Nhoroondo

Ukama pakati pehurumende nemasimba ehurumende ibwe rekona rehurumende yeAmerica. Bumbiro reMitemo pacharo rakaberekwa nokukundikana kweMitemo yeConfederation, iyo yakanga yaita hurumende yapakati isina simba isingagoni kugadzirisa njodzi dzorudzi dzakadai seShays Region. Vagadziri veGungano rePhiladelphia muna 1787 vakatsvaka kugadzira gadziriro yaizopa hurumende yenyika chiremera chakakwana kuti ishande nenzira inobudirira nepo ichichengeta utongi hwenyika sezvipo zvinotonga. Iyi chiyero chakakomba chinowanzorondedzerwa se [[FLT:] uchangamire kana kuti [FLT:]

Zvisinei, kubatanidzwa kweReconstation Amendments — kukura kwechi13, kwechigumi namana, uye kwechigumi namashanu — chiremera chehurumende chakashanda mukati menzvimbo duku yamasimba anoverengwa — zvikurukuru dziviriro yorudzi, ukama hwokumwe, uye kutengeserana kwenyika. Zvisinei, hondo yevagari vemo yakachinja zvikurukuru gadziriro iyi. Kukura kweReformation Amendments — kukura kwechigumi namashanu — chiremera chehurumende chokudzivirira maruramiro avanhu panzvimbo imwe neimwe mukupindira kwehurumende. Muzana ramakore rinotevera, kukura kwehurumende yehurumende yapasi penyika yose kwakawedzera zvikuru kupfurikidza nomutemo weNew Acureal, sangano revomswo yezvokutengeserana, uye kukura kweiyi fambiro yezvokutengeserana. Pasinei zvapo nokukura uku, mubvunzo mukuru wenzira iyo masimba enyika nehurumende zvinoramba zvichiva manyuko manyuko okudzivisa kupindirana kwapamutemo nekurukurirano yezvamatongerw enyika.

Chirango chaClaus: Foundation of Federal Gunya

Mashoko Nedudziro

Chisakiso cheBumbiro reMitemo chaClaus, chiri mu Article VI, Claus 2, chinoshanda sechisaririra chamashoko chesimba rehurumende pamitemo inorwisana. Iro rinoti:

“ Iyi Bumbiro reMitemo, uye Mitemo yeUnited States ichaitwa muPurosa yaro; uye Tsamba dzose dzinoitwa, kana kuti dzichaitwa, muChiremera cheUnited States, dzichava Mutemo mukurusa weNyika; uye Vatongi muHurumende iri yose vachasungwa nenzira iyoyo, Mutezo upi noupi muBumbiro remitemo kana kuti Mitemo ipi neipi yeHurumende pasinei zvapo neChiito.”

Mutauro uyu unosimbisa dare rakajeka: mutemo wehurumende — apo unoshanda muBumbiro reMitemo — unoshanda mumutemo wehurumende unopesana. Chikamu cheshoko chinobatanidza mutongi ari wose wehurumende kuti atsigire mutemo wehurumende pamusoro pomutemo wenyika, pasinei zvapo nebumbiro remitemo rehurumende iroro kana kuti miraudzo. Sezvakataurwa naMutongi Mukuru John Marshall mu ] Mcloch v. Maryland[, Supremacy Clausce harisi manyuko esimba rehurumende imene asi mutemo unoita kuti mutemo wehurumende uve mukuru apo unorwisana nemitemo.

Chiono Chavagadziri

Vaibatanidza Supremacy Claus kuti vave nechokwadi chokuti hurumende itsva yenyika yaigona kushanda zvakanaka pasina kukanganiswa nemitemo yehurumende inorwisana. Pasi peMitemo yeConfederation, hurumende dzinowanzofuratira zvikumbiro zvehurumende nezvibvumirano, zvichitungamirira kunyongano munhau dzokunze nedzemhuri. Kupfurikidza nokuita kuti mutemo wehurumende uve mukuru, Bumbiro reMitemo rakasarudza kukanganisa uku. Zvisinei, chitsama chacho chaiganhurirwawo nokungwarira: mitemo bedzi yakaitwa “muPuro". yeMitemo — zvinoreva muukoro yemasimba ehurumende anogoverwa — anokwanisva saakuru. Iyi nheyo inodzivisa kuti Paramendesheni yehurumende inotonga munzvimbo dzakachengeterwa kuhurumende pasi peDekit Amendement.

Kuedzerwa: Kuitwa Kwakaitwa Basa Rokunyanyisa Mumuitiro

Supremacle Claus inopa mavambo edzidziso ye dandaro , iyo inoreva apo mutemo wehurumende unobvisa mutemo wehurumende. Kusunungurwa kunogona kuitika muzvimiro zvinoverengeka, uye matare anonzvera mhaka imwe neimwe kuti aone vavariro yeDare.

