Ukama Husingaperi Pakati Pekuenzana Nokusunungurwa Kwevanhu Vose muAmerica

Nheyo dzemipimo yokuenzana nerusununguko rwavagari vemo hadzisi pfungwawo zvadzo dzinofungwa munhevedzano yemitemo yeAmerica; masimba okufema akaumba nzvimbo yepamutemo yenyika nechinhu chenzanga. Ukama hwavo hunoshanda, kazhinji kazhinji hwakaoma, uye hunoramba huchichinja. Nepo rusununguko rwevagari vemo ruchigovera dziviriro dzinodzivirira vanhu pahurumende pakunyengera, kuenzana kunoda kuti idzi dziviriro dzishandiswe zvakanaka uye kuti mhinganidzo dzegadziriro dzokuita zvinhu kuti dzibatanidzwe zvakazara dzinoputswa. Kunzwisisa ukama hunoshamisa ihwo hunokosha nokuda kwomugari wemo upi noupi anotsvaka kudzora utongi hweAmerica.

Kurondedzera Kuenzana Nokusunungurwa Kwevanhu Vose

Pamipimo yavo, kuva nohuenzana nerusununguko rwavagari vemo zvinobatira mabasa anowirirana asi akasiyana. Chinopa kodzero nerusununguko izvo hurumende isingagoni kuputsa, zvakanyorwa muBhiill of Rights uye kumanikidzirwa kupfurikidza neGuer Process Claus yeGrandment ye145. Izvi zvinobatanidza rusununguko rwokutaura, maruramiro okutakura zvombo, dziviriro mukunzvera kusina mufungo nepfari, uye maruramiro kutongwa kwakarurama.

Ukuru, zvisinei, ipfungwa yakadzika midzi zvikuru. Inonyanya kushanda kupfurikidza neSangano rePurection ye 144th Amendment, inoraira kuti hakuna hurumende icha "wirirana nomunhu upi noupi ari mukati mayo ari musimba rayo kudzivirirwa kwakaenzana kwemitemo. Chitsama ichi chakadudzirwa kuti chide kuti hurumende ibate vanhu nenzira yakafanana nomutoo wakafanana. Zvisinei, pamutemo uye vazivi vezvamatongerwe enyika vasiyanise pakati pezvimiro zvakasiyana- siyana zvokuenzana:

Kuenzana Kusingachinji

Uenzana [kana kuti kuenzana kwebanza) kunonangidzira pakubata munhu ari wose zvakafanana pasi pomutemo, kuchirambidza rusaruro rwakajeka. Somuenzaniso, mutemo unodzivisa vagari vose kuti vasarudze musarudzo vanobata munhu wose zvakaenzana nechiso chake. Uenzani hwechikaro [[[FLT:], nokupesana, unonzwisisa kuti kubatwa kwakafanana kunogona kusimudzira kusawirirana kuripo. Inobvuma zvikanganiso zvenhau uye inotsvaka kuva nechokwadi chemiuyo inodzo inodzorekanwa kupfurikidza nechiito chokurega, pokugara, kana kuti miitiro. Kunyandukanya pakati peiyi rondedzero mbiri dzinoshanda kazhinji kazhinji pamusoro pezvisaruso zvavagari vemo.

Rusununguko Rwakanaka

Uyu musiano wouzivi unojekesawo ukama. Rusununguko rwepamutemo (rusununguko kubva mukudzongonyedzwa) runowirirana zvikuru nerusununguko rwegamuchidzanwa rwevagari vemo) kodzero yokutaura pasina chinyorwa kana kuti kunamata pasina chitambudzo. rusununguko rwokuzvidira [ (rusununguko rwokuita kana kuti kuwana miuyo yakati) rwakabatana zvikuru nokuenzana, kuchida kuti hurumende itore nhano dzokubvuma (kwakaita sekugovera dzidzo yavose, yamuro yapamutemo, kana kuti kushora kudzikamisa murairo, kana kuti kuvimbisa kuti vagari vose vanogona kushandisa maruramiro avo nenzira inobudirira. Kubatanidzwa pakati peiyi mifungo kunowanzoparira rwisano yetsika.

