Mifungo yezvamatongerwe enyika inzvimbo huru yezvisakiso zvehurumende zvazvino uno. Kuvaridzi navadzidzisi, nzwisiso yakasimba yemifungo yezvamatongerwe enyika inovambira pakuti vagari vemo vanorangarira sei kodzero dzavo vamene nemitoro. Zvinopfuura zvikuru zita rakapfava re "kubva kuruboshwe" kana kuti "kurudyi," izvi zvinowirirana zvezvitendero zvinogovera kupfuudzira kwadzo, kupfuudzira kune chiremera, mifungo mikuru yezvamatongerwe enyika, midzi, misiyano yomukati, uye nzira izvo zvinopfuurira kupesvedzera muitiro wapachena nenhau dzapasi pose nhasi.

Chii Chiri Fungidzo Yezvamatongerwe Enyika?

Zvirongwa zvezvamatongerwe enyika igadziriro yakakwana uye isingachinjiki yezvitendero pamusoro penzira iyo chaunga chinofanira kurongwa nayo. Inopindura mibvunzo inokosha: Nderipi riri basa rakafanira rehurumende?

Masayendisiti ezvamatongerwe enyika anoratidzira chaizvoizvo mitanho mitatu mupfungwa ipi neipi. [[FLT:] [FLT]] urefu hunotaura nezvechimiro chavanhu (vane dzinza rinosimbwa, vanokwikwikwidzana, kana kuti vanosundwa nouchapupu?] ] hunoratidza mipimo [ inoonesa mipimo iyo nzanga inofanira kuisa, yakadai sokuenzana, nhevedzano, kana kuti gamuchidzanwa. [[FLT:]]] ufakazi hunokarakadza mipimo iyoyo, kana kuti kupfurikidza nechinjo yaparevo, kana kuti dziviriro yomugariro wapanguva nenguva. Kunzwisisa uku kunobetsera vanhu vaviri avo vose vangazvidana kuti "magaroro".

Nhamba dzinotevedzana dzine simbawo, dzinochinja mukupindura zviitiko zvenhau, chinjo dzemari, uye kutsoropodza kwoungwaru. Somuenzaniso, kusununguka kwapakuvamba kwezana ramakore rechi 19, uko kwakasimbisa mugariro muduku nomugariro wakasununguka, zvishoma nezvishoma kwakatsiviwa nokusununguka kwazvino uno, uko kunogamuchira basa guru rehurumende mukuvimbisa garikano yenzanga. Uku kuchinjika kunoreva kuti pfungwa haitongofi yakaomeswa; iri kuramba ichikwikwidzwa uye ichitsanangurwazve.

Nheyo Huru Dzezvamatongerwe Enyika: Ukuru Nekusava Nechinhu

Nepo nyaya yokutanga yakaronga pfungwa huru nhanhatu, imwe neimwe inobatanidza nharo huru dzomukati uye zvitendero zviduku zvakawanda.Pazasi tinonzvera chimwe nechimwe muudzame hukuru zvikuru, tichigovera mashoko akapoteredza enhau, vafungi vakuru, uye mienzaniso yapanguva ino.

Kubatanidza

Mufungi anodzora ndangariro apakuvamba zvikurusa, Edmund Burke, akataura kuti nzanga dzinochinja nenzira yezvinhu uye kuti chinjo huru, kamwe kamwe inoparadza masangano namagamuchidzanwa zvinogovera dzikamo. Kuchengeta kwazvino uno kwakabva kwakakamuraniswa kuva tumwe tunoverengeka twakasiana - siana.

Throrital coratist [[[FLT: 1] inosimbisa chiremera, rudzidziso, uye kuchengetwa kwemasangano enzanga akagadzwa. Inopanikira rondedzero dzetsika dzechienzi dzekodzero uye kuda chinjo yemusiyano yakavakirwa muruzivo rwokuzviwanira runoshanda. [[FLT:]][FLT]] .[[FLT:][2] Sacolitial coranism [[[FLT:]] [kana kuti chengeta mutengo wemarikerobhatation], mari yakaderera yehurumende, uye shambarira yakasununguka. [Fevon]

Masangano eEurope anochengeta mari kazhinji kazhinji anogamuchira hurumende yakasimba yegarikano, nepo kuchengetedza upfumi kweUnited States kwakabatanidzwa zvikuru nepfungwa dzezvemari dzinotsigira. Mienzaniso yezvinoitika zvikuru yapanguva ino inobatanidza British Conservative Party neUnited States Republican Party, kunyange zvazvo vose vari vaviri vakaona nharo dzomukati pakati pevatsigiri vegamuchidzanwa nedzinobuda muchechi.

