Mumiririri Mukuru: Kugutsikana Nendyiko Yokuva Muboka

Masangano eElectoral anoitawo chiteshi chebumbiro remitemo pakavakirwa hurumende dzinosarudzwa navanhu. Mabhuku anoshandura mamirioni evoti vamwe navamwe mudare rinodzora. Pakati pegadziriro dzekaresa nedzakapararira zvikurusa ndiFour-st- Post (FPP), anozivikanwawo sedivitation hometers divisions. Anoshandiswa muhurumende dzinosarudzwa navanhu dzine simba rakadai seUnited Kingdom, United States, India, uye Canada, FPP inorumbidzwa kazhinji kazhinji kazhinji nokuda kwokupfava kwayo, inobatanidza nyika yakarevesa pakati pemasvomhiko, uye mukurumbira wayo wokuparira hurumende imwe inotonga. Iyi itsika huru inoparira rudzidziso rwenyika inowirirana nehurumende dzakakomba kupfurikidza negadziriro yezve yezveidzokororo yemari inopfuukwa yakakomba. Kunyange zvazvo ichiita kudzokororwa kwoudzokorodzanidzo, isati yakakomba, isati iri nhevedzano yenhau yehurumende yehurumende yehurumende.

Kuumba Kunoita FPTP Zvematongerwe Enyika

Kuti munhu anzwisise kukanganisa kunoita vanhu vashomanana, anofanira kutanga anzwisisa kuti FPTP inokanganisa sei zvematongerwo enyika.

Muwiri anofunga zvose

Mugadziriro yeFPTP, nyika inokamurwa kuva nhamba yamaruwa ane mitezo imwe. Muvhoti mumwe nomumwe anokanda muvhoti mumwe nokuda kwaanoda zvikuru, uye muvhoti anowana vhoti zhinjisa anowana chigaro. Vhoti dzose dzinoisirwa mumwe muvhoti dzinoraswa nokuda kwedonzo rokugoverwa kwechigaro. Uyu makanika akapfava ane miuyo mikuru. Boka rinowina 40% yevhoti muchoto yechigaro riwina 100% yesimba muchigaro ichocho. National, boka rinogona kuwina voruzhinji vakanaka veparamenderi ne 40% kana kuti vashomanene vevhoti yakakurumbira, sezvinoonwa muchiverengero cheUK nevhotaro neCanadia. Ikoku pakati povhotera nechigaro ndiko muchateshi wokusarudzo.

Mutemo Wevaipikisana uye Kumanikidzwa Kutevedzera

Musayendisiti wezvamatongerwe enyika Maurice Duverger akacherekedza kuti FP inokombamira kuparira gadziriro mbiri dzinobatanidza. Iye akabatanidza miuyo miviri yokusimbisa. muuyo wetsika ndeyokuti mapoka maduku anorangwa nenzira yakarongeka; angawina chikamu chikuru chevhoti asi akakundikana kuwina nzvimbo ipi neipi. pesvedzero yepfungwa yepfungwa [ ndeiya inovhota, ichiziva chirango, kazhinji kazhinji kazhinji inosiya kuda kwavo kwechokwadi nokuda kwe "muvhimi vaviri" ine mukana chaiwo wokuwina. Uku kuvhotera kwapamutemo kunokundikana kubuda mumanzwi, kugadzira manzwi akasiana nedupo. Nokuda kwamapoka akasiana - ruzhinji anokanganisa.

Kukura Kwesimba Reruwa Nenyika

FPP inoshanda noukuru hweruwa rumwe (chigaro chimwe paruwa). Irworwu ndirwo ruganhuriro rukurusa runobvira. Kuenzaniswa namaruwa ane mitezo yakawanda anoshandiswa mugadziriro dzinowirirana, maruwa ane mitezo imwe anoderedza zvikuru bviro yokuti vashomanene vanoparadzirwa munyika yose vanogona kutongosarudza mudariro wavo. Vashomanene bedzi vanogona kudzivirira ratidziro yakachengeteka pasi peFPTP ndeiya dzakakura zvakakwana uye yakanangidzirwa zvikuru kuumba voruzhinji vomunzvimbomo.

Kuchinja Kunoita Kungova Kuduku Mumuviri

The exclusionary nature of FPTP is not an accidental bug; it is a structural feature of the system. The impact manifests through several distinct but overlapping mechanisms.