Nheyo Dzenhau Nenhamo

Ukama pakati pekuenzana norusununguko rwevagari vemo hahuna kumbobvira hwavapo. Kubva pakuvambwa kworudzi, nheyo idzi dzave dziri mukurwisana kwemitauro, nenhambo imwe neimwe ichidudzirazve revo yadzo.

Nguva Yokuvamba

Chiziviso cheHumo chakataura kuti "varume vose vakasikwa vakaenzana," bva Bumbiro reMitemo ra 1787 rakadzivirira gadziriro youranda uye rakanyima vakadzi maruramiro okuvhota. Bill of Rights, yakaitwa kuti ive nekodzero dzemo umo umo muna 1791, yakatanga rusununguko runokosha rwevanhu (rusununguko rwokutaura, rudzidziso, pepanhau, uye dziviriro pahurumende yakakunda) asi idzi dziviriro dzakashandiswa pakuvamba bedzi kuhurumende yehurumende, kwete nyika, uye dzakabviswa navanhu vari varanda, vanhu, uye vakadzi. Uku kupesana kwenheyo kwakaparira kusawirirana kwetsika: rusununguko rwakadzivirirwa, asi kuenzana zvikuru.

Kuvakwazve uye Chipikirwa Chokuenzana

Hondo yeChizvarwa neReconstructerments (chi13, chi14, uye 15 Demendements) zvakachinja zvikuru nhevedzano yebumbiro remitemo. Mhedziso ye14 yakasuma Ecult Protection Flassional uye yakashandisa Bill of Rights kuzvitendero kupfurikidza nedzidziso yeContimetion. Kwenguva yokutanga, Bumbiro reMitemo rakabatanidza nenzira yapamutemo rusununguko rwavagari vemo nehuenzani, kuvamba kuva noruwa rwokuramba munhu upi noupi muitiro wakafanira kana kuti dziviriro yakaenzana. Zvisinei, Dare repamusoro reSaunihedhe yaActsquo; rinodudzira zvishoma mumhaka dzakafanana ne Gaswo yeSaint-Indluro [18] uye kubvumira rovedzo yakaenzana nedzidziso yedzidziso yedzidziso yetsika yetsika yetsika.[FLD]

Boka Rekodzero Dzevagari Vemo Nokukura Kwerusununguko

Gadziriro yazvino uno yekodzero dzavagari vemo yama 1950 nama 1960 yakanga iri chidzoreso chakavanza kunzwisisa kwakabatana zvikuru kwemitemo yavanhu. Vashandi vakashandisa rusununguko rweFirst Amendment (*, gungano, uye chikumbiro(kukumbira) kuraira kubatwa kwakaenzana mumutemo. Kukumbira nenzira inobudirira nokuda kwomutemo weChivil Rights Act ya19494 uye Voting Rights Act ye65, yakarambidza rusaruro rwakavakirwa parudzi, ruvara, rudzidziso, vatano, kana kuti mavambo orudzi. Iyi nhambo yakaratidzira kuti rusununguko rwavagari vemo harusi dzivirirowo zvarwo [[FLT: 0] kubva[FLT1] asi inogona kuva zvishandiso zvokushandisa kuraira uenzanisorisori [[FFLD:] [FF] inoshact: [5], inoshandisa , inozivisa upfumi hwedzidzo.[5]

Ukama hweBumbiro reMitemo

Nyaya dzakawanda dzinozivikanwa zvikuru dzeDare Gurusa dzinoenzanisira ukama hwakaoma kunzwisisa, pakati pokuenzana norusununguko rwevanhu.

