Kurwisa kwekodzero dzevanhu muAmerica irondedzero inorondedzera nhau yenyika, kupfuurira kwekuwedzera, kusimbisazve kwakaumba chibvumirano chepamutemo nenzanga pakati pavanhu nehurumende. Kubva pamitemo yehurumende yekare yairatidza kuti munhu ari kurwisana nehondo dzemazuva ano dzokuva kwake oga uye kuongorora, kurwira kodzero dzevanhu nerusununguko hazvina kumbova pakati pedzimwe nguva. Nyaya ino inoongorora zviitiko zvinokosha zvenhau zvinoratidza rwendo urwu, ichiongorora kwete bedzi mitemo yemitemo yakatanhamara nerukundo rwedare asiwo masangano enzanga uye magariro enzanga aiita kuti zvishande. Kunzwisisa nguva idzi dzinogovera mashoko anokosha ebasa rokuchengetedza rusununguko rwevagari vemo munyika ino iri kupfuurira.

Kuwana Mapepa Nokutanga Kwamaruramiro Ebumbiro reMitemo

Chiziviso chouzivi chemitemo yerusununguko rwevagari veAmerica chiri mumifungo yeChiedza yakaita kuti chizvarwa chive nedonzo rokutangwa. Nepo Chiziviso cheHumo (1776) chakazivisa noushingi kuti vanhu vose vakapiwa maruramiro asingasandurwi kuupenyu, rusununguko, uye kurondwa kwemifungo iyoyo, kushandiswa kunoshanda kwenheyo idzodzo kwakaramba kwakakanganisika zvikuru. Bumbiro remitemo yapakuvamba (1787) rakaita gadziriro yehurumende yakaganhurirwa, asi rakashaiwa mutongo wekodzero. Idzi dzinozivikanwa zvikuru dzinorondedzera rusununguko rwaAmerica. Idzi dzinosimbisa rusununguko, dzinotya chiremera chine simba, dzinoomerera padziviriro dzakananga dzomunhu mumwe nomumwe semamiriro ezvinhu okukudzwa. Kudzivirira kwavo kwapakuvamba kwapamhindeidzwa kwapakuvamba (1791), uye kudzivirira kusinganzwisisirwi nokudzikamiswe kwehurumende yapakuvamba, kupfurikidza nokupfupikisana kupfurikidza nokudzivirira kwadzorwa kwedzimwe migariro mikuru pakati penyika yesimba pakati penyika. Rudzirwo runosimbiswa rune rudzidziso, runosimbiswa norusununguko rwechitendero, runopfupikisa rudzidziso rwechitendero, runopfunze rwechitendero, runopfunze rwechitendero, runopfunze

  • Declaration of Independence (1776): Kodzero dzapose pose kuupenyu, rusununguko, uye kurondwa kwomufarwa, zvichigadza mupimo wefariro nokuda kwerusununguko rwevagari veAmerica.
  • Bumbiro reMitemo (1787): rakagadza hurumende yehurumende yakaganhurirwa nenzira yakaganhurirwa, ine paradzano yamasimba nechereso nedzikamo, asi rakasiya runyoro rwamaruramiro, kuchiparira kurukurirano inotyisa.
  • Bhishopi yekodzero (1791): Tsitsidzo gumi dzokutanga dzinodudza zvakajeka rusununguko, kubatanidza kutaura, kubudisa, gungano, rudzidziso, uye dziviriro nokuda kwavakwirirwi. Dzakava rugwaro rwapakuvamba nokuda kwokuhwirudzurwa kwekutongwa kwezvirevo zvorusununguko.
  • Amendment yechi 14 (168): Kunyange zvazvo yakaitwa pashure peHondo yeChizvarwa Chose, Muitiro wayo wainzi Grood Claus wakashandiswa gare gare kushandisa Bill of Rights zhinjisa kuhurumende (dzidziso yokubatanidza), ichiwedzera zvikuru kusvika kwadzo.

Hondo Yavagari Vemo, Kuvandudza, uye Kukura Kwougari Hwomunyika

Hondo yavagari vemo yakamirira ngwavaira kupedza kupesana kwokuvamba pamusoro pouranda. Nepo Emanciption Proclation (1863) yakazivisa rusununguko nokuda kwavaranda muConferatetetement State, yakanga iri Reformation yainangidzira kuenzana kwechigarire mujira rebugramende. [Ichi 13th Amendment (1865)) yakabvisa uranda nokusazvidira, kunyange zvazvo kubvumira basa rinomanikidzirwa sechirango nokuda kweutsotsi kwaizoshandiswa gare gare gare gare nokuda kwokuva nemhaka yokuzvidzwa. Idzorefection yechi 14 (18568) yakamirira kukura kukurusa rusununguko rwavagari vemo. Yakarondedzera kuva kuva nohuvanzi "kudzivirirwa kwemitemo," uye kutodiwa "kuteverwa kwomutemo" nokuda kwavanhu vose. Uku kusingadzorwi kwedzinza rose redzinza. [Nhamba yenhau inodzo inopfuvura pamutemo] Yakashati yadzorwa muruswa zvikuru yenhau dzedzinza rose.[12]

  • Mupimo weNhambo (1863): Mwero wenguva yehondo wakarondedzerazve rwisano serwisano yorusununguko rwomunhu ndokugadzirira nzira yokuparadza pamutemo.
  • Hurumende yechi 13 (1865): Bumbiro Romutemo rakabvisa uranda nouranda hwokusazvidira, nechikamu chinogara.
  • Hurumende yechi 14 (1868): yakagadza udangwe, dziviriro yakaenzana, uye muitiro wakafanira; hwaro hwerusununguko rwazvino uno rwevagari vemo. Ŵurora mashoko akazara netsananguro.
  • Hurumende ye 15 (1870): yakataura kuti rusaruro rwokuvhota rwakavakirwa padzinza, kodzero yaida kuti Kubvumira Kodzero kwa1965 kushande.

Boka Rekodzero Dzevagari Vemo: Kugadziridzwazve Kwechipiri

Pakati pezana ramakore rechi20 rakapupurira nhimbe yakatsiga, yapamberi pezvizhinji yokuparadza kusarurana kwedzinza nerusaruro, kazhinji kazhinji inonzi Second Reconfincion. Urongwa hwapamutemo, hwakatungamirirwa neNACP Ecc Legal Defense Fund, hwakawana rukundo rwayo rwapamhene muna [[FL:0] Brown] v. Boka reDzidzo reTopeka[[FLT] [[FLT] 1]] [54]] [muchisarudzo chakabatana, Dare rapamusoro rakashandura [[FLT]], rinozivisa kuti nzvimbo dzedzidzo dzinoparadzana dzakanga dzisingaenzaniswi uye dzakaputsa dziviriro dziviriro inoenzana. Uku kurambwa namabasa echitomubato. Chiito chakananga chapamhindi chapamho, chakatungamirirwa naMambo wenhau, JFLT, akabatana naMambo, anodzoka, anofambidzana namasimba masimba, anorwisana namasimba masimba masimba masimba, Marceriti, Marcerison, anofambirwa naMapurerison, anowana naMapurorio

Rukundo rwapamutemo rwakatevera. Chikamu chaCivil Rights Act cha1944 chakanga chiri chibvumirano chinodzora chibvumirano chemitemo icho chakarambidza rusaruro rwakavakirwa padzinza, ruvara, rudzidziso, vatano, kana kuti mavambo enyika mumabasa, pokugara kwavose, uye purogiramu dzinotsigirwa nehurumende. Voting Rights Act ya1965 yakatambira zvakananga miganhu yokubvisa mutemo woga woga; kushora kwakaramba, uye kurambidza kunyora nokunyora nokunyora mashoko etsika uye zvimwe zvirongwa zvehurumende muhuvaraviso. Zviito izvi zvakashandura mutemo nenzanga zvose. Zvisinei, sangano racho rakazivisawo miganhuro yemitemo yoga yoga yoga yoga; kushora kwakatangwa muna 1964 uye 1965 zvakava nedenho dzinopfuurira, zvikurukuru kupfurikidza nechisarudzo cheDare reSauniverse 2013 mu [FFF.] Count Counter.[bverst]

  • [FLT]BN v. Board of Education (1954): kuisa kuti kutsauranisa mativi ose echikoro hakuna kuenzana. [[FLT:] Mufungo wakazara unowanika kubva muNational Archives.
  • The Civil Rights Act (1964): yakarambidza zvikuru rusaruro mumabasa, pokugara pavose, uye mapurogiramu ehurumende; yaikurukurawo norusaruro rwevatano.
  • The Voting Rights Act (1965): yakadenha zvakananga mhinganidzo dzekuvhota Black, negadziriro dzaida utarisiri hwehurumende munyika dzakati.
  • Martin Luther King Jr.'s "Ndine Kurota" Kutaura (1963): yakazivisa chiono chetsika chokuenzana kwedzinza neruramisiro mukati maMarch paWashington.
  • [[FLT: 0] Selma ku Montgomery Marchs (1965):[[FT:1] Yakaparira Nenzira yakananga Chiratidzo Chekodzero kupfurikidza nokutyisidzira kushatirwa kwavanhu pamusoro pokudzvinyirirwa kwamasimba masimba kwavapanduki vane rugare.

Kukudza Penga: Kuva Wega, Kutadza Kudzora Muviri, uye Kusagadzikana

Kuwedzera kwama 1960 na 1970 kwakakura kubatanidza zvikumbiro zvakawanda zverusununguko rwavagari vemo. Dare rakavamba kuziva maruramiro ebumbiro remitemo kuva voga, pakutanga rakakarakadzwa mu Griswold v. Connecticut[, yakakurira kurambidzwa kwezvirongwa zvokudzivisa kubereka. Uku kwakawedzera zvikuru mu [FLT:] Revo v. Vakadzi [[FLT:]] [1273] [773]), iyo yakaziva kodzero yorusumo rwekubvisa mimba pasi peProjimenti yeBractive. Chisarudzo chakavamba kuramba chiripo pakurwisana napamberi pamutemo, chinopfuurira mukuchinja kwayo [FOct:].[FLD] V.[5] Vakadzi vanonziwokubvisa dzidzo yemitemo yokubereka.

VaAmerica vane Dictable Act (ADA) ya1990 vakamiririra kuchinja mukurevererwa kwemashandiro anoita nzanga. Yairambidza rusaruro pavanhu vane urema mumabasa, pokugara, zvokufambisa, uye zvokukurukuriranananisa, zvaida pokugara zvine mufungo. Mutemo wave uchibatsira kuvandudza kuwanikwa uye kutora rutivi. Nhevedzo, kurwa nokuda kweLGBTQ+ kodzero. [[FLD]] LYD] LYN v. Texas[FF:1] [2003], Dare guru rakarova mitemo inodzosa mufambiro wetsika wetsika wakaipa, kuwirira , kuwirira mugwagwa .[FLT] VFFF] Nhervem, uye kupfuuremhindiro, zvakaratidza kubatira dziviriro kwavose.

  • [FLT]] . RHOE v [773] yakaziva maruramiro ebumbiro remitemo kubvisa pamuviri mumaruramiro oungwaru; yakatonga muna 2022, ichidzorera nhau yacho kuzvinhu.
  • VaAmerica vane Rurema Act (1990): vakarambidza zvikuru rusaruro uye vanoda pokugara muupenyu hwavanhu vose.
  • [FLT]Lawrence v. Texas (2003): Kudzorwa kwemitemo yesodoma ndokusimbisa maruramiro kumufambiro wapachivande.
  • bergefell v. Hodges (2015): Yakaziva maruramiro ebumbiro remitemo kuroorano imwe cheteyo yevatano. [[FLT:] Rava murangariro weDare Rapamusoro-soro.
  • Ruremekedzo nokuda kwoMutemo weRoulyance (202): Yakapa dziviriro dzehurumende nokuda kweroorano dzevatano nedzokusiyana kwemadzinza.

Masangano Azvino Uno: Kuchinja Kunoita Ruramisiro Yekodzero Dzevanhu, uye Kuchinja Kwekodzero Dzematsotsi

Muzana ramakore rechi 21, kurwira rusununguko rwevagari vemo kwakakura kuva nzvimbo itsva. Ruzivo rwemichina rwakachinja nzira yatinokurukura nayo, basa, uye kurarama, ichimutsa mibvunzo mikuru pamusoro pechivande nokungwarira. USA PATRIOT, yakaitwa pashure pedenho dzeSchP 11, masimba makuru ehurumende, achitungamirira kukurukurirano pamusoro pekodzero dzerudzi dzinopesana nekodzero dzevanhu. Kuzivisa kwemitemo kwakatungamirira kugadziridzo, kubatanidza USA Freedom Act (205), iyo yakagumisa kuunganidzwa kukuru kwemitengo yorunhare. Dare Rapamusoro, mu Carbatebb v. United States [2017]), yakatonga kuti hurumende ide kupiwa chiratidzo chokupinda kwemaserome meonzi, chiratidzo chokuziva kutrukira kutrukudzorwa kwegore rwechine.

Kodzero dzinopfuudzira kuva ganhuriro inodzorwa. Chisarudzo cheDare guru muna 2013 mu Shelby County v. Hoder yashatisa nzira yokutanga yeKostation Rights Act, inotungamirira kumirano yemitemo mitsva inodzorwa nehurumende. John Lewis Voting Rights Act, inonzi mutestman, yakakarakadzwa muCongress kuti idzorere nokuvandudza dziviriro dzeChibvumirano. Chigadziko cheCrimi chakawanawo trakiti, nenhamburiko dzebipartiansss kukurukura kuiswa, kuganhuriro inotedzerwa, kuganhurirwa kwapa, uye kuzvidavirira kwamapurisa. George Floyd Muracle muPolicractic Act, nepose, nepo pasati paripotevezerose, nyika yose inotsigirwa nokudzorwa. Blal Bethsssss, pashure pekutence yakaita kuti nhevedzano chipfumeseitwe kuti chipfumeseitwe.

  • [FLT] Shelby County v. Hoker (2017): Tsvaka nzira yokufukidza yakashandiswa kusarudza kuti idzoroi dzaida tarisiro yehurumende pasi peVoting Rights Act.
  • [FLT]][center v. United States (2017): Inoda chibvumikiso chokuwana mashoko enzvimbo yemasero enhau, chisarudzo chezvakavanzika zvemagetsi.
  • Black Lives Matter Movement (2013-preset): Sangano rakadzikama rinobata nourudzi, masimba masimba amapurisa, uye zvimiro zvakafara zvokusaruramisira kwedzinza.
  • Dare reRuramisiro reGeorge Floyd muChiito chePolicing (rakagoverwa): Mutemo wokutaura pamusoro pomufambiro wamapurisa, kudzivirirwa kwaikwaniriswa, uye kushandiswa kwemipimo yesimba.

Mugumisiro: Nyaya Isina Kuvhiringidzwa Yorusununguko rweAmerica

Nhamba dzenhau dzakaitika mukurwira rusununguko rwevagari vemo muAmerica dzinoratidza kufambira mberi kunowanzoitwa nokurwisa, kurwisa, uye kuzvipira. Chizvarwa chimwe nechimwe chakagara nhaka kodzero dzakatangwa nevakatangira, uye chakatarisana nedenho yokudzivirira nokutambanudzira kodzero idzodzo mukupindura tyisidziro itsva uye kuchinja mamiriro ezvinhu. Kubva paBhill of Rights kusvikira kunharo dzakavanzika dzanhasi, kudivimbwa kuti rusununguko rwevanhu harudzivisiki; runogadzirwa nevatsigiri, vagadziri vemitemo, uye vagari vemowo zvavo vanorayira kuti nyika irarame kusvikira kuzvainoda. Hondo dzinopfuurira pamusoro pokuwana kodzero dzokuwana, kudzora, kuongorora, uye kuenzana mumutemo kunoratidza kuti nhau yacho haiperi. Kunzwisisa uku kunobatsira kunoitwa kuti vatsigiriki vatsigirine basa rinoenderera mberi munzanga uye vakasununguka.