Misha Yakaraswa Nenzanga Dzakanyonganiswa

Chisakiso chimwe chinokosha zvikurusa chinosarudza simba revhota risingaverengeki pasi pe FPTP iparadzirwo yaro. Boka rinoumba 10% yavagari vemo asi rinoparadzirwa kunyange mu 100 yose maruwa 100 richanyaradzwa nenzira inobudirira. Vatsigiri varo vashomanene zvechigarire muruwa rumwe norumwe, vasingakwanisi kusvika pa 35-40% chikumbaridzo chinodikanwa kuwina kuva voruzhinji. Kuvhotera kwavo kunogarwa nguva dzose "kwakarongerwa" pakurasikirwa. Mukupesana, boka rakanangidzirwa munharaunda huru shomanene rinogona kuwina. Somuenzaniso, National Party inobetsera kubva pakuisa vanhu panzvimbo, nepo, nepo Green Party iri muUK inobudisa kuvhotera kwamarudzi 3-4% asi kazhinji kazhinji kazhinji rinogara pamwe chete. Uku kupesana kunoonekwa zvikuru neboka rakafanana neFGeneact:[0]

"Spoiler" Skigma uye Kuparadzana

Vaduku vanotarisana nenyasha huru yezvivako: muuyo unoshatisa. Vatsigiri vanobva munzanga duku kazhinji kazhinji vanodzvinyirirwa nehasha namapoka makuru uye zvinobudisa nhau kuti vasiye mudariki akazvimirira kana kuti boka duku kuti vatsigire boka guru "zvingangovakuvadza. Ikoku kunoparira simba uko vavhoti vashomanene vanofanira kusarudza nguva dzose pakati pokuvhota (kutsigira mumiriri wavo wechokwadi) nokuvhota namazano (kuedza kudzivisa boka guru rinoverwa). Uku kuvhota kuduku kunodzidzisa mapoka makuru kuti havadikani kukwikwidza nokuda kwetsigiro yezvishomanene pamashoko enzanga amene; ivo vanofanira bedzi kuva vanoshatirwa zvishomanenesa kushatiswa kupfuura mumwe munhu mukuru.

Gerrymandering uye Engineeric

Nemhaka yokuti miganhu yoruwa ine simba guru muFPP, mutoo wokuinyora uchiva nzvimbo yehondo inokamuranisa zvikuru. Ikoku kunozivikanwa sechigaro chakakotsekana. Mapoka makuru musimba anogona ku "crack" nzanga duku kupfurikidza nokukamura mativi ayo mumaruwa anoverengeka kwaanenge akapfuurwa, kana kuti "pack" kuva ruwa rumwe runonyanyovakwa. Nepo kurongedza kungavimbisa chigaro chimwe kana kuti zviviri zvakakotsekana, kunoderedza pesvedzero yenzanga iyoyo kupfurikidza nokuabvisa kumaruwa akakwikwikwidzanwa. MuUnited States, nepo Kudavirira maruramiro ekodzero dzakarevesa akatungamirira kuchisiko che "magejoriomity" kusimudzira kumireza yeBlabhuru, vatsoropote nharaunda inokawo Ddecracco, kuita kuti nyika dzakapoteredza nyika dzakachengeteka nokuda kweRiphabliki nedzinga yechiva chivako chose.

Nzvero Dzemhosva Dzenyika Yose: Kushanda kweFPTP

Zvikwereti zveFPTP zvinofungidzirwa zvinoratidzwa muchinyorwa chokusatendeseka muhurumende dzinosarudzwa navanhu hurusa dzenyika.

United Kingdom: Musiyano Unoramba Uripo

Sarudzo yavose yeUK ya2019 yakagovera mufananidzo wakajeka we FPTP' inomonyanisa. Garty yeConservative yakawina 43.6% yevhoti na 56.2% yezvigaro (zvizhinjisa zva80). Liberal Democrats yakawina 11.5% yevhoti asi 1,7% yezvigaro (11). Garty yakawina 2,7% yevhoti nechigaro. Iyi "kudzorosa" mubato mubato mukurusa, uye kurasa, mapatisa. Mapoka amarudzi, mufananidzo anovhengana asi anodzorwa nenzira inodzorwa zvikuru. Nepo nhamba yendudzi duku yemaPMP yakawedzerwa, yakawedzera kubva ku [Foctle] [FFFoctal] [FFFoctal]]

United States: Nharo Yokuzvitutumadza

UNIX ivhoti yekaresa yenyika yeFPTP inotevedzerwa nehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu. Iyi nzira yemativi maviri inoda kuoma zvikuru. Mhinganidzo yokupinda nokuda kwamativi matatu inodokusakukurira. Muna 1992, Ross Perot akahwina 18.9% yevhoti yakakurumbira yapurezidhendi asi akahwina perquot rerecule . Simba rese reseric remativi maviri rinoreva kuti fariro shoma dzinorevedzerwa zvishoma nezvishoma; vanogamuchirwa bedzi kana vakakwaniswa zvakanaka mune mumwe wemibatanidzwa mikuru miviri mizhinji yebato. Nokuti, migumisiro yedzinza, migumisiro yakashata. Housesss germander idnerder inodzorwa zvikuru. Dare, rinoshanda panhau dzinokurira nyika dzose, rinoumba chinetso pamusoro pezvikamu zvamaruwa, zvikuru.