Kushorwa Kwokudavira Zvisina Kufanira

Vatsoropodzi vanoti kuchengetedza mari kunogona kudzivisa kufambira mberi kuri madikanwa munzanga, kusaenzana, uye kutsamira pagamuchidzanwa kuti riruramise rusaruro.

Rusununguko

Rusununguko ndiro revo yezvamatongerwe enyika inodzora munyika yokuMadokero nhasi, asi revo yaro yakachinja zvinoshamisa pashure penguva yakati. Chirevo chamadire, chakataurwa naJohn Locke naAdam Smith, chakanangidzirwa pakodzero dzomunhu oga, zvinhu zvomunhu oga, uye hurumende yakaganhurirwa. Basa guru rehurumende rakanga riri kudzivirira upenyu, rusununguko, uye pfuma, zvichisiya upfumi zvikurukuru husingadzorwi. Iyi mirangariro yakatsigira chinjo dzeAmerica neFrance.

Mukupera kwezana ramakore rechi19 nemavambo erechi20, vafungi vakaita saJohn Stuart Mill naT.H. Green vakavamba kutaura kuti rusununguko rwechokwadi runoda kwete bedzi rusununguko mukumanikidzwa, asi simba rakananga rokuita chiito (iro rakaraira kupindira kwehurumende kugovera dzidzo, ungwaru hwezvoutano, uye mwero mukuru wokurarama. rupfavi rwazvino uno (inowanzonzi rusununguko rwenzanga kunze kweU.S.)) inogamuchira upfumi hwakavhengana nehurumende yegarikano, zvichinangidzira kururamisa kusaenzana kunobudiswa nePribaracture. Zvinokosha zvinosanganisira Franklinner. Rooselt uye Chitako chake chaMabvapo chehondo yeEurope.

Nhasi, kusununguka kunowanzobatanidzwa nokutsigira kodzero dzevanhu, LGBTQ+ kuenzana, kudzora mhoteredzo, uye basa rehurumende rinoshingaira mukuderedza kusaenzana kwemari.

Kutsoropodza Rusununguko

Vatsoropodzi vanochinja vanoramba vachiti rusununguko rwazvino uno rwakakudza hurumende kupfuura miganhu yayo yakafanira, kutanga kwokutanga kudzvinyirira uye kuumba kutsamira.

Socialism

Socialism, mupfungwa yayo yakafara zvikurusa, inotsigira kuva neboka kana kuti vanhu vose nokuda kwemitoo yokugadzira nayo — mazakwatira emari, nyika, pfuma yomusikirwo (negovero rakaenzana zvikuru repfuma). Shoko racho rinofukidza marudzi makuru, kubva muchikomonizimu chokupandukira chaKarl Marx naVladimir Lenin kusvikira kuhurumende inosarudzwa navanhu yavanhu yakadai seBernie Sanders neBritish Labour Party pasi paJeremy Corbyn.

chisosharisiti chedemocratic chinorangarira chinjo yemari yesocialism yakaterama zvishoma nezvishoma, ine rugare kupfurikidza nesarudzo nemugadziridzo yeparamende. Inotsigira zvikurukuru kutarisirwa kweutano hwese, dzidzo yapachena, uye masangano akasimba, nepo ichichengeta uzhinji hwezvamatongerwe enyika nerusununguko rwavagari vemo. Nyika dzeNordic, kunyange zvazvo dzinowanzonzi "chisocialism" muhurukuro yakakurumbira, idikadikanwa upfumi nehurumende dzakasimba dzegarikano zvakanaka.

