Kuda uye Kudzikama Kwesimba: Nhungamiro Inoshanda

Kubvuma kunomira serimwe ramasimba makurusa anobvapo anopiwa kuCongress muBumbiro reMitemo reU.S. Inobatira somutoo unodenha wokuchengeta dzikamo yamasimba pakati pamapazu matatu ehurumende, ichivimbisa kuti hakuna bazu rimwe — zvikurukuru mukuru mukuru — rinova rine simba zvikuru kana kuti rinoshatisa chiremera charo. Kunzwisisa kusabvumirana kunokosha mukunzwisisa kuoma kwehurumende yeAmerica, sezvo inozivisa kusagadzikana kwakavakwa mugadziriro yemitemo yapamutemo uye simba rezvamatongerwe enyika iro rinova nokuzvidavirira. Nyaya ino inogovera kunzvera kwokupedzisira kwebasa renhau, kushandisirwa kwaro kwenhau, uye basa rayo rinokosha mukati menzvero hurusa.

Chii Chinodiwa?

Kudzorwa kwemitemo muitiro webumbiro remitemo umo Imba yavamiriri inopomera napo purezidhendi agere pasi, mutevedzeri wapurezidhendi, kana kuti vamwe vakuru vakuru vehurumende ne "mufungo, chiokomuhomwe, kana kuti mamwe utsotsi hwakakwirira uye kukanganisa. Iri simba rinopiwa zvakajeka muChikamu II, Chikamu 4 cheU.S. Constitution. Shoko rokuti "utsotsi hwakakwirira uye kusatendeseka" haridi kuputswa kwomutemo woutsotsi wedare; panzvimbo pezvo, rinonongedzera kukushandiswa kwakakomba kwesimba, kushambadzwa kworuvimbiko rwavo, kana kuti zviito zvinoshatisa mutemo wemitemo. Vatendi vemitemo vakakwereta pfungwa kubva kumuitiro wechiNgezi, apo kusateverwa kwakashandiswa kurangarira vabatiri voumambo kuzvidavirira nokuda kwokusazvibata.

Chinovavariro chokusaraira hachisi chirango asi kubviswa panzvimbo uye, nokungwarira kweDare, kubvisa basa. Ichi mushonga wezvamatongerwe enyika panzvimbo pomupari wemhosva, wakagadzirirwa kudzivirira riphabliki kuvakuru vakuru vakaratidzira kusafanira kuvatambira nzvimbo. Seizvo Alexander Hamilton akatsanangura mu [[FL:0]] Fideralist No. 65, kushora kukurukura "mhaka dzose dzinobva kumufambiro wakashata wavanhu vose, kana kuti, mumamwe mashoko, pakushatiswa kana kuti kuputswa kworumwe ruvimbiko rwavanhu vose." Uku kunzwisisa kwakatungamirira kusateerera kuri kwose kunofambira mberi munhau yeAmerica.

Kubudirira Kwazvinoita

Muitiro wokusabvumirana unoitika muzvikamu zviviri zvakasiyana: kutanga muImba yaVamiriri, ipapo muDare. Rutivi rumwe norumwe runobatanidza miitiro chaiyo inoratidzira vavariro yavaFramers yokudzikamisa kunzvera kwakakwana nokurangarira kwezvamatongerwe enyika.

Imwe: Imba Yevamiririri

Imba ine simba rimwe rokuvamba kufunda. Muitiro wacho unotanga zvikurukuru nokunzvera kunoitwa neDare reHouse Judicary, uko kungachengeta kunzwa, magwaro maduku, uye kunzwa chipupuriro. Dare ipapo rinovhota kana richifanira kurumbidza nyaya dzemisingidzo — pomero dzapamutemo — kuImba yakazara. Kana dare rikarumbidza nyaya, kurukurirano dzose dzeHouse uye vhoti panyaya imwe neimwe. Vota vazhinjisa vakakwana vanokwanisa kutendera nyaya yemisingwi, nokudaro "inodzidzisa" mukuru mukuru mukuru wehurumende. Kana Imba yangoenda kuDare nokuda kwokutongwa.