Brown v. Board of Education (1954) uye Dziviriro Yakaenzana

Mu rown, Dare rakabatana raidavira kuti paradzano yedzinza muzvikoro zvehurumende yakaputsa Kudzivirira kwaCiving Claus kwe 14th Amendment. Chikuru Mutongi Earl Warren akanyora kuti kuva nerver "kubvisa kunzwa kwokuzviduku pamusoro penzvimbo yavo munzanga iyo ingatapura mwoyo yavo nendangariro munzira isingambofungidzirwi kutongopedzwa. Ichi chisarudzo chakaratidzira kuti kuva nomwero hakugoni kupedzwa kupfurikidza nomuitiro wakarongwa, mitemo inopofuma ruvara; kuva nohuenzani hunoda kubviswa kwezvivako zvinoparwa mhosva. Mhakawo inosimbisa kuti rusununguko rwedzidzo yavanhu rungaenzana.

Kugara Uri Woga

Mu Roe v. Dare rakawana maruramiro okubvisa pamuviri mukati me 14 Amendment ’ murangariro werusununguko rwomunhu oga namaruramiro ekuva oga. Iyi nhau yakasimbisa kuoma kuri pakati perusununguko rwomunhu oga (kodzero yomukadzi kuita zvisarudzo zvezvokurapa zvakasununguka zvakasununguka kubva kudzongonyedzo dzehurumende) nefariro yehurumende mukudzivirira upenyu hunobvira. Chisarudzo chacho chakavawo nerevouko huru nokuda kwokuenzana kwevatano, sokukwanisa kudzora imwe ’ utano hwokubereka hwakao yakaonwa navazhinji nokuda kwavakadzi; kutora rutivi rwakazara mukushanda kwezve kwezvemari uye upenyu hwenzanga. Chinotevedzero chapa pamutemo pakati pekuedza kuparira mamiriro ezvinhu echipokuedza kubetsera. [FFFF] [3] [FFFF] [5] muMadokset Korg; Klons; K4 kushandura kubetsera zvikuru kushandura kubetsera kubetsera kwechipoto.

Obergefell v. Hodges (2015) uye Kuenzana kweroorano

Mu .Hoddell v. Hodges, Dare rakaramba kuti Dare re 14 Lamuro rinoda kuti nyika dzose dzizive roorano imwe cheteyo dzevatano. Mutongi Anthony Kennedy ’ voruzhinji vanorangarira kuti zvose zviri zviviri Nhengo yeChimiro chaClaus (mabumbiro echibharo) neNhengo yeSangano yaMongo Claus (kuenngana). Dare rakarangarira kuti kodzero yokuroora irusununguko rukuru, uye kuramba kuti kodzero yokuva nembani dzinoteverwa dzinoumba rusaruro runosetsana. Iyi nhau inoratidza kuti kuva norusununguko nerusununguko nguva dzose haisiri nhevedzano; muzvimwe zviitiko, kurambwa kwounganiro. [FL:]

Matambudziko Anozovapo

Ukama huri pakati pokuenzana norusununguko rwevanhu hunoramba huri pachena mukurukurirano yepamutemo neyezvamatongerwe enyika.

Kuzivisa Kodzero Nekuwana

Kunyora iko kwakarurama kubva paimwe yose inobuda, bva inoramba iri nhandare inokwikwidzana. Kutevera Dare gurusa ’ chisarudzo mu Shelby County v. Homer (2013]), iyo yakabvisa gadziriro huru yeKodzero dzeKodzero dzeKodzero dzeChibvumirano pa 1965 kuraira mativi akati nenhau yokusarura kuti awane mitemo yehurumende isati yachinja mitemo yokuvhotera, nyika dzakawanda dzinoisa mitemo inozivisa, kubvisa mavhotera, uye kuderedza mikana yapakuvamba yokuvhotera. Vatsigiridzi vanodzivirira iyi kuvimbika ndokushandisa zvakaenzana kuvose (kuenzana). Vatsoropotendi vanodzivisa kuva vaduku, vakwegura, uye vanowana zvinobudirira, vanoidzorwa zvakanaka kuvhotera kurwisana nokuvhota kuidzwa kwemitemo (iyi inodzorwa). Mitevedzero yoru. Mitengo inodzo inodzo inodzo inodzo yakagadzirwa yakagadzirwa kuva yakagadzirwa kuva yakagadzirwa kuti ipfupikisa.