India: Kutarisira Kusiyana - siyana Kwemarudzi Kuchibatsirwa Nemajeri

India inogovera chinoitika chinofadza, chakaoma. Iko igadziriro yehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu hurusa yenyika uye inoshandisa FPP mukati memagariro anowirirana zvikuru, dzinza rakawanda, nzanga ine zvitendero zvakawanda. Kusafanana muUK kana kuti U, gadziriro yeIndia yeFPTPPP yakabvumirwa kare kare nokuda kwegadziriro yamarudzi akawanda inobudirira munyika nemwero wenyika, zvikurukuru nemhaka yemagariro enzanga echikaro, mutauro, uye nzvimbo. Zvisinei, tsika yakaparira mifungo yakatanhamara nokuda kwemitengo mishomanene yamarudzi. Rurevoreveri rwechisi muLok Sab yave yakasanosarira pasi pegoverano yavo yavagari venyika. FPP, yakabatanidzwa nokukwira kwakakwirira kweBharita , , uye matongerwe makuru enyika enyika maduku zvikuru.

New Zealand: Uchapupu Hwokuchinja Zvinhu

Chibvumikiso chinogombedzera zvikurusa chinorwisana neFPTP chinobva kuNew Zealand, nyika yakaisiya nokuziva. Pashure pamakore okukura kwekusawirirana (g., muna 1978 na 1981 Sarudzo umo National Party yakawina hurumende pasinei zvapo namavhoti mashoma eLabour), New Zealand yakava nechibvumirano chekubatanidza mu 1993. MMP inoshandisa gadziriro mbiri yePTP: imwe yenzvimbo yeIP. Rusarudzo rwenyika yose. Rusarudzo rweNational Party-Mber Propotionel (MMP) . Chino chokuita pamusoro pemite yemitemo yaveri yakaitwa kuti ive huru. MMP yave inoshandisa gadziriro yeP.

Migumisiro Yacho Yeutano Hwedemocratic

Kuderedzwa kwezvishoma pasi peFPTP hakusi kusava noruramisiro kwokufananidzira.

Kurega Kuita Zvinhu Nokuderera

Apo vavhoti vashoma vanoona mavhoti avo achikundikana nguva dzose kushandura mumufananidzo, simba rezvamatongerwe enyika rinoderera. Kuvhoterera muchigaro chakakotsekana apo muuyo wacho unenge uri mhedziso yapamberi. Kuvhotera nokuda kwebato rechitatu apo unozviziva kuti havagoni kukunda? Ikoku kunoparira nhambo inotyisa yekuzvinyima, zvikurukuru pakati pechiverengero chavagari vapasi vaduku navaduku. Kudzokororwa kunopazve simba romukura, muchena, uye nzvimbo yokuvhotera yakasiana zvikuru inomirirwa pazvinovhotanwa.

Kuregeredzwa Kwemitemo Nokukamuraniswa Kwenharo

Mapati ezvamatongerwe enyika, savatambi vanorangarira, anogamuchira zvikarakadzo zvezvisarudzo. Munhevedzo yeFPTP, sundo ndeyokuvaka mubatanidzwa mudukusa we 50%+1 wevhoti muzvigaro zvapamucheto. Nhau idzo dzine chokuita zvikuru kuvashomanene 10% asi hadzidzoreri vavhoti muruwa rwapamucheto kana kuti kufuratira. Ikoku kunobatanidza nhau dzakadai sekodzero dzenyika dzomunharaunda, rusaruro rwechikamu chakagadzwa, utsinye hwamapurisa mukurwisana nevoruzhinji, kana kuti rusununguko rwakananga rworudzidziso. Muitiro unoronga kuratidzira fariro dzeboka guru, uchisiya ndangariro dzavaduku.

Kuderera Kwokuvimbana Nokuparadzana Munzanga

Apo chikamu chinokosha chavagari vemo chinorangarira kuti tsika inopinzwa mukurwisana navo, kuvimba namasangano edemokrasi kunoparadzwa. Ikoku kunoparira nzvimbo yakaorera nokuda kwepopulism, matsinga, uye kurashwa. Democracy inokundikana kumirira mativi ayo akafanana inova isina kusimba. Kushaikwa kwamanzwi akasiyana - siyana mudare rinogarira mutemo kunotungamirira kumitemo isingasanopinzwa zvakanaka uye inoshanda zvikuru, inokudzazve pfungwa yokuparadzana pakati penzanga dzinotapurwa.

Zvingashandiswa: Magadziriro Akagadzirirwa Kukanganisa

Mashoko akanaka ndeokuti vanhu vakatanga nzira dzokusarudza dzakakodzera zvikuru kuti vakwanise kurarama nemhatsa yemarudzi akasiyana - siyana.

Ranked-Choice Voing (RCV) / Runoff Voting yapakarepo (IRV)

RCV inobvumira vavhoti kuisa vada kutsiva munhevedzano yedavi. Kana pasina mutengi akawana vhoti dzakawanda dzokutanga dzinoregwa, muvhoti wokupedzisira anobviswa, uye vhoti dzavo dzinodzoserwa kuchisarudzo chechipiri. Iyi nzira inodzokororwa kusvikira mukundi mukuru awanikwa. Kupfurikidza nokubvisa muuyo unoshatisa, RCV inokurudzira kuvakwa kwemubatanidzwa uye inobvumira vavhoti vashoma kutsigira mudaviri wokutanga pasina kutya kupambadza vhoti yavo. Inogona kuva inoshanda zvikurukuru mumaruwa enhengo imwe, ichiita kuti iratidzirwe zvakanaka zvikuru. Inoshandiswa muMaine neAlaska nokuda kwesarudzo dzehurumende uye mumaguta akawanda ari mhiri kweUS.

MEMber Proportigal (MMP) yakavhenganiswa

Sezvakaratidzirwa neNew Zealand neGermany, MMP inopa dzikamo inogombedzera. Vota mbiri. Vota imwe inoenda kumumiriri womunzvimbomo muruwa rweFPTP-sty. Vhoti yechipiri inoenda kurusarudzo rwebato. Ndaza yebato inoshandiswa ku "pamusoro" zvigaro zviri mudare kuti iva nechokwadi chokuti nzanga yose yeparamende inowirirana negoverano yorudzi. Iyi inochengeta kuzvidavirira kwomunzvimbomo nepo ichivimbisa kuva mubatanidzwa. Iyi gadziriro yakaratidzirwa kuwedzera zvikuru kumirira kwavakadzi nepwere dzedzinza muparamende pasina kuisa musero pakati pechikamu cheGUS.

Mubato mumwe Unotakurika (STV)

STV inoshanda mumaruwa ane mitezo mizhinji. Vanoda kuhwina chigaro. Kuti vawine chigaro, mudanho anofanira kusvika chikamu chakati chevhoti. Iyi tsika inowirirana zvikuru uye inopa vavhoti chisarudzo chikuru. Inobvumira vamiriri vazhinji vanobva muruwa rumwe cheterwo, kureva boka duku rinoumba 25% yeruwa rwemitezo mina. STV inovarira kusarudza mumwe wavada kufarira. STV inoshandiswa muIreland neMalta namamwe mavhotaro omunzvimbomo muScotland neAustralia. Inobvisa "ruwa rumwe, muwiridziri" muwiridziri mukuru unokuvadza kwazvo kuvaduku.

Kutaura Nezvemabhizimisi

Vatsoropodzi vanotaura kuti gadziriro dzemibatanidzwa dzinogona kutungamirira kuhurumende dzisina kugadzikana dzopa simba rakawanda kumapoka maduku, anonyanyisa. Irori iitiro hanya inoshanda, asi inowanzotaurwa. Hurumende dzekodzero dzinowanzozivikanwa muEurope yose uye dzinogara dzakatsiga uye dzinobvumirana. Kupfuurirazve, ngozi ye "yekubatana" inogona kudzorwa nedzimwe dziviriro dzesangano, dzakadai sezvikumbaridzo zvinovhota 3-5% kuti vawane zvigaro zvipi nezvipi. Kutsigiro kunogoverwa neFPTP kunowanzouya pamutengo wamanzwi maduku ane mwero, ayo anogona kudzorwa zvikuru munhambo refu inobatanidza mirangariro yakasiana-kasiyana - siyana.

Mugumisiro: Chisarudzo Chetsika Dzepasi Pose

Kutanga-Past - Njoka haisati iri chishandiso chezvokuverenga mavhota. Igadziriro ine simba inoumba nokushingaira nzvimbo yezvamatongerwe enyika. Inobetsera nenzira inoshamisa, mapoka ependindi uye anoranga manzwi maduku, akasiyana- siyana. Mapoka maduku, aya anoshandura kuva asingachinjiki, anomanikidzirwa, mavhoti, uye masangano anoregeredza. Zvidzidzo zvinobva kuUK, US, uye India zvinoratidza kuti aya haasi ngozi dzinotemwa asi dzinorarama. Njodzi dzinobudirira muNew Zealand dzinoratidza kuti chinjo dzinobvira bedzi asi dzinobetsera zvikuru nokuda kwechiito chedemocracy muchamuscracy nemusvuko. Chisarudzo chetsikano chinosarudzwa chinovakwa zvikuru ndicho chisarudzo chebumbiro retsika renyika yose.