Chechipiri: Kutonga kweDare

Dare rinoita sedare rokusabvumirana. Bumbiro reMitemo rinoda kuti Dare riedze kuteedze kuteererwa kwose, neMutongi Mukuru weDare rapamusorosoro anotungamirira apo purezidhendi ari kutongwa. Imba inosarudza "Masafe" iyo inopa mhaka nokuda kwokupwisa. Mukuru mukuru mukuru angagona kubudisa dziviriro, kudana zvapupu, uye zvapupu zvokuyambuka. Vatongi vanoshanda savatongi vomutemowo; vangabvunza mibvunzo mukati mokutonga. Pashure pokunzwa ufakazi hwose nenharo, Dare revhuramende namavhota. Chitendero chinoda kuti vamiriri vaviri vamakurusa vapamberi vazvino uno uno uye vanovhota. Kana vakawanwa, vakuru vakuru vakuru vanobva muhofisi vabviswa pakarepo, uye vangavhotera voga vasa vomutemo upi noupi.

Dare rakatanga mitemo yemiitiro yokuedza kuteererwa, asi rondedzero dzinogona kusiana. Bhishopi inopa Dare simba rokuedza dare rose," kuripa rusununguko rwakafara kuti rigadzire miitiro yaro rimene, kubatanidza kana richinzwa zvapupu zvipenyu kana kuti kutsamira pamitengo. Zvose zviri zviviri Miitiro yeImba neDare ndeyezvamatongerwe enyika nenzira yomuzvarirwo, asi zvinodzorwawo nezvinodikanwa zvebumbiro remitemo zvakagadzirirwa kuvimbisa ruramisiro nomuitiro wakafanira.

Kuda Kubatsira uye Kudzikamisa Simba

Simba rokusagona kudzora ibwe rekona retsika yechekedzo nedzikamo zvakanatswa muBumbiro remitemo. VaFramers, vanongwarira simba rakakomba, vakagadzira mapazu matatu akaenzana ane mitoro inopfuudzwa namano okudzivisa mumwe nomumwe. James Madison akanyora Fédalist No. kuti "chibage chinofanira kuitwa kuti chikurire kuzvikudza." Impikisiro yebazu yemitemo yedare reSalciation icherekedzo huru yebazi routongi — uye, muchinoitika chavatongi vehurumende, pabazu rokutongawo.

Dzikamo yamasimba haisati iri nhevedzano inowirirana asi dzvinyiriro huru. Kurondwa kunogona kutangwa bedzi apo Imba inorangarira kusazvibata kwakakomba kunoitwa navakuru vakuru; haisati iri chishandiso chekusabvumirana kwemitemowo zvakwo. Zvisinei, nemhaka yokuti mupimo we "utsotsi hwakakwirira namabhinya" wakadudzirwa zvikuru, rangariro dzezvamatongerwe enyika mupesvedzero isingadzivisiki apo uye kuti kusatendeseka kunoshandiswa sei. Uku kufunda kwezvamatongerwe enyika kunodeyama: Vatendi vaikarira kuti kusatonga kwapamutemo uye ushingi hwezvamatongerwe enyika, sezvo kunoisa vamiriri munzvimbo yokutonga bazi recoplace .

Nzvero Pakushandiswa Zvisina Kufanira

Gadziriro ine dziviriro kudzivisa kutendwa kusashandiswa nenzira isina maturo. Chokutanga, Imba inofanira kuvhota kuidzosa, uko kunoda voruzhinji vemitezo yayo kubvumirana kuti pomero dzacho dzakakomba zvakakwana kubvumira kutongwa. Chechipiri, kutendeka kweDare kunopfuura zvimwe zvose zvinoda kutendwa kunoparira chiteshi chakakwirira, chinodzivirira kubviswa kwechipfuvara. Chechitatu, mukuru mukuru mukuru akagadzwa anofanira kuchengeta kodzero kudziviriro yakazara, kubatanidza kuratidzirwa nezano uye mano okudana zvapupu. Pakupedzisira, vanhu vose — kupfurikidza namasarusarudzo nezvinobudisa nhau — vanovimbisa kuti vapindukire nokuda kwezvisarudzo zvavo. Izvo zvinovimbisa kuti kusava nomushonga wokupedzisira.