Taura Kuedzwa

Preftware dandadziro rinoitika apo mutemo wehurumende unotaura zvakajeka kuti unokurira mutemo wehurumende munharaunda yakati. Somuenzaniso, Mushandi Anoshanda Kurega Basa Indome Security Act (ERISA) anodzikamiswa zvakajeka “mitemo yose nemitemo yose yeHurumende sezvaingawirirana zvino kana kuti pashure pazvo nechirongwa chipi nechipi chebetsero yomushandi." Uyu mutauro wakajeka unosiya nzvimbo duku nokuda kwokuvandudza kana kuti kuwedzera. Hurumende inowanzoshandisa kubvisa mipimo yorudzi yekomunifomu muminda yakadai sebhangi, ndege, uye chengeteko yenyukireya.

Kushandiswa Kwomuedzo: Rwisano uye Kuzvipinza Mumuedzo

Kunyange apo Congress inenge isingagoni kutaura zvakajeka, matare angawana mutemo wehurumende uchibviswa nenzira yokufananidzira. mapoka maduku maviri aripo:

  • Kusunungurwa kwapamberi peyapa kunovapo apo kunenge kusingabviri mumuviri kuwirirana nezvose zviri zviviri mutemo womubatanidzwa nowehurumende, kana kuti apo mutemo wehurumende unomira semhinganidzo kukuitwa kwakazara kwezvinangwa zvehurumende. Mu Geier v. American Honda Motor Co.[FLT] [2000], Dare rapamusoro rairangarira kuti nyika inoda kuti mhepo ishande mipimo yekotsekano yekotsekano yehurumende inobvumira kuchinjika.
  • predefinition inoshanda apo Congress inodzora zvinopararira kwazvo munharaunda zvokuti haisati ichisiya nzvimbo yokuwedzera kwehurumende. Somuenzaniso, hurumende yehurumende inobata nzvimbo yose yekotsekano yenyukireya kupfurikidza neAtomic Energy Act, kureva nyika hadzigoni kugadza mipimo yadzo dzimene yemwaranzi nokuda kwenzvimbo dzine simba.

Dare Rapamusoro rakanyevera pamusoro pokusarerutsa kusunungurwa, zvikurukuru munharaunda dzetsika dzine chokuita noutano nekotsekano. Mu Meditronic, Inc. v. Lohr (1996), Dare rakasimbisa murangariro pamusoro pokuparadzwa muminda yakare yaigarwa nenyika.

Chiratidzo chenyika mhaka dzeDare Rapamusoro Zvikurusa Shaping Federal-State Relations

[[[NHAU] MCULLOch v. Maryland (11819)

Iyi mhaka yakaedza ukuru hwesimba rehurumende nokushandiswa kweSupremacy Claus. Apo Maryland akaedza kubhadhara Bank rehurumende reUnited States, Mutongi Mukuru Marshall akatonga kuti “simba remutero rinobatanidza simba rokuparadza.” Iye akarangarira kuti hurumende hadzigoni kubhadhara zvishandiso zvehurumende nemhaka yokuti mutero wakadaro ungaputsa Supremacy Claus. [FLD: 0] [[FLT]] MCULLOch[ kusimbisa dzidziso ye [FLT:] inoshandiswa namasimba enyika nemhaka yokuti pamutemo [[FLT:]]: Masangano angashandisa zvose izvo zviri “zvinodikanwa uye zvakafanira kutakura masimba awo. Iyi rondedzero yakashandiswa kururamisa nhevedzano, zviito zvakabatanidza kuvaka.

[[FOL:0] Gibbons v. Ogden (1824)

Nyaya iyi yakakurukura ukuru hwesimba reCongress pasi peCommunist Claus. New York yakanga yapa maruramiro okufamba nengarava dzinofamba nemvura yayo, asi mutemo wehurumende wakapiwa rezenisi reGibbons kuti ushande munzira dzimwe chetedzo. Dare Gurusa rakabvumirana kuputsa udzori hwehurumende, richitonga kuti simba rokudzora kutengeserana kwenyika yebhizimisi “rakwana mariri imene” uye kuti mutemo upi noupi wehurumende unorwisana nemitemo yehurumende unofanira kupa. [[FLT: 0] Gibbons rakaisa hwarongedzero yenzwisiso yazvino uno yezvikodzero zvemari zvenyika yemari.

Kuprintaz v. United States (1997)

Haisi mitemo yose yehurumende inofarikanya ukuru. Mu Printz, Dare rakaputsa gadziriro dzeBrady Handgun Police Prevention Act idzo dzaida vakuru vakuru vanotarisira mutemo wehurumende kuti vatungamirire kumashure. Dare rakaramba kuti hurumende yehurumende haigoni ku “raira” vakuru vakuru vakuru vakuru voutungamiriri kuti vamanikidze purogiramu dzinodzorwa nehurumende. Iyi nheyo inorwisana nomurairo unodzika midziro muTenth Demendment, inoganhurira kusvika kwoukuru hwehurumende kupfurikidza nokudzivirira uchangamire hwehurumende pavakuru vakuru vakuru vakuru vavo vamene.

[ Arizona v. United States[ (202)

Munyaya huru yokubuda munyika, Dare Rapamusorosoro rakanzvera S.B. 1070, iro rakatsvaka kuita kuchengetwa kwenzvimbo inotambira kubuda kwehurumende. Dare rakarova mitauro mitatu yemipimo mina, richiita kuti mutemo wokupinda munyika uve nzvimbo inodzorwa nomutemo wehurumende. Chisarudzo chacho chakasimbiswazve kuti hurumende haigoni kuita gadziriro inowirirana inorwisana nenzvimbo dzinoiswa pakutanga nehurumende. Zvisinei, Dare rakatsigira “kuratidza mapepa ako” muchiso charo, kunyange zvazvo rakanyevera kuti ingagona kudenhwa gare gare gare kana ikashandiswa mumuitiro wedhisikito. Iyi nhau inoenzanisira kuti Supremacle inogona sei kuganhurira chiito chemitemo kunyange apo nyika inotaura kuva“ inobetsera mutemo womubatanidzwa.

[ Federation of Independent Business v. Sebelius (202)

Chinowanzonzi Affordble Care Act, ichi chisarudzo chaikurukurwa kana mutemo wehurumende waigona kumanikidza nyika kufutunura Medicaid mutyisidziro yokurasikirwa nemari iripo. Dare rakaramba kuti kumanikidza kwakadaro kwakaputsa Pendement yegumi nemhaka yokuti kwakasiya nyika dzisina chisarudzo chaicho. Nepo murairo mumwe nomumwe wakatsigirwa somutero (kwete pasi poMutengi Claus), kukura kweMedicaid kwakatongerwa kusatenderwa. Mhaka iyi inoratidza kuti ukuru hwehurumende hune miganhu apo hurumende yehurumende inoedza kushandisa simba kuraira hurumende nenzira inobudirira.

Nzvimbo Dzinotangira Kusagadzikana

Kutama uye Maguta Akachena

Mutemo wokutora wazova nharaunda inorwisana zvikuru. Papo Arizona v. United States yakasimbiswa kuva mukuru mukuru wehurumende, dzimwe nyika namaguta zvakashandisa “mitemo inoganhura batira pamwe nerongedzero yehurumende. Hurumende yehurumende yakatyisidzira kurega kupa mari pamitemo yakadaro, inotungamirira kumiganhu yemari inotsamira pachinhu chimwe. Matare makuru anoramba akakamuraniswa pauko kana hurumende yehurumende inogona kuisa migariro yokuchengetesa vatamisi kuti ive mapurogiramu akavakirwa pamitengo yehurumende. Supremacree transksing ingabvisa nzira dzose dziri mbiri: mutemo wehurumende usati wadzosa mamiriro ezvinhu, asi unodzora kudzivirira mamiriro ezvinhu pamusoro pokuva nezvipfumitengwa kwayo.

Kunyoreswa pamutemo

Pasinei zvapo nokurongwa kwehurumende kwembanje seSangano rePumende I raidzorwa neGumbi rePubled Systences Act, nyika dzakawanda dzakanyoresa mishonga nenhandaro. Hurumende yehurumende yakagamuchira muitiro wokusamanikidzwa kupfurikidza nemetarada seCole Memory (zvino yabviswa) uye Rohracer-Modelrater, inorambidza Department yeRumisi yeSahlulero kuti irege kudzongonyedza mari nemitemo yehurumende yemuraka wokurapa. Zvisinei, mitemo yehurumende haisati ichidzoresa mutemo womubatanidzwa wehurumende; Supremacre Calaus inoreva kuti vachurist Resss angagona kudzikamisa chirambidzo chehurumende. Uku kuoma kwemite yebhizimisi, mabhangi, uye vashandisi.

Kuchinja Kweutano

Ungwaru inzvimbo yechiremera chehurumende nehurumende zvinopfuudzwa. Somuenzaniso, Affordcable Care Act, yakagadza mipimo yehurumende yeinishuwarenzi asi yakabvumira hurumende kuti ishande mirau yadzo dzizvitsigirisa nokuwedzera Medicaid nokuzvidira. Apo hurumende dzakaramba kukudza Medicaid, hurumende yaifanira kutsamira pamari inotsamira pamitengo yakananga kupfurikidza netsinhano yehurumende. Kurwisana kwokuchinjana. Kurwa kwemirimo kunoitikawo pamusoro pokushandisa mirimo, kuraira, uye mirairo yetelemedicine. Somuenzaniso, telemedicine miraniso yemirimo inowanzopfupikisa hurumende kuti ipfuure nenzira inodzo inodzora kuva yakasimba zvikuru mipimo yekotseka. Bva chiremera chinochengeta chiremera pamusoro pokushandiswa kwemishonga, kuparira rwisano inoparira rwisano inoparira rwisano iri kupfuurira.

Mipimo Yemhoteredzo

Gadziriro yemhoteredzo ndiimwe nhambo. Cease Air Act inobvumira nyika kugadza mipimo yakatsiga yebureti kupfuura mutemo wehurumende — California, somuenzaniso, ine chidzoreso chakasiyana chokudzora kubudiswa kwemotokari. Zvisinei, tarisiro yeTrump yakaedza kubvisa kurasa kweCalifornia, kuchitungamirira kumatare. Dare gurusa raitsigirawo kuti hurumende inochenesa Air ibvise mipimo yehurumende inodzorwa nomutemo unorwisana negasi regreenhouse gas. Njodziro inopfuudzira, mu Massussetts v. EPA[FLT:] [2001] [200], Dare rakava rakati dare rakati rakamira kuti rimire kukwidzwa nehurumende yehurumende yehurumende nokuda kwokukundikana kudzora magasi anogara magasi. Chino anoenderera mberi pakuchinja mamiriro okunze echite yemhepo inodzongedzesa.

Dzikamo Inodzora Yesimba

Dual Federalism neBooperative Federalism

Vezvenhau vanowanzorondedzera chizivikanwo cheAmerica sechinochinja pakati pemienzaniso miviri. chikuru, chinodzora pamberi peNew Deal, yakatanga hurumende nehurumende dzakasianana dzine masimba akasiyana. Dare Gurusa rinoisa ganhuriro dzakasimba pachiremera chenyika, kuvhura mitemo yakafanana nemiraudzo yokutanga yehurumende yavana. Kuvamba muma1930, Dare rakananga ku unani hwehurumende , apo hurumende inoisa murairo wakafara uye inotaura kuti ihushandise nokutsigira kwehurumende yehurumende yenyika yose. Mitedhi, naMaganho akachena emvura, uye Chino Chinoumbwa chaMadokero.

Miitiro Yazvino Uno Nedenho

Zvisarudzo zvemisi ichangobva kupfuura iyi zveDare guru rakamutsidzira miganhu pasimba renyika, zvikurukuru kupfurikidza nedzidziso inorwisana nemirairo yehurumende (sokuna mu ] Printz) uye kududzirwa kwakamanikana kweChommerce Claus (somu ] United States v. Morrison ). Panguva imwe cheteyo, hurumende yemubatanidzwa inopfuurira kushandisa chiremera chikuru kupfurikidza nesimba rayo rokushandisa, simba remitero, uye mabasa okumwe . Nyika dzakapindura nokuwedzera mutemo munharaunda dzinorangarirwa kuva shaidziko, kutungamirira kui “chikamu chikuru chesangano. [FLT]) inovimbisa kuti nhau huru uye kusimba rapamberi dzinovapo nokuda kwomunguva yemberi.

Mugumisiro: Kukosha Kusingaperi Kwechidhori Chinonzi Claus

Kunzwisisa ukama pakati pehurumende namasimba ehurumende kunoda ngwariro yokungwarira kuSupremacy Claus nedudziro yayo yokutonga. Chikamu chinovimbisa kuti mutemo wehurumende ushande munharaunda dzapamutemo dzeitiro hanya yorudzi, bva hausati uchiparadza uchangamire hwehurumende. Basa reDare Gurusa renhau mukusarudzira rakaparira dare guru renhau iro rinodzikamisa chinzwano chenyika nemhatsa yomunzvimbomo. Sezvo United States inotarisana nedenho itsva — kubva kukuva anosatana kumhinduro yakapararira — kushanda kwehurumende namasimba enyika kuchapfuurira kuumba uchangamire hwerudzi. Supremacre Claus rinoramba riri dare remitemo rinodzika miganhuro pairidzo iyoyo yomunzvimbomo.

Kuwedzera, bvunza [[FLT: 0] Constitution Annoteated’s infundo yeSupremacy Claus. Mifungo yeDare Gurusa yakadai se [[FLT]]][FLT]]Mcloch v. Maryland[[FLT][4] na[FT:7] .[ALT][FLT] United States[FLT:] [[FLT]] inogovera mashoko anokosha. nokuda kwedzidziso, ona [FLT:]