Kuziva Madhigirii Nezvinhu Zvinovaka

Chiteshi cheChina chinodzivirira kunzverwa kusina mufungo nehosha, rusununguko rwavanhu. Zvisinei, ruzivo rwokunzvera rwazvino uno rwakadai sokuziva chiso, maalgorith, uye kuunganidzwa kwemishumo mizhinji kupfurikidza nokuchengetwa kwomutemo. Nzvero dzakaratidza kuti ruzivo urwu rwezvokugadzirwa kwezvinhu zvinogona kutapura zvikuru nzanga dzoruvara nenzvimbo dzinoda kupfuudzwa, zvichitungamirira kumitengo inopesana nedzinopesana dzemahombekombe, kutongedzero, kusungwa, uye zvitendero. Nheyo yemipimo yezvakavanzika inoda kuti kuvandikano haisati ichingova bedzi inowanika nenzira inogamuchirwa nenzira inowirirana. Bva, sezvo Dare Rapamusoro renhau repamusoro rinozivikanwa mu [FLT:]. [FLT] v: 1], (2017]), hurumende &rcs; inobvumira kuti mabhiyo ashairwe ose ose.

LGBTQ+ Kodzero Nerusununguko Rworudzidziso

Imwe yerwisano dzapanguva imwe cheteyo dzinokakavadzana zvikurusa inobatanidza kuwiriraniswa kwouenzani nokuda kweLGBTQ+ vanhu nokushandiswa kwapachena kworudzidziso, rusununguko rwavagari vemo. Mitemo yakadai se macaffix] Matthop v. Colorado Civil Rights Committee[[FLLT:1]] (2088) na [[FLL:2]] 303] Kurwisana kwechinyakare nerevomunicha nemunamato wemagariro [[FLT] $23]] [2023]) yakaedza kana varidzi vebhizimisi vachigona kuramba michato yeteve-te-te-te-teex yakavakirwa pazvitendero zvorudzidziso. Imhakano iyi inotoda kubetsera maruramiro apamutemo mukurwisana nemhizhano yemhongadzo dzavagari vemo dzavagari vemo vomunyika.

Kuwiriraniswa: Kuenzana uye Kusununguka Mumuitiro

Nyanzvi yemitemo Kimberlé Crenshaw ’ pfungwa yokusangana inogovera gadziriro inokosha yokunzwisisa kuti kuenzana nerusununguko rwevagari vemo zvinofambidzana sei muchinoitika chakararama chavanhu vane miganhu yakawanda yakaderera. Somuenzaniso, mukadzi Mutema angatarisana nerusaruro rusiri pamusoro porudzi bedzi kana kuti vatano bedzi, asi mubatanidzwa wakasiyana wezvose zviri zviviri. Nenzira yakafanana, rusununguko rwevagari vemo rwemunhu ari murombo, mutami asingatauri weChirungu rungadzorwa kwete nomutemo chete, asi nemiganhuro yomutauro, kushaiwa pfuma, uye kufungira mano akaipa munzanga ayo anosekesa kushanda zvakanaka kwekodzero idzodzo. Kusvika kwapamutemo kuenzana nokusununguka kwavanhu kwapamutemo kungakundikana kutaura kuti kutadza kwakawanda, kupindira kwokupinda muboka, kuzadzika kwechipikirwa chakakwana kwemitemo.

Nzira Dziri Mberi

Kudzivirira uye kufambisira mberi ukama huri pakati pokuenzana norusununguko rwevanhu kunoda kuti vanhu vazviitire nemaune pamwero wakasiyana - siyana.

Kuchinja Kwemitemo Nemitemo

Zvikarakadzo zvomutemo zvinoverengeka uye zvemitemo zvinovavarira kusimbisa zvose zviri zviviri kuenzana nerusununguko rwavagari vemo. Kunyora nokusimbisa Chibvumirano cheRegion Rights, kugadza mutemo wehurumende womunhu oga nemativi akasimba anorwisana netsvina, uye kupfuudza Chiratidzo cheSangano kuti zvidzivise zvakajeka rusaruro rwakavakirwa pamurangariro wevatano nechiratidzo chevatano inhano dzinotambudza. American Civil Liberaties Union (ACLU) inogovera chisakiso chakaisvonaka chokunzwisisa hondo dzazvino uno dzapamutemo nemikana yetsinhiro yapachena kana kuti tsigiro. Mukuwedzera, Brennan Center yeRumbiso rweRumbiso runopa kurongwa rwekodzero dzokuvhotera neruramisiro yeutsotsi izvo zvinodzikamisa rusununguko nokuenzana.

Dzidzo Yechipukanana Nokukurukura Kwavose

Vagari vemo vanoziva ndiyo dziviriro yakanakisisa pakuderera kwenheyo dzebumbiro remitemo. Kunzwisisa nhau nenharo dzinopfuurira pamusoro pekuenzana nerusununguko rwavagari vemo kunogonesa vagari vemo kupinda mukurukurirano inobudirira panzvimbo perwisano inopesana. Masangano akadai se Brookings[ na [FLT] National Constitution Center[ inogovera zviteshiwo zvedzidzo. Maraibhurari emo, makoriji, uye masangano ezvizvarwa zvemo anogona kunzvera idzi nhau nenzira yokuremekedza, ufakazi hunotsigirwa.

Makwaya Anosakisa Nokutora Rutivi

Vagari vemo vamwe navamwe vanogona kuita musiano kupfurikidza nokukumbanira mapoka ekodzero dzehurumende akananga parusununguko rwavagari vemo nekodzero dzavagari vemo. Kutora rutivi mukuramba kune rugare, kusangana navakuru vakuru vakasarudzwa, uye kushanda pamapurazi omunzvimbomo inzira dzinooneka dzokupesvedzera nadzo. Kuzvipira namasangano anobetsera nzanga dzakaganhurirwa mukushandisa maruramiro awo mukuita madhigirii okunyoresa, makiriniki emitemo, kana kuti kuziva kodzero dzako dzeyamuro, zvinosimudzira zvose zviri zviviri kuenzana norusununguko. Chinokosha kuziva kuti basa racho rinopfuurira uye kuti ukama pakati pouenzani nerusununguko rwavagari vemo hunoda kungwarira nguva dzose.

mhedziso

Ukama pakati pekuenzana nerusununguko rwevagari vemo muAmerica hahusi nhau yakagadziriswa asi kurukurirano mhenyu inorondedzera nyika inonzi ’ vara. Misengwa miviri, mumwe nomumwe zvichitsamira pane mumwe nokuda kwokuziva kwayo kwakazara. Mvumo dzavanhu dzinogovera nzvimbo yokuti vanhu vataure kuzivikanwa kwavo, kudenha kusaruramisira, uye kuraira kubatwa kwakarurama. Kuenzana kunosimbisa kuti idzi rusununguko harusi ruyo rugaro rwenyika ine simba asi kuti rwunovimbiswa kuva dzisina kusimba zvikurusa. Sezvo United States inofambira mberi, mano okudzora kusawirirana pakati penheyo idzi dzinoshanda nedziri mbiri (*) kuremekedza rusununguko rwokuva rwakasiyana nerwokubatwa zvakaenzana. Kutevera utongi hwakakwana hunoda kuti shonge mabhiri ose ari maviri, asi sezviva zvinotarisirwa nevanhu.