Zvakaitika Kare Zvokusabvumirana

Kuongorora kwakashandiswa zvishoma munhau yeAmerica, kuchiratidza simba rayo rinokweva. Mapurezidhendi matatu bedzi — Andrew Johnson, Bill Clinton, naDonald Trump — akashorwa neImba. Mamwe maviri, Richard Nixon naJohn Tyler, vakatarisana netyisidziro dzakakomba dzakatungamirira kukurega kana kuti kuchinja pfuma yavo yezvamatongerwe enyika. Kupfuura mapurezidhendi, vatongi venyika vanopfuura gumi navaviri vakasaidzirwa nokubviswa, kazhinji kazhinji kazhinji nokuda kwouori kana kuti kusazvibata pabhenji. Izvi zviitiko zvinoenzanisira mufambiro unogona kuparira denho.

Kushora Nhau Dzapurezidhendi Dzinozivikanwa

  • Andrew Johnson (1868): [[FLT: 1] Johnson akashorwa nokuda kwokuputsa Kutonga kweHofisi kupfurikidza nokubvisa Munyori weHondo Edwin Stanton pasina kutendera kweDare. Kutonga kwakanga kuri kukuru, uye Johnson akasunungurwa nevhoti imwe. Mhaka yakamutsa mibvunzo inokosha pamusoro pedzikamo yesimba pakati peCongress napurezidhendi mukati meReconsolean.
  • RICArd Nixon (1974): Dare Rokunyora rinotenderwa Dare rokusatenderwa rokudzivisa Nixon nokuda kwokudzorwa kweruramisiro, kushandiswa zvisina kufanira kwesimba, uye kuzvidza kweCongress ine chokuita nemhosho yeWatergate. Imba yakazara isati yagona kuvhota, Nixon abviswa. Kurega kwake kazhinji kazhinji kunorangarirwa sokubvuma kwakakwana mhaka uye kusimbiswa kwegadziriro yokusakafanira.
  • BIL Clinton (1998: Clinton yakarondwa nokuda kwemhosva nemhinganidzo yeruramisiro yakabva muukama hwake neNhau yeWhin Monica Lewinsky. Dare rakamusunungura, pasina kupiwa voruzhinjiwo zvavo, tisingaregi hedu zvinodikanwa zviviri trinit. Mhaka yacho yakasimbisa chinetso chokurondedzera "mhaka huru nemhosho" nebasa rorutsi.
  • Donald Trump (2029 na 2021): Trump ndipurezidhendi bedzi anofanira kupiwa kaviri. Chitendero chokutanga chakamupomera mhaka yokushandisa zvisina kufanira simba nejenganyedzo yeDare nokuda kwokumanikidza Ukraine kunzvera mukwikwikwidzani wezvamatongerwe enyika. Chidzidzo chechipiri (2021) chakamupomera kunyandura kumukira pashure podenho paCapitol. Nguva dzose dziri mbiri Dare ramusunungura, asi kudzorwa kwechipiri kwakaguma nenhamba hurusano yeDare rokuvhotera kuti ritsigire purezidhendi, namaRepublican Republicans anokumbanira Democrates ose.

Zviitiko izvi zvinoratidza kuti kusabvumirana kunoitwa mune zvematongerwe enyika sebumbiro remitemo.

Kurayira kweVatongi Vehurumende

Vatongi vanowanzopikiswa zvikuru kupfuura mapurezidhendi, zvikurukuru nemhaka yokuti Bumbiro reMitemo rinoda kuti vatongi vave ne "mufambiro wakanaka" kuti vave nonzvimbo, zvichireva kuti kusazvibata pasi pemwero woutsotsi kunogona kururamisa kubviswa. Zvisarudzo zvinobatanidza Mutongi John Floterating (1883), akabviswa nokuda kwekusagadzikana kwendangariro noudhakwa; [FLT:] [FLT] Complorick Harry Colorey [1986] , abviswa nokuda kwemitero; uye G.C.C.C.C.C. [FFFFFOT] (20:], abviswa nokuda kwechioko uye perjury.Chost.5]

Zvinoitwa Nepfungwa Dzevanhu Nezvinobudisa Nhau

Murangariro wavose isimba guru mukupfuurira kupi nokupi. Nemhaka yokuti kusabvumirana ndekwezvamatongerwe enyika nenzira yomuzvarirwo, vakuru vakuru vakasarudzwa muCongress vanowiriraniswa zvikuru nenzira iyo vamiriri vavo vanorangarira nayo mukuru anopomerwa nepomero. Zvinobudisa nhau zvinoita basa rakakomba mukuumba mufungo iwoyo. pepanhau rezvemari yezvemari yezvemari yePregitorifitialism rinogona kuvhura ufakazi hwechakaipa, sezvinotaurwa neWashington Post's on Watergate. Nenzira yezvo, manyuko enhau echikamu chinoshatsa mamiriro ezvinhu anogona kuumba zviitiko munzira dzinobatanidza kana kuti kuderedza tsigiro yavose.

Mukati mekuongorora kweClinton, kuongorora kwevoruzhinji kwakaratidza nguva dzose chishoro chikuru chokubvisa, kunyange zvazvo vaAmerica vazhinji vakashora mufambiro womunhu oga weClinton. Murangariro iwoyo wakapesvedzera Dare kuva nomwero uye wakaparira kusunungurwa. Mukati meTrump eapplyment, mirangariro yakanga yapesana zvikuru kwazvo, uye tsigiro yavose yepringidzo yavose haina kutongosvika mwero unodikanwa kudzvinyirira vareversi veRepublican. Muuyo wokufutunura wenhau unoziviswa zvikurukuru munguva yazvino uno, umo zvinobudisa nhau zvenzanga zvinoparira kukurumidza kuparira kutsinhira.

Kunzwisisa simba riri pakati pomurangariro wavose nokunyengetedzwa kunobetsera kutsanangura chikonzero nei zvimwe zvinoitika zvichikundikana. Vatarisiri vaikarira kuti purezidhendi akanga arasikirwa nechivimbo chavanhu aizova asina dziviriro kukuodzwa mwoyo, uye kuti Dare raizoratidzira kuda kwenyika.

Revo ye"Mhosva Dzakakwirira Nezvakaipa"

Mumwe wemibvunzo inokakavadzana zvikurusa mumutemo webumbiro remitemo irevo chaiyoiyo yemashoko okuti "utsotsi hukuru namabhinya". Bumbiro reMitemo harikurondedzeri, richisiya kuchidudziro kuDare. Nhoroondo, mashoko acho akanzwisiswa kuva anobatanidza kushandiswa zvisina kufanira kwakakomba kwesimba kunoshatisa murairo, zvakadai sechiokomuhomwe, dare, kudzongonyedzwa kweruramisiro, uye kunyandura kushata kworutsira. Hakudi kuputswa kwomutemo woutsotsi. Somuenzaniso, kusaremekedza kwaAndrew Johnson kwakavakirwa pakupunza mutemo wapamutemo (Kushandiswa kweHofisi kwemitemo), asi nyanzvi dzemitemo dzakawanda dzinotaura kuti chiito chimene chakanga chiri chinopesana nemutemo. Nhesvo inopesana, nyaya dzinorwisana naTrump nokuda kwokushandisa simba zvisina kufanira simba uye kusadzora kwomutemo wenyika.

Ukuru hwe "mhosva huru nemhosho" hunopa nzvimbo yeCongress, asi hunoparirawo gakava. Vamwe vanotaura kuti mhaka dzoutsotsi dzinopomerwa dzinofanira kururamisa kupiwa mhaka; vamwe vanoomerera pakuti kudzorwa imhinduro yezvamatongerwe enyika nokuda kwemhaka dzezvamatongerwe enyika. Dare Gurusa rakarega zvikurukuru muiyi kurukurirano, inotonga mu NICON v. United States (93) kuti jaricary haana basa mukuhwirutsira miitiro yedare rezvamatongerwe enyika, nokudaro richisiya Dare somutongi wogadzi weichinoumba mhaka isingatsigiriki.

Kutsvaka Nenguva Yemberi Yedzikamo Yesimba

Muitiro wokusabvumirana wave uchinzverwa zvikuru mumakore achangobva kupfuura, zvikurukuru pashure pekupikiswa kuviri kwaPurezidhendi Trump. Vamwe vacherekedzi vanonetseka kuti kutsoropodzwa kwazova chombo chenguva dzose, kuchideredza tapuro yokudzivisa kwacho uye kuderedza dzikamo yamasimba. Vamwe vanotaura kuti muitiro wacho wakashanda sewakagadzirwa: Imba inokwanisa kuita kuti mukuru mukuru azvidavirire, uye Dare rinopa dziviriro huru pakubviswa kwenhando.

Kukumbira kuti pave nokuchinja kwakavapo, kubatanidza zvikarakadzo zvokujekesa rondedzero yemhosva dzisingachinjiki, kuganhurira mano eDare rokudzinga nyaya pasina muedzo, kana kuti kutanga sangano rakasununguka kuti riongorore zvarinopomerwa. Zvisinei, kuchinja kwebumbiro remitemo kwakaoma kupfuura, uye chinjo ipi neipi kumuitiro wokusabvumirana kwaizoda bvumirano yakafara — chinhu chisingawanzowaniki mune zvamatongerwe enyika zvazvino uno.

Zvidzidzo Zvevagari Nevadzidzisi

Kunzwisisa kuranga kunokosha nokuda kwedzidzo yehurumende. Kunodzidzisa vadzidzi kuti Bumbiro reMitemo rinoparira sei kuzvidavirira, kuti miitiro yezvamatongerwe enyika neyapamutemo inofambidzana sei, uye kuti simba rinoparadzirwa sei muAmerican democracy. Vadzidzisi vanogona kushandisa fundo dzenhau kuratidzira kusawirirana pakati pomutemo nezvamatongerwe enyika, uye kubetsera vadzidzi kuyera mitoo yesimba neuteramo. Zviwanikwa zvakadai se [[FLT:] National Archives's kopi yeU.S., [[FLT:]], [FFLT]] Satectenetics miitiro yemist.[FLT]]

Uyezve, kuvimbisana pachena negadziriro yokusatendera kunosimbisa nheyo yokuti kuva pamutemo kwehurumende kuri pabvumirano yavadzorwi. Seizvo James Madison akacherekedza mu [FL: 0] Fiderast Nha. 51, "fariro yomunhu mumwe nomumwe ingava mutumwa pakodzero dzavose. Vagari vanonzwisisa simba racho vanogona kuita kuti vamiririri vavo vazvidavirire nokunzwisisa dzikamo yakakomba inorondedzera mitemo yeAmerica.

mhedziso

Kuda kuziva kwenhau kana kuti chishandiso chehondo dzinoparadza; chinhu chinokosha chenhevedzano yebumbiro remitemo reAmerica. Chinogovera mutoo wokubvisa vakuru vakuru vakashambadzira chivimbo chavanhu, nepo panguva imwe cheteyo vachiremekedza kuparadzaniswa kwamasimba kupfurikidza nechinodikanwa nokuda kwechiito chebhimeyal nemuitiro mukuru. Dzikamo yemasimba ayo akagadzirwa naFramers inotsamira pakuda kushandisa maruramiro ayo emitemo. Kurongeka kunoramba kuri imwe yemitoro yakakomba zvikurusa inogona kutanga, uye kunzwisisa nhau yayo, muitiro, uye mirangariro inokosha nokuda kwomunhu upi noupi anotsvaka kunzwisisa mwero wakazara wehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu veAmerica. Sezvo rudzi runopfuurira kunzvera nyika nemitemo yezvamatongerwe enyika, simba rinoramba richikurukurwa, uye richiri kurangarirwa, uye richiri madikanwa. — Chiito chinodikanwa.