.C. communistism [kana kuti komunisiti] inoramba kuti chikamikamikamiri chinogona bedzi kuparadzwa kupfurikidza nokuchinja kwemadhigirii anoshanda, pashure payo hurumende ichapedzisira ya "enda." Zvinoitika zva 20 zvezana rapakati zveSoviet Union, China, uye Cuba zvakatungamirira vazhinji kupanikira maruramiro echiito chehurumende chaidzoriso, chinopiwa mirangariro yehurumende yaidzorwa kazhinji kazhinji kazhinji. Kunyanguvezvo, Marxism anoramba achipesvedzera mumativi edzidzo, zvikurukuru muruzivo rwezvinhu zvendangariro nerondedzero yokutsoropodza.

Chimiro chitsva, nzanga yenzanga [[FLT: 1], chinobatanidza kubatanidzwa kwechisosharisiti neitiro hanya dzemhoteredzo, chichitaura kuti kurondwa kwemhindu hakuwirirani nokutsigirwa kwemhoteredzo.

Kushorwa Kwechisosharizimu

Vatsoropodzi vanobva kurudyi vanonyevera kuti socialism nenzira isingadzivisiki inotungamirira kukuderera kwebudiriro yemari, kutangwa kwakaderera, uye kurasikirwa norusununguko rwomunhu oga. Vanonongedzera kumienzaniso yenhau yezveupfumi hwakaparira perevedzo neshava. Vatsoropodzi voruboshwe, vozotaura kuti socialism yehurumende yehurumende yeseroruzhinji haina kusvika kure zvakakwana musimba rinodenha bhizimisi.

Kudavira Kuti Kune Mutezo Wakanaka

Kuregerera kunoratidza rusununguko rwomunhu oga soukoshi hukurusa hwezvamatongerwe enyika. Irwo runotsigira nokuda kwehurumende dukusa inobvira (hwunowanzoganhurirwa kumapurisa, matare, uye dziviriro yorudzi) uye rusununguko rukurusa munhau dzose dziri mbiri dzomunhu oga nedzemari.

Mapazu makuru maviri aripo. Mistarchers inokarakadza mamiriro ezvinhu maduku "yeusiku" anodzivirira maruramiro avanhu asi asingaiti chimwe chinhu. Anarcho-kaputori anoramba nyika chose chose, achitaurira kuti mabasa ose, kubatanidza chengeteko nechisarudzo, anogona kugoverwa namakambani evo anokwikwikwidza mumusika wapachena. Vafungi vakadai seMurray Rothbard naRobert Nozick vakapesvedzera zvikuru iri gamuchidzanwa.

Chitendero cheLibertrianism chinogoverana nehwaro hwekusununguka kwazvino uno asi chinosiana nokuomerera kwacho pakusarwisana nokushora kwacho kukuru kumitero. Mubasa, boka reLibertrian Party reU. rinosimudzira zvinodhaka zvinobvisa upari, kubvisa, uye kutengeserana kwakasununguka, nepo richiwirirana nerusununguko rwenzanga panhau dzakadai seroorano youtere. Zvisinei, sangano rinorwisana nemibvunzo yokuti zvinhu zvavose sei, zvakadai semigwagwa nemhepo yakachena, izvo zvakaoma kushatisa.

Kutsoropodza Kutsigira Kutambura

Vatsoropodzi vanotaura kuti nzanga inongopa ruyamuro chete ingasiya vasina dziviriro — varombo, vanorwara, vakaremara (vasina dziviriro). Vanopikisawo kuti misika isina kudzorwa inogona kuparira kuchengeteka kwemunhu mumwe, kuvadziko yemhoteredzo, uye kusaenzana kwegadziriro yetsika kunoderedza mubairo umene wavanopa rusununguko.

ChiFascism

ChiFascism ipfungwa inodzvinyirira, inodzorwa norudzi iyo yakatanga muEurope yapakuvamba yechi20. Inoramba hurumende inosarudzwa navanhu, kuzvisarudzira, uye chiMarx, panzvimbo pezvo ichichengeta rudzi kana kuti rudzi sesangano rinofanira kubatanidzwa pasi pomutungamiriri mumwe, anodzvinyirira. Hurumende dzechiFascist dzinodzvinyirira kuramba kubvumirana, dzinodzora zvinobudisa nhau, uye kazhinji kazhinji dzinoshandisa masimba echiuto kuchengeta simba.

Bhenito Mussolini’s Italy yakanga iri muenzaniso wapakuvamba, asi National Socialism yeAdolf Hitler muGermany inoramba iri muenzaniso wakaipa zvikurusa, ichiwedzera rwisano ine ngozi neboka ravafundisi redzinza. Fascism yakavambawo muSpain yaFranco, Salazar's Portugal, uye muvatongi vamatongerwe enyika vakasiana- siyana muLatin America. Kusafanana neContarianism, inotsvaka kuchengetedza masangano aripo, rudzidziso runochinja zvinhu (inoita kuti ive donzo rokuita munhu mutsva" uye nzanga inotendeudzira chose chose chose.)

Nhasi, shoko rokuti "fascism" rinowanzoshandiswa zvakasununguka kushurikidza sangano ripi neripi rinodzora kana kuti renyika. Nyanzvi dzinosimbisa, zvisinei, kuti rudzidziso rwechokwadi runobatanidza sekete romutungamiriri, ngano yokuberekwazve kworudzi, uye kudisa kushandisa masimba masimba sechishandiso. Mapati akarurama zvikuru muEurope neUnited States anowanzorangarirwa kuva anoumba hurumende kana kuti muzivi wenyika panzvimbo pechidimbu chakakwana, kunyange zvazvo vamwe vachigoverana wirirano dzinovhiringidza.

Kushorwa KwechiFascism

Kukundikana kwetsika dzechiFascism kunoshorwa kwose kwose muhurukuro huru yezvamatongerwe enyika nemhaka yechinyorwa chakwo chokushandiswa zvisina kufanira kwekodzero dzavanhu, kuparadzwa kwedzinza, uye hondo.

Kuchengetedzwa Kwemhoteredzo

Zvemhoteredzo, sepfungwa yezvamatongerwe enyika, zvinopfuura kungochengeta bedzi kudenha fungidziro dzokukura, dzechimurenga dzechaunga chamabasa okugadzirwa kwezvinhu zvazvino uno. Inotaura kuti vanhu rutivi rwezvinhu zvipenyu nezvoupfumi uye kuti mibato yezvemari inofanira kuremekedza ganhuriro dzemhoteredzo. Sangano razvino uno rakawana fambiro mberi neRachel Carson's [[FLT] SALT Spring [[[FLM]] (1962) uye Zuva rokutanga rePasi muna 1970.

Muchaunga, nhimbo dzinoverengeka dzinokwikwidzana. [[FLT: 0] Economical inotsigira ukoshi hwechinhu chose chavanhu vose vapenyu, vakazvimirira kuva kwavo vanoshanda kuvanhu, uye kazhinji kazhinji vanotsigira kuderera kukuru kwechiverengero chavagari vemo nokushandiswa kwezvinhu. Chikadzi chinobatanidza udzori hwechisiko kudzoreso kudzodzoro yavakadzi, kudana kurongwazve kwegadziriro dzamadzitateguru. [[FLT:]] . [[FLT]]]

Kushata kwemhoteredzo kunopesvedzerawo dzimwe pfungwa. "Green Conferatatism" inogamuchira zvigadzikiso zvinoiswa pamusika kufanana nokutengesa tsvina inobudiswa, nepo "kudyira nzanga" kuchiomerera kuti chikamari yokudzora haigoni kupedza njodzi yemamiriro okunze. Kukurumidzira kwokudziya kwepasi rose kwakasundira itiro hanya dzemhoteredzo kunzvimbo huru yekurukurirano yezvamatongerwe enyika, kuchiiita nhau inoderedza kusingagoni kufuratirwa nebato guru.

Kushorwa Kwezvakatipoteredza

Vamwewo havana chokwadi nokuchinja kwemamiriro okunze kwesayenzi, kunyange zvazvo maonero aya ari kuwedzera kuderera. Kuruboshwe, vatsoropodzi vanoti kutsigira mhoteredzo kunoitwa nevanhu vakawanda hakupi mubvunzo kuti kuchengetedza masango hakunetsi simba rebhizimisi zvakakwana uye dzimwe nguva kunoisa pokutanga kuchengeteka kwemarenje pane zvinodiwa nenzanga dzine urombo.

Basa Repfungwa Dzezvamatongerwe Enyika Munzanga

Mifungo yezvamatongerwe enyika haisati iri mirangariro yetsika yakananga yakaiswa mumabhuku anoshandiswa; vanoita basa chairo mukuumba mutemo, zvikamu, uye masangano enzanga. Somuenzaniso, New Decial muUnited States] yakanga iri ratidzirwo yakananga yerusununguko rwetsika dzazvino uno, kuparira dziviriro yeSocial Security nerokushandira. Regan Chinjo [[ yemifungo ya 1980 yakakweviwa nemifungo yetsika yokucheka mitero, deregutate bhizimisi, uye mamiriro ezverweko. Nhasi, kurukurirano pamusoro pezvoutano, kutama, uye muitiro wenzvimbo yenzvimbo yenzvimbo yehurumende yehurumende nerevo.

Nhamba dzinobatsirawo vagari vemo kunzwisisa nhau dzakaoma. Dzinogovera nzwisiso pfupi apo wezvematongerwe enyika kana kuti mubato zvinomira, kunyange zvazvo ikoku kuchigona kutungamirirawo kukunyanyova kwakanyanyisa nokuparadzana. Muhurumende dzinosarudzwa navanhu dzine utano, makwikwi epfungwa anoita kuti muitiro ushandurwe uye uzvipikire.

Musiyano unokosha uripo pakati pekuchena kwepfungwa nePragmatic Control. Vatungamiriri vazhinjisa vezvamatongerwe enyika vanoshanda sa "vabati vemiitiro" vanobatanidza zvinhu zvinobva mupfungwa dzakawanda kuvaka zvibvumirano ndokuita zvinhu. Ikoku ndokwechokwadi zvikurukuru mugadziriro dzakawanda umo hurumende dzinobatana mubatanidzwa dziri tsika dzinotevedzerwa. Naizvozvo, kunzwisisa pfungwa, hakurevi kufungidzira kuti muitiro uri wose unodzorwa nendangariro; kazhinji kazhinji, kurangarira kwechiito kunodzorwa kudarika nheyo dzemipimo.

Kunzwisisa Zviono Zvezvamatongerwe Enyika: Mienzaniso Nemazano

Chikamu chakarovedzeka chezvamatongerwe enyika chakabva kuruboshwe-rudyi, nechisosharisiti chiri kuruboshwe nechiFascism kurudyi, chakavamba muFrench National Assembly ya1789, umo vatsigiri vamambo vakagara kurudyi uye vatsigiri vokupandukira kuruboshwe. Iyi dimikira yapachisi inoramba ichishanda asi inorangarirwa nenzira inowedzera kuva isina kukwana. Inoputsa mipimo miviri yakasiana-shavo yenzanga nemipimo yenzanga yenzanga neyamagariro enzanga/aunziritizatireriti.

Zvimwe Zvimiro

Chati yeNolan (inonziwo kambasi yezvamatongerwe enyika) inoparadzanisa rusununguko rwemari norusununguko rwomunhu oga, ichiisa vamiriri mudanho rezvisaririra remiganhu yemari yakakwirira nerepamusoro, zvidzoreso muchina wakasiana, uye kusiiwa kurudyi. Uyu muenzaniso unobetsera kutsanangura chikonzero nei munhu akafanana naMilton Friedman (anositarate yemari, munzanga) achisiana zvikuru nomutsigiri wegamuchidzanwa saWilliam F. Buckley (anowirirana nenzanga, pro-market asi chiremerawo chetsika).

rondedzero yebhiza inokarakadza kuti dzidziso dziri kure kure uye dzakarurama, pasinei zvapo nemisiano yadzo huru, dzinogona kubatana muzvimiro zvadzo zvehurumende inodzorwa nemiitiro inorwisana nedemocratic. Nepo yakamutsa nharo, yakashandiswa kurondedzera kufanana pakati peStalinism nechiNazi. Vatsoropodzi vanoizvidza musiyano unokosha munharidzano (nzanga isina nhevedzano yemasangano avanhu).

