Kodzero yokutaura norusununguko inomira senheyo yemipimo yehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu, inopa vanhu simba rokuratidzira mifungo, kudenha chiremera, uye kutora rutivi muhurukuro yavose pasina kutya kuongororwa kwehurumende kana kuti matsive. Bva urwu rusununguko rukuru chinhu chipi nechipi. Rwunoumbwa namazana amakore ekurukurirano youzivi, gadziriro yapamutemo yakaoma, uye inogarochinja. Kunzwisiswa kwakajeka kwokutaura kwakasununguka kunokosha kwete bedzi nokuda kwavadzidzi navadzidzisi asi nokuda kwomugari ari wose anofambisa mashoko azvino uno.

Mamiriro Ezvinhu Ekare

Mavambo ekutaura kwakasununguka akasvika zvikuru kukare. MuAthens yekare, muitiro we kubuda mumvura [“kutaura kwokushinga, kwechokwadi] kwakarangarirwa kuva kunaka kwenzanga, kunyange sezvakwaiwanzoganhurirwa kuvagari vemo vechirume. Vazivi vakadai saSocrates naPlato vakakurukura basa rokutaura nekurukurirano mukuronda zivo, vachiisa hwaro hwapakuvamba hwepfungwa yokuti kutsinhana kwakazaruka kunokosha kunzanga yakabudirira.

Pfungwa yazvino uno yerusununguko rwokutaura, zvisinei, yakanyorwa mukati meKuvhenekerwa. Vafungi vakafanana naJohn Locke vakarangarira kuti vanhu vane maruramiro omuzvarirwo ayo hurumende dzinofanira kuremekedza, kubatanidza maruramiro okufunga nokukurukura norusununguko. Voltaire akazivisa zvakakurumbira (kana kuri apokirifa), “Handitenderi zvaunotaura, asi ndichadzivirira kusvikira kurufu rwako kodzero yokuzvitaura.” Pfungwa idzi dzakawana kutaura kwakasimba muFirst Amendment to the U.S.Bumbiro reMitest., rakatendera muna 1791, iro rinozivisa kuti“ Korefati haasati richizoita mutemo... unodzosera rusununguko rwokutaura.”

Mazana amakore chifo chaapo akaona kukura kwapashoma napashoma asi kune simba kwaavo vane maruramiro okutaura norusununguko. Vakadzi, mapoka maduku edzinza, uye mamwe mapoka akaderedzwa akarwira nokuda kwe(davidzo) uye dziviriro dzehurumende idzo dzakarambwa kwenguva refu. Zana ramakore rechi 20 rakaunza mirau yakatanhamara iyo yakavandudzazve miganhu nokusvika kwokutaura kwakasununguka, ichisimbisa basa rayo samaruramiro makuru munzanga dzedemocracy munyika yose.

Mavambo Edzidziso

Musika Wepfungwa

Imwe yeruramiso dzinopesvedzera zvikurusa nokuda kwokutaura kwakasununguka i “Musika wemifungo” wedimikirano, wakakurumbira naMutongi Oliver Wendell Holmes Jr. Rondedzero yacho inoti zvokwadi inobva mumakwikwi apachena pakati pemirangariro yakasiana - siana, uye kuti kunzvera kwehurumende kunodzivisa uyu muitiro unokosha. Kunyange pfungwa dzenhema kana kuti dzinogumbura, dzinobatira donzo rinobetsera kupfurikidza nokugombedzera nzanga kuedza nokusimbisazve zvitendero zvayo zvikuru.

Democratic Uper 76 Governance

Chimwe chinhu chikuru cherondedzero yorusununguko rwokutaura chinobva mubhuku raAlexander Meiklejohn, uyo akataura kuti gakava rokusazvidzora rinokosha nokuda kwokuzvitonga kwehurumende yegutsaruzhinji.Vagari vemo havagoni kuita zvisarudzo zvokuziva pamusoro pavatungamiriri vavo kana kuti mitemo kana vakanyimwa kusvika kumativi akafara emirangariro.

Munhu Mumwe Nomumwe

Kukwanisa kutaura pfungwa dzako kunokosha kuti munhu azviremekedze, azvigutse, uye akudziridze tsika.

Kunyoresa Mumutemo

MuUnited States, First Amendment inodzivirira zvinhu zvakawanda zvikuru, asi kunyange ikoko, kodzero yacho haina kuzara.

Kugadziridzwa Kwokutanga Nokushandiswa Kwakwo

Mashoko eFirst Amendment ndeechipfupi, asi madudziro ayo akashanduka - shanduka kwemazana maviri emakore emitemo yemhosva.

  • Kusatora Rutivi: Hurumende kazhinji kazhinji ingasaganhurira kutaura nemhaka yepfungwa dzainopa.
  • [ Hurumende haimbotongodzivisi kutaura kuitika pakutanga (ichinetso chikuru chinodzivisa kunzvera pamberi peidi.
  • [[[NHAU]] Kuzvidzora uye Kupfuura:[[FL:1] Mitemo inoganhurira kutaura inofanira kuva yakajeka uye yakamanikana kudzivisa kutaura kunokatyamadza kwakadzivirirwa.

Kuratidzira Mhaka Dzapamusorosoro Dzedare

Zvisarudzo zvakawanda zvinokosha zvakachinja manzwisisiro amazuva ano erusununguko rwokutaura:

  • [FLT]Brandenburg v. Ohio [1969] Dare raidavira kuti kutaura kunotsigira mufambiro usiri wapamutemo kunodzivirirwa kutoti kwaitungamirirwa kunyandura kana kuti kuita chiito chokusateerera mutemo chiri pedyo uye kunganyandura chiito chakadaro. Iyi “chiito chokusateerera mutemo” chinotsiva pakuvamba, mipimo inoganhurirwa zvikuru.
  • .Des Moines Independent School District [1969] Vadzidzi hava “pidiredzi maruramiro avo ebumbiro remitemo kurusununguko rwokutaura kana kuti kutaura pagedhi reimba yechikoro.] Mhaka yacho yakatanga kuti vakuru vakuru vechikoro vanofanira kuratidzira kudzorwa kwezvinhu kururamisa kutaura kwavadzidzi.
  • [[FLT] New York Times Co.C.v. Sullivan [1964]] Kudzivirira gakava rakasimba pamusoro penhamba dzavose, Dare rakatonga kuti kutaura kwenhema pamusoro pavakuru vakuru vehurumende hakusi kuzvidza kutoti kwaitwa ne “zvakaipa zvechiito” (8) zivo yokusada kurangarira zvokwadi.

Maonero Anoita Nyika Dzose

Kunze kweUnited States, dziviriro dzakasununguka dzokutaura dzinowanzosiyana.Nyika zhinji dzeEurope, somuenzaniso, dzinorambidza kutaura kworuvengo zvikuru kwazvo kupfuura U.S. Mutemo weSinity unovimbisa kutaura kwakasununguka asi unobvumira zvakajeka ganhuriro kudzivirira pwere norukudzo rwomunhu oga, uye kurwisa sundo kuruvengo. Charter of Rights and Freedoms yeCanada inodzikamisawo kutaura kwakasununguka mukurwisana nemimwe mipimo yakadai sokuenzana netsika. Kunzwisisa iyi misiyano kunokosha munyika inovakwa.

Mitoo Yokutaura Kwakasununguka

Kutaura norusununguko kunosanganisira kutaura zvakasiyana - siyana, chimwe nechimwe chine mwero yakasiyana - siyana yokudzivirira.

Kutaura Kwezvamatongerwe Enyika

Kutaura kwezvamatongerwe enyika kuri musimboti wedziviriro yeFirst Amendment, kunobatanidza kutsoropodzwa kwavakuru vakuru vehurumende, kupiwa simba nokuda kwavanoda kupindira mune zvematongerwe enyika, uye gakava pamusoro pomuitiro wavose.

Kutaura Kwezvekutengeserana

Kunyange kushambadza kwechokwadi kwezvinhu zvinogadzirwa zviri pamutemo kunogona kudziviswa kana fariro yehurumende iri huru uye mutemo wacho uchingova zvishoma.

Kutaura Kwokufananidzira

Hakusi kutaura kwose kuri kutaura. (matauriro okufananidzira) mazai anoitirwa kupa shoko rezvamatongerwe enyika kana kuti renzanga (icho chinodzivirirwawo muFirst Amendment. Mienzaniso yemienzaniso inobatanidza kupisa mureza weAmerica mukutsutsumwa (yakadzivirirwa pasi pe texas v. Johnson), akapfeka zvikwakwaniriso zvitema kuti atsutsunge hondo (so Tunker[[[FLT]]]), uye kupfugama mukati me rwiyo rwenyika.

Mufambiro Une Mufungo

Kunyange zvazvo hurumende ingaisa ganhuriro dzine mufungo, nzvimbo, uye mutoo wokuchengeta nhevedzano yavose, ingasadenha shoko racho rimene.

Miganhu Pakutaura Kwakasununguka

Dare Repamusorosoro rakabvuma kuti vanhu vataure zvakasiyana - siyana vasingadzivirirwi zvachose neFirst Amendment, uyewo kuti dzimwe ganhuriro dzehurumende dzinobvumirwa nehurumende dzinotsigira zvimwe zvinhu.

Kunyandurira Kumasimba Masimba

Kutaura kunonyandura zvakananga chiito chokusateerera mutemo chaswedera pedyo hakuna kudzivirirwa. Brandenburg kuedza kunoda kuti kutaura kuitwe kukunyandura uye sezvingabvira kuparira chiito chakadaro. Chiitowo zvacho chamasimba masimba asina mufungo.

Mashoko Anorwisa

“ Mashoko anorwa” dzidziso, yakagadzwa mu Chaplinsw v. New Hampshire (1942), inobvumira hurumende kuranga kutaura kunonangidzirwa kumunhu uye sezvingabvira kunyandura mhinduro yamasimba masimba. Zvisinei, Dare rakaganhurira uku kusiiwa kwenguva refu, uye hakuwanzoshandisi nhasi.

Tyisidziro Dzechokwadi

Kutsunga kuti mashoko acho ave echokwadi kunobva pakuti mashoko acho anenge ari echokwadi here, kwete kuti ari kurehwa nemunhu anenge achiataura.

Kupandukira uye Kutaura Kwenhema

Nhamba dzevanhu dzinotarisana nomutoro wakakura zvikuru, asi vanhu vanofanira kuratidza utsinye chaihwoihwo (nopo vanhu voga vanoda kungoratidza kusangwarira. Kutaura kwenhema kwepfungwa dzakachena, zvisinei, kunodzivirirwa.

Uori

Zvinhu zvinofadza fariro huru muvatano, zvinoratidzira mufambiro wevatano nenzira inogumbura nenzira yapamutemo, uye kushaiwa kunyora kwakakomba, unyanzvi, zvamatongerwe enyika, kana kuti sayenzi zvinogona kuganhurirwa sezvinonyadzisa. Parti Miller v. California nzvero [1903] inoshandiswa kusarudza zvinonyadzisira, asi kwakaoma nenzira yakashata kushandisa.

Venga Kutaura

MuUnited States, kutaura kwokuvenga kunozvidza munhu kana kuti boka rakavakirwa padzinza, rudzidziso, dzinza, kana kuti mavara akafanana (kutoti kwakapinda mumamwe marudzi asingadzivirirwi (g., kunyandura, tyisidziro dzechokwadi, kana kuti mashoko okurwa). Ikoku kunopesana nedzimwe hurumende dzinosarudzwa navanhu dzakawanda, dzinovenga kutaura kwakafara zvikuru.

Kutaura Kwakasununguka Mugadziriro Dzedzidzo

Zvikoro namayunivhesiti inhandare dzakasiana dzokutaura norusununguko nemhaka yokuti inzvimbo dzokutsinhana pfungwa, bva dzinofanirawo kuchengeta mhoteredzo yokudzidza yakakotsekana neinobudirira.

Kuratidzirwa Kwomudzidzi

Dare rapamusoro rakaziva kuti vadzidzi vanochengeta maruramiro avo okutanga pachikoro, asi maruramiro iwayo anoganhurirwa. Pasi pa .Tiker, zvikoro zvingaganhurira kutaura kwavadzidzi bedzi kana kwaizovhiringidza zvikuru uye kudzongonyedza mabasa echikoro. [[FLT:] [200], zvakadai se ] Beal School District v. [1986] uye [[FLT]] Marse v.[FLT][200]] [200] [5]), , zvakanyora kunze kwezviito zvinoshatisa kana kuti kutaura kusinwa.

Kutaura Kwoungwaru Norusununguko Rwokuzvidira

Vadzidzisi namapurofesa vanofarikanya rusununguko rwedzidzo nekodzero yokudzidzisa nokunzvera pasina kudzongonyedzwa kusina kufanira. Zvisinei, urwu rusununguko haruna kuzara. Somuenzaniso, mapurofesa eyunivhesiti yavose, ane rusununguko rwakafara mubasa ravo redzidzo nedzidziso dzekirasi, asi kutaura kwavo savashandi voruzhinji panhau dzinopesana namabasa avo ounyanzvi kungava pasi peganhuriro dzevashandirwi dzine mufungo. Mutsetse pakati pehurukuro yedzidzo yedzidzo nekusadzivirirwa kana kuti kunetsa unoramba uri nhau yekurukurirano inopfuurira yepamutemo.

Gakava Rakasununguka Rokutaura

Zvikoro zvekoreji zvazova nzvimbo dzinoratidza kusawirirana kwemagakava akasununguka. Vatauri vemakwikwi, vanyunyuti, uye kubvisa macelcials vanomutsa mibvunzo pamusoro penzira dzamasangano anofanira kudzikamisa nayo mipimo inokwikwidzana yokubatanidzwa, chengeteko, uye kubvunza pachena. Mayunivhesiti akawanda akagamuchira miraudzo kuva nechokwadi chokuti mirangariro yakawanda inogona kunzwika apo anenge achichengeta mhoteredzo inoremekedzeka. Faundidation for Inicial Rights and Action (FRE) inogovera mitengo neapuro panhau idzi.

Nhau Dzinotevera Dzisina Kurerutswa

Nhambo yemichina yakachinja zvikuru mamiriro ezvinhu okutaura akasununguka, ichitanga zvinetso zvitsva izvo vagadziri veFirst Amendment vaisagona kuve vakakarira.

Kuona Zvinobudisa Nhau Nezvinonyadzisira Zviri Pakati Nepakati

Makambani enzanga akadai seFacebook, Twitter (zvino X), uye YouTube ane pesvedzero huru pahurukuro yavose. Zvisarudzo zvawo zvokubatanidza (mabumbiro enhau), zvinomisa maakaundi, kana kuti kuganhurira nenzira yeatomu kuti asvike (mavhozhokesi evhu nechekwadi. Nyubhura-makuru aya haasungiwi zvakananga neFirst Amendment, asi simba rawo panzvimbo yavose yemitengo yatungamirira kukumbira kujeka nokuzvidavirira kukuru.

Rwisa Tsika Nokunyadzisira Vanhu

Chinoitika che “tsika dzechikwata chenzanga” -- kudzorwa kwepamutemo navanhu nokuda kwokutaura kana kuti zviito zvinorangarirwa kuva zvinotsamwisa. Vatsoropodzi vanotaura kuti kunotonhora kupfurikidza nokuita mugariro worutyo, nepo vatsigiri vachiutaura chimiro chokuzvidavirira munzanga. Dziviriro dzapamutemo nokuda kwokutaura hadzidziviriri miuyo yapachivande, asi mirangariro yetsika yenyongori inopfuurira kupokanidzwa zvikuru.

Uchenjeri Hunogadzirwa Nezvakasikwa

Kufambira mberi muuchenjeri hwokugadzira zvinhu, kusanganisira mifananidzo mikuru yemitauro uye zvinhu zvakadzama, kunowedzera njodzi itsva dzokuperera kwehurukuro yavose.Al inogona kubudisa mashoko nevhidhiyo zvenhema zvikuru, zvingatsausa kana kuti kunetsa vanhu.

Mashoko Asina Kunaka Nemashoko Asina Kunaka

Kuparadzirwa kwamashoko enhema, zvikurukuru munharaunda dzakadai soutano hwavanhu vose uye sarudzo, kwakatungamirira kukuraira nokuda kwehurumende yakatsiga nepatipatiko. Chinongedzero chipi nechipi chokutaura kwenhema chinofanira kusanorongwa kudzivisa kurukurirano yezvokwadi inovhundutsa. Chisarudzo cheDare Gurusa reUnited States v. Alvarez (202) chakarova mutemo wehurumende unopa mhosva pamusoro pokugamuchira menduru dzehondo, chinosimbisa kuti kunyange kutaura kwenhema kazhinji kazhinji kazhinji kuva nemuuyo we “kutya uye usati wakarurama” uye kuti mushonga wakafanira unodzivisa panzvimbo pokunzvera.

mhedziso

Kodzero yokutaura norusununguko inoramba iri imwe yenheyo dzinokosha zvikurusa nedzinopokanidzwa muupenyu hwedemocracy. Mhindumupindu yayo yenhau, ruramiso dzouzivi, uye kuoma kwemitemo zvinoraira kusanofunda nokukurukurirana kunopfuurira. Sezvo ruzivo rutsva rwokugadzira zvinhu runowedzera nzira yatinokurukura nayo, uye sezvo nzanga dzinorwisana nenyanduko pakati porusununguko nokuenzana, denho huru dzokutaura norusununguko dzichangokura bedzi. Kushongedzerwa nokunzwisiswa kwakasimba kweichinzvimbo chikuru choururamiro, vagari vemo vanogona kudzora zviri nani mativi ose ehurukuro yavose yazvino unowirirana navose uye kudzivirira kupesana pachena kwepfungwa dzinotsamira pahurumende inotonga vanhu.

Nokuda kwokuravazve, nzvera [[FLT: 0] Free Speech Center pa Middle Tennessee State University, iyo inopa enisaikoropidhiya yakakwana yomutemo weFirst Amendment, kana kuti bvunza American Liberties Union yezviwanikwa zvapachena zvokutaura[.