACINUPU inosarudzwa pahurukuro yeminhamba. Chinoitika chimwe chakatanhamara i Club yeFrowing Action, Super PAC yakapedzera zvikuru muSarudzo yeRepublican kutsigira vatendi vemitengo inowirirana. Muna 2022, yakatanga nhimbe yemichina inorwisana nomutengi akagara akavhotera nokuda kwepepa remari, ichishandisa kushambadza kwaFacebooka kwaishatisa zvivhoti zvake zvisina kururama. Kushambadza kwakasvika mazana ezviuru zvavavhotera muruwa uye kwaigoveranwa zvikuru pazvinocherekedzwa zvisingachinjiki. Pasinei zvapo nenhau dzomunzvimbomo, nhau dzakapfuurira uye dzakagovera kukukundwa kwapa.

Mumwe muenzaniso ndi Tsamba yakarongwa kuti ishande payaundi yepamuviri pavarwere kuti idzivise mitemo yokubvisa pamuviri. Chirongwa chacho chakashanda sezvose zviri zviviri paCC ne 501(c) (4). Mukati mesarudzo 2020, yakaita nhevedzano yemitemo inoshanda zvikuru inonzi "Drist," yakashandisa nhau dzomunhu oga kuvarwere kudzivirira mitemo inoganhurira. Chirongwa chacho chakawana utachiona paInstagram naTik Tok, kuunganidza vavhooki vaduku. Ikoku kunoratidzira kuti PCs angabatanidza sei manzwi asingadi kubatanidzwa angashatiswa muzvinhu zvikuru.

Parutivi rwechinetso, pro-Trump Sup PACI Matiki America Act Makuru kushambadza muna 2020 uko kwakabatanidza zvikamu zvevhidhiyo zvakagadzirwa naJoe Biden kuratidzira kuti akanga akakuvadzwa mundangariro. Kushambadzira kwacho kwakagoveranwa mamirioni enguva pazvinobudisa nhau zvenzanga pasinei zvapo nokudzikiswa. FEC yakakundikana kuita chiito panyunyuto, uye boka rakapfuurira kushanda pasina chirango. Zviitiko zvakadaro zvinoratidza kuti paPCs inogona kuparadzira sei zviripo nomuuyo muduku, kuvimbwa yavose inoshatsa muvhota.

Chiono Chenguva Yemberi

Kutarira mberi, pesvedzero yePPACs pahurukuro yezvamatongerwe enyika ingangokura, ichidzorwa nezvinoitika zvinoverengeka. Chokutanga, uchenjeri hwokugadzira huchaita kuti microscope ive yakatonanga zvikuru. IP inogona kubudisa mirwi mizhinjisa yemashoko echokwadi, enzwisiso, uye vhidhiyo — kubatanidza midziyo yakadzika yemapepa ((maPC) (kuti angagona kushandisa kuparira zviitiko zvenhema kana kuti zvokufungidzira. Chechipiri, kubatana kwechikuva kunoreva kuti makambani mashomanene anodzora misengwaro yokushambadzira kwezvamatongerwe enyika, kukwidza matare pamusoro pezvisarudzo zvawo zvinogamuchirwa. Chechitatu, Dare Rapamusoro ringadzokorokorodzazve zvirongwa zvemari; dare rakasiana kugona kubvisazve kushamba mari yakazvimirira.

Kudavidza kwokudzosera hakuna chokwadi. Dzimwe nyika, dzakadai seCalifornia neMaryland, dzakaita mitemo inoda zviteshi zvemichina kuti izivise vashambadzi vezvokutengeserana vezvamatongerwe enyika munguva chaiyoiyo. Mutemo weFoople Act wakadai seFour People Act ungadai wakakanganisa mitemo yezvemari yenhimbe, asi wakaguma muDare. Kumanikidza kwavose kuti vaonekwe kungamanikidza pakupedzisira kuti vaite chiito, zvikurukuru kana zvikanganiso zvakakwirira zvikamuka.

Munguva ino, maPUC asina kubatanidzwa achapfuurira kusunda miganhu yebvumirano yezvamatongerwe enyika yemiitiro. Simba rawo pahurukuro ibakatwa rinokomberedzwa nekaviri: anogona kupinza pfungwa itsva ndokuunganidza vavhoti, asi anogonawo kunyengera, kuderedza kutenda muhurumende inosarudzwa navanhu. Nokuda kwavadzidzisi, vatori venhau, uye vagari vemo, kunzwisisa masangano aya zvinokosha. Kupfurikidza bedzi nokugara vachiziva vanogona kubata vose vari vaviri PCs namaplatifomu kuzvidavirira.

Sezvo ruzivo rwokugadzira zvinhu ruchichinja, ndizvo zvinofanirawo kuita tsika dzedu nemitemo. Chinetso chiri mukuchengetedza kusununguka kwenzvimbo inogadzirwa nemagetsi nemagetsi asi tichiva nechokwadi chokuti kurukurirano yezvamatongerwe enyika inoramba iri yechokwadi, ichioneka, uye ichiremekedza mipimo yedemocracy. MaPC asingabatanidzwi achagara, uye basa rawo richangokura bedzi. Kuziva simba rawo inhano yokutanga kukuchengetedza perero yehurukuro yezvamatongerwe enyika muzera razvino uno.