Imwe nzira, mode yemascheyadhi, inoshandisa mirairo yakawanda yakavakirwa pamashoko okunzvera kuisa pfungwa munzvimbo yakaoma. Ikoku kunoratidza, somuenzaniso, kuti mari inosiiwa neyakasununguka netsika inongova bedzi inowirirana nemwero, uye kuti munyika dzakawanda dzeEurope, mwero wetsika wazova mukuru kupfuura inotevedzerwa mune zvemari mumakumi amakore achangobva kupfuura.

Nzira yakanakisisa ndeyokushandisa zvinhu zvakasiyana - siyana uye kuramba uchiziva zvazvisingakwanisi kuita.

Nhema Dzinoitika Pasi Rose

Mifungo yezvamatongerwe enyika haisati iri zvivako zvokuMadokero bedzi. Masangano mazhinji asiri eWestern akakudziridza magamuchidzanwa awo amene epfungwa, kazhinji kazhinji achibatanidza mipimo yomunzvimbomo nemifungo inopinzwa kuMadokero. Somuenzaniso, Conficianian muEast Asia inosimbisa dare ravakuru, kuzvipira kwavabereki, uye manyoro akabatana anobatanidza mifungo yakati yetsika neyamacommunicania asi anosiana mukuramba kwavo chiHindu. MuIndia, Hindutva ipfungwa yorudzi iyo inotsvaka kurondedzera chiziviso cheIndia kupfurikidza netsika yechiHindu, zvose zviri zviviri chinzwano munzanga nekusawirirana.

Mifungo yorudzidziso − yakadai se Islam [maIslam ezvamatongerwe enyika])(matongerwe enyika)(anotsvaka kuumba hurumende nomutemo mukuwirirana nenheyo dzorudzidziso. Masangano echiIslam anosiana anovambira pakutora rutivi kweUhama hwechiMuslim muEgipita (pamberi pokudzvinyirira kwahwo) kusvikira kumasimba masimba echipidhadhia eISSIS. Nenzira yakafanana, mapoka echiKristu echidhimonia muEurope neLatin America anobatanidza tsika dzorudzidziso nemitemo yepakati kana kuti yakarurama yemari.

Pashure pekudzorwa kwehurumende nedzidziso dzinorwisana nadzo, dzakadai se chiPan-Africanism uye .THYD World socialism [, yakatanga setapuro yemaitiro eboka retsoropodzo. Vatungamiriri vakaita seKwame Nruma naJulius Nyure vakagadziridza mifungo yenzanga kumigariro yeAfrica, vachisimbisa kuva nenzvimbo yepasi nokuzvimirira. Nhasi, rondedzero yakadai se [[FLT:]] rondedzero yemaga youdzo yedzidzo yedzidzo yedzidzo yezvikwata zvedzidzo nenzanga yavanhu.

Kubvuma kusiyana - siyana uku kuri kuitika munyika yose kunoita kuti vanhu vasanyanya kuongorora pfungwa dzezvematongerwo enyika, uye kubudisa pachena kuti kutama, kutengeserana kwenyika yose, uye kukurukurirana kwemakombiyuta zviri kuwedzera sei kusanganisa uye kusanganisa tsika dzepfungwa.

mhedziso

Mifungo yezvamatongerwe enyika haisi zvisaririra zvezvinyorwa zvomunguva yakapfuura kana kuti zvakapfava; zvirongwa zvinoumba nzira yatinonzwisisa nayo nyika ndokuita mukati mayo. Kupfurikidza nokuifunda muudzame(kuziva mhatsa yavo yomukati, mavambo enhau, uye misiano yenyika yose (hw) mirangariro navadzidzisi vanogona kufamba kupfuura mashoko nezvinonyorwa. Kunzwisisa kukuru kwepfungwa kunosimudzira kufunga kwokutsoropodza, kunoshongedzera vagari vemo kuyera mitoo inokwikwidzana, uye kunosimbisa nheyo dzokutora rutivi runoziva redhimoni. Sezvo nyika dzezvamatongerwe enyika dzinokura kuva dzinova dzinova dzinova dzinoparadzana uye dzakaoma kunzwisisa, mano okunzvera nokuenzanisa mirangariro anokosha zvikuru kupfuura nakare kose.

[[[FRANTA] Kurava kwapachikamu: