Kodzero Yegungano: Basa Rayo Muhurumende Inotonga Nyika Yose

Kodzero yegungano ikodzero yenzanga dzehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu, ichigonesa vanhu kuunganidza pamwe chete, kuratidzira itiro hanya dzakagoveranwa, uye kutsikirira nokuda kwechinjo. Nyaya ino inonzvera basa rinokosha iro gungano rinoita mukutsigira hurumende inosarudzwa navanhu yakasimba, kubva panheyo dzaro dzenhau nedziviriro dzapamutemo kusvikira kudenho dzapanguva ino netapuro yokuchinja kweruzivo rwokugadzirwa kwezvinhu. Kupfurikidza nokunzwisisa zvose zviri zviviri simba nokusagadzikana kweichi kodzero, tinogona kunzwisisa zviri nani chikonzero nei kudzivirira gungano kuchitsoropodza nokuda kwoutano hwedemocratic.

Kukosha Kwegungano

Gungano rinoshanda somutoo wenzwi rakabatana nechiito, kusimbisa nheyo dzedemocracy dzokutora rutivi, kurangarira, uye kuzvidavirira. Inobvumira mapoka akasiyana - siyana (kubva kusonganiro dzomunzvimbomo kusvikira kumasangano omunyika yose) kuzivisa fariro dzingasanzwiwa. Kupfurikidza nokuungana, vagari vemo vanogona kukurukurirana zvakananga naavo vari musimba, kudenha nhauro huru, uye kuvaka chinzwano pamusoro pezvisakiso zvakarovedzeka.

Masayendisiti ezvamatongerwe enyika anowanzosimbisa kuungana sorudzi rwe "hurumende inosarudzwa navanhu yokubatira pamwe" urwo runowedzera masangano anomiririra. Apo vanhu vanoungana, vanoumba ratidziro inooneka yemurangariro wavose uyo unogona kupesvedzera muitiro, kubvisa hurukuro yavose, uye kusimbisa kuvimbisana kwenzanga. Kuungana kunovakawo dzimbahwe renzanga, kusimudzira ruvimbo nebatira pamwe pakati pavatori rutivi izvo zvinotambanukira mberi kwechinoitika chimwe.

  • Kuoma kweIdeas: Gungano rinopa nzvimbo yepfungwa shomanene kana kuti dzinopesana kuti dzinzwikwe, kuchidzivisa kuderera kwemirangariro inokosha. Kungokwanisa kuunganidza zviratidzo zvokuti nzanga inoshivirira kusabvumirana uye mipimo zviri pachena.
  • Chibvumirano chePuritical: Magungano anowanzobatira senzira yokupinda nayo zvikuru mune zvematongerwe enyika. Vapindi vangaziva zvikuru pamusoro penhau, kubatanidza namasangano ezvemasangano echitsotsi, uye kubva kuvaoni vasingaiti basa kuenda kuvatori rutivi vanoshingaira muhurumende inosarudzwa navanhu.
  • Chinjo inodzorwa: Nhau inoratidza kuti magungano akasimba negadziriro dzezvikwata zvinogona kuita chinjo huru. Kuvambira pamaruramiro ebasa kusvikira kudziviriro yemhoteredzo, kuungana kwamapoka kwave kuchibetsera mukuchinja kwemiitiro yavose nemipimo yetsika.

Nhoroondo

Kodzero yokuungana yakashandiswa kwamazana amakore, asi kuzivikanwa kwayo kwapamutemo serusununguko rukuru ifambiro mberi yazvino uno. Kuramba kwapakuvamba, kwakadai sePeasant's Revolt muEngland yechi 14 yepakati pe14 kana kuti kuungana kwaVarevereri mukati meHondo yeChirungu yavagari vemo yeEngland, kwakaisa mavambo edziviriro dzapashure dzebumbiro remitemo. Zvisinei, kwakanga kuri kujekeswa nokuchinja kwamazana amakore echi18 nerechi19 uko kwakasimbisa zvakasimba kuungana serudyi.

Chinjo yeAmerica neRepublic Yapakuvamba

VaAmerica vaishandisa misangano yetaundi, kunyunyuta kwapachena, uye magungano akadai seStamp Act Congress kuti vadzivise mitemo yeBritain. Uku kuungana kwakanga kusati kuri kwokufananidzira; kwakabatanidza vakomana, kukumbira, uye kuvaka sangano rokuchinja. First Amendment kuU.S. Constitution, yakatenderwa muna 1791, zvakajeka inodzivirira "rudyi rwavanhu kuti vaungane," kuratidzira kuzivikanwa kwavavambi kuti gungano rinokosha kukuzvitonga. Zvisarudzo zvapakuvamba zveDare rapamusoro, kufanana ne [[FLT: 0] United States. Cruikshbank[FLD] [18:1] [18]), inosimbisa kuti garako rorudyi asi riripo nokuda kwekurukurirano yaro.

Kufamba Kwavakadzi Kwourombo

Muzana ramakore rechi 19 uye pakuvamba kwerechi20, zvinyorwa zvakaronga kuungana kukuru, kokorodzano, uye kufora kuti zvide kodzero dzokuvhota. Musangano we 1848 Seneca Falls unowanzodudzwa senzvimbo yokutanga yesangano, asi makumi ezviuru avakadzi aitora rutivi mumagungano muUnited States neEurope. Izvi zvinoitika zvakatarisana nenetswa, kusungwa, uye pane dzimwe nguva masimba masimba, bva kupfuurira kwakatungamirira pakupedzisira kuRemendement yechi 19. Sangano rechiuto rakaratidzira kuti kuungana kune rugare kwaigona kudenha zvikuru rusaruro rwevatano.

Boka Rekodzero Dzevagari Vemo

Pakati pezana ramakore rechi20 vashingairi vekodzero dzavagari vemo vakashandisa gungano senzira huru. Matai, mafambiro, uye misangano yavanhu vazhinji mumachechi zvakagovera nzvimbo yokuronga nokuvaka dzvinyiriro yetsika. Muna 1963 March paWashington, apo Martin Luther King Jr. akapa hurukuro yake "Ine Droom", inoramba iri muenzaniso une simba. Rukundo rwapamutemo rwakaita se ACP v. Alabama (1988) yakadzivirira maruramiro amasangano okuungana pasina kudzorwa nehurumende, nepo Chibvumirano cheChikwaratiso cheChirevo chaMagariro eHurumende cha 1964 neChibvumirano cheThosvong Act of 1965 zvakanga zviri miuyo yakananga yegungano.

Masangano Enyika Yose

Mune dzimwe nyika, gungano rakaita basa mukuchinja kwehurumende yehurumende yeruzhinji. Sangano rokuzvimirira reIndia raitsamira pakuungana kukuru nokuramba kusina masimba masimba kwakatungamirirwa naMahatma Gandhi. Mukupera kwezana ramakore rechi20, magungano muEastern Europe .Akadai seVelvet Revolution muCzechoslovakia uye kuwa kweBerlin Wall .___akaratidza kuti kuungana kwakabatana kwaigona sei kuderedza hurumende dzinodzora. Kuramba kwechisimba paTiancan Square muna 1989, kunyange zvazvo kwakadzvinyirirwa zvine masimba masimba, kunopfuurira kukurudzira kodzero dzevanhu.

Kunyoresa Mumutemo

Muhurumende dzinosarudzwa navanhu dzakawanda, kodzero yokuungana inodzivirirwa zvakajeka nebumbiro remitemo kana kuti zvibvumirano zvamarudzi ose. Kuprindwa kwokutanga kweBumbiro reMitemo reU.S. kunovimbisa maruramiro oku "ungana norugare". Nenzira yakafanana, Chikamu 20 cheUniversal Declaration of Human Rights chinoti, "Munhu ari wose ane maruramiro okusununguka kugungano rine rugare nesonganiro." midziyo yeruwa yakadai seEuropean Convention on Human Rights inosimbisazve iyi dziviriro.

Kukura uye Zvausingakwanisi

Kunyange zvazvo kuungana kuri kodzero inokosha, hakuna kunyanyokosha. Hurumende dzingaisa ganhuriro kudzivirira chengeteko yavose, kudzivisa nyongano, kana kuti chengetedzo yorudzi (apo ganhuriro dzakadaro dzinofanira kugadzirirwa ndokubatira fariro inogombedzera. MuUnited States, matare anoshandisa nzvero yakakomba kumitemo iyo kuungana kwomutoro. Chinokosha chinobatanidza:

  • [ Nguva, Nzvimbo, uye Mirairo: Vatongi vanogona kukumbira mvumo nokuda kwekuungana kukuru munzvimbo dzavose, kuisa miganhu yeruzha, uye kuratidzira nzvimbo dzokuramba. Zvisinei, iyi mirau inofanira kuva inogutswa neisiiwa yakazaruka mikoto yokutaura.
  • Public Safety Conquers: Kana gungano rikatyisidzira chisimba kana kuti kuvadziko yavose, kuchengetwa kwomutemo kungapindira. Mupimo wokupindira kwakadaro wakakwirira; kusabvumirana neshoko hakururamisi ganhuriro.
  • [ Stock: Kodzero yokuungana haisati ichitambanudzira kunzvimbo yakavanzika pasina mvumo yomuridzi. Mashopu namasangano angaganhurira kuungana, kunyange zvazvo mimwe mitemo yehurumende ichigovera dziviriro dzakaganhurirwa.

Mipimo Yamarudzi Ose

Sayenzi yeSangano Romubatanidzwa Wenyika Dzapasi Pose pamusoro pekodzero dzokuungana zvine rugare uye dzesangano rakabudisa nhungamiro dzinosimbisa kuti ganhuriro dzipi nedzipi dzinofanira kuva mutsinhirano nomutemo, zviri madikanwa, uye zvinowirirana. Mishumo yakasimbisa miitiro yechinetso yakadai serambidzo dzakavharwa pamiitiro yokuramba kana kuti kushandiswa kwesimba rakanyanyisa. Masangano amarudzi ose kazhinji kazhinji anodzvinyirira nyika dzinoputsa maruramiro egungano kupfurikidza nemikoto yekurukurirano dzamasangano kana kuti zvirango.

Zvinetso Zvokuungana

Pasinei nokudzivirirwa nemitemo, kodzero yokuungana kutarisana nezviso zvinoramba zvichityisidzirwa nehurumende inosarudzwa nevanhu uye nehurumende ine simba.

Ganhuriro Dzehurumende Nezvibvumidzo Zvokurambidza

Dzimwe hurumende dzinoisa mikana mizhinji inobvumira zvinodikanwa, mitero yokuwedzera, kana kuti kuramba mvumo nokuda kwokuungana kunotapukira mune zvamatongerwe enyika. Mumaguta akawanda eU.S., miitiro inobvumidza yakatsoropodzwa nokuda kwokushaiwa kuoneka kana kuti nokuda kwokuva akashongedzerwa zvombo kudzivisa kunyunyuta. ACLU] mushumo [ zvinoitika zvakatsikirirwa umo mapato emapurisa akaraira zvisungo zveinishuwarenzi zvinorema kana kuti migwagwa yokuramba yakaganhurirwa kuderedza vatori vemo.

Kutya uye Kutya

Kuwedzera kwavatori rutivi vegungano kwazova kwakatanhamara zvikuru. Masangano anochengeta mutemo akashandisa kuongorora nzanga, varavi vepeji, uye kuziva chiso kuzivisa vapanduki. Muzvimwe zviitiko, ikoku kwakatungamirira kukutsiva navashandirwi kana kuti masangano ehurumende. Ectronic Foundation akanyevera kuti miitiro yakadaro yakatonhora kuungana kwakasununguka, sezvo vanhu vangadzivisa kuungana nemhaka yokutya kutsiva.

Zvibvumirano Zvokurwisa Namasimba Masimba

Magungano anogona kukwezva maprojekiti anotsiva, pane dzimwe nguva kutungamirira kurwisano. Nepo kurwisana kune rugare kunodzivirirwawo, masimba masimba anodzongonyedza maruramiro okuungana. Zviremera zvinofanira kudzikamisa kudzivirira mapoka ose ari maviri, kazhinji kazhinji kunoda kungwarira. 2017 Janity Musangano Wakarurama muCharlottesville, Virginia, wakaputika mumasimba masimba uye waguma norufu, zvichienzanisira perm inogona kumuka apo rwisano yemagungano inokwikwikwidzana.

Zvipingamupinyi Zvemari Nezvenzanga

Vabereki vangatarisana nezvinetso zvokutarisira vana. Vanhu vakaremara kazhinji vanosangana nenzvimbo dzisingasvikiki.

Basa Reruzivo Rwokugadzira Zvinhu

Zvinhu zvemazuva ano zvakachinja magungano, magungano, uye mashandisiro azvo.

Kupinda Mungozi Pakombiyuta uye Kubudisa Nhepfenyuro

Masangano ezvokushandira magariro avanhu ava kuteshi kuronga magungano makuru. Kuvambira paFacebook muChitsuwa cheArab kusvikira ku Twitter shirt nokuda kweBlack Live Matter, mibatanidzwa yemichina inoita kuti zviwirirane nokukurumidza, zvinofambidzana zvakanaka. Hashtags zvinobatira senzvimbo dzokuungana, zvichibvumira vanhu vanoparadzirwa munyika kubatana pachinhu chimwe. Zvisinei, zvikuvawo zvinotarisana netsoropotedzo yokuvaka kwamashoko nokuda kwokuva neakawanda kana kuti kumisa nhau dzinoronga kuungana kungada kupesana.

Magungano Echokwadi Nemienzaniso Yakagadzirwa Nemarobhoti

COVOID-19 yakakurumidzisa chinja kunenge magungano, kubatanidza mahotera ewebbinar, horo dzemataundi, uye kunyunyuta kwaidzokororwa. Nepo izvozvi zvichigovera nzira yokuungana apo kuungana kwomuviri kunoganhurirwa, izvo zvinoshaiwa kudzorwa uye simba rokuvapo. Varapi vanobatana paIndaneti nokuramba kwomuviri zvinova zvinozivikanwa navose, zvichibvumira kutora rutivi rwakati uku uku zvichideredza ngozi dzoutano. Kunyange zvakadaro magungano anomutsawo mibvunzo pamusoro pekunzvera chiteshi uye nhamba dzemakombiyuta dzinova dzisina kuvimbwa.

Kunyora Mashoko Akanyorwa uye Kuchengeteka

Varongi vanoshandisa nenzira inowedzera maapps akavanzika akadai seSignal kana kuti Telegram kuronga magungano, kuchideredza ngozi yokunzverwa. Vatambi vanonyunyuta vakabuda kudzivisa mutungamiriri mumwe angagona kuitirwa. Panguva imwe cheteyo, hurumende dzakaraira kuti misuo inyorwe, dzichiitirana nharo kuti dzide kukwanisa kudzivisa ugandanga kana kuti mubato woutsotsi. Kunetsa pakati pechengeteko nokuvandika kwakakomba zvikuru nokuda kwokuronga gungano.

Kugadzirwa Kwemashoko Nekuunganidzwa Kwemashoko

Zviremera zvinogona kunyora vapindi vemisangano kupfurikidza nemetameta, nzvimbo yeserura yejeni, uye kurasa. Mukati me 2020 George Floyd kutsutsumwa. Department of Homeland Security yeU.S. inoshandisa mashoko kubva kushambadza kwemotokari nezvinobudisa nhau kuti ione kukwirira, kukwidziridza zvinetso zvekodzero dzevanhu. ACLU yakapupurira kuongorora kwakapararira [ kungava kwatonhora. Pasi pedziviriro dzepamutemo, ruzivo rwokugadzirwa neruzivo rwunogona kushandura kodzero yokupinda mungozi.

Kuongorora Vara

Kuongorora magungano chaiwo kunoratidza kuti zvakarurama zvinoshanda sei, kuti zvii zvazvinoshandisa, uye kuti zvinoguma nei.

Musi waMarch waVakadzi (2017)

Chiitiko chacho chakarongwa zvikuru pashure pokunge Purezidhendi Donald Trump agadzwa, March yakava imwe yetsutsumo hurusa dzezuva rimwe munhau yeU.S. chakaita kuti vapindi vanofungidzirwa kuva 4 nemamiriyoni 5 mupasi rose uye mamwe mamiriyoni munzendo dzokubatana munyika yose. Chiitiko chacho chakarongwa zvikurukuru nezvinobudisa nhau dzenzanga uye chaitsamira pamibatanidzwa yezvirongwa zvezvipiri zvinoshanda zvakanaka. Zvakabudirira kuita kuti pave nengwariro dzekodzero dzevakadzi, ruramisiro yokubereka, kuchinja vanhu, uye rudzi. Zvinetsoro zvamakurukuru, kukwikwidza kwakatika bhii yemiitiro yemiitiro yemibato yemibato yeuswa, zvichitungamirira kuchiverengero chamashoko chenhamba yevakadzi vanoshanda nokuda kwehofisi muna 2018. Zvisinei, kurwisana kwomukati kwaidzo dzinodzorwa pamusoro poutungamiriri neyamubatanidzwa munzanga dzakasimbisa zvinetso zvokuchengeta kubatana mumagungano makuru.

Black Life Nhau Inotemwa (2020)

Kupondwa kwaGeorge Floyd kwakaitwa namapurisa eMinneapolis kwakanyandura sangano rokuramba kukurusa munhau yeU.S. nefungidziro dzavatori rutivi vane 15-26 vamamirioni pakakwirira. Magungano akanga akatanhamara nokuda kwemhatsa yawo yokugara kwamarudzi ose, kubatanidza vanhu vamarudzi ose namazera. Varongi vakashandisa zvirongwa zvapamberi petsika, zvakanyaudzirwa, uye paIndaneti kuti zvivepo kuti zvisave nenhevedzano yenhau. Kuramba kumanikidzwa pamusoro pechinjo dzemapurisa, kwakaparira chinjo dzakati kuti (g., kurambidzwa kwemiteve, kuwedzerwa kwemari inoiswa mari nokuda kwenzira dzenzanga dzokutsiva ruramisiro yedzinza), uye kuvandudzazve murangariro wavose pamusoro pemitemo yedzinza. Bva ivo vakasanganawo nemhinduro dzoutsinye dzemasimba masimba echibharabhara, kubatanidza marazi, uye kumutsa mibvunzo pamusoro pemigariro yemitemo inodzo inodzorwa.

Kuitika Kwemamiriro Okunze (209)

Akafuridzirwa nomutsigiri wezvemapikicha weSweden Greta Thinberg, kurovanya kwemamiriro okunze kwepwere kwakaparira mamiriyoni avadzidzi kubuda mumakirasi paChishanu. Global Climate Attall muna September 2019 yakabatanidza vanhu vanofungidzirwa kuva mamirioni 7,6 munyika 185. Magungano aya akanga akakurumbira nokuda kwokubatana kwavo kwamarudzi ose nokushandiswa kwemapuratifomu kuti vagoverane zvinhu uye mashoko. Kurova kwacho kwakamanikidzira hurumende kuzivisa mamiriro okunze okunze uye kukurumidzisa misengwa. Nepo simba chairo pachinhu chinobudiswa richiripo richiri kukwikwikwidza, kukwidziridza mamiriro okunze akakwirira kusvika kumusoro kwematonge kutsika dzezvamatongerwe enyika uye kudzo. Magungano acho akatarisanawo nokushorwa nokuda kwokusasiyana kwemagariro uye kudzo dzemitemo yetsika kumaguta, asi akaratidzira simba revechiduku kuti arongwe munzanga mumarudzi akawanda.

mhedziso

Kodzero yegungano inoramba iri shongwe inokosha yokudzora kwehurumende yehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu. Inobvumira vagari vemo kutaura kusabvumirana, kuvakira kubatana, uye kuchinja. Kubva parwisano dzemapepa emitemo nekodzero dzavanhu kusvikira kumasangano enguva ino nokuda kweruramisiro yedzinza nemamiriro okunze, magungano akagadziridzazve nzanga. Asi kodzero iyi iri mudzvinyiriro yokunzverwa, mitemo inoganhurira, uye kusabatana kwenzanga. Kudzivirira hakudi bedzi kuvimbisa kwemitemo asi kuvimbisanawo kungwarira, kuisa mirairo yemitemo, uye miitiro yemichina inoisa kodzero dzevanhu panhambo nenhambo yezvokukwira kwenyika netsika, kuchengetedza mano okuungana norugare kunokosha zvikuru kupfuura kare nokuda kwoutano hwehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu.