Kunzwisisa Rusaruro Rwezera Muchiito Chebasa: Mavambo Nemwero

Age Discrection in Adream Act (ADEA), yakasainwa mumutemo muna 1967, yakagadzirirwa kudzivirira vanhu vane makore 40 navakuru pakusarura mabasa pamavambo ezera. Inoshanda kuvashandi vehurumende vane 20 kana kuti vakawanda, vashandi, hurumende, masangano ebasa, uye masangano evashandi. ADEA anorambidza rusaruro mukurovha, kupfura, kukwidziridza, kubhadharwa, mabasa, kurovedzwa, uye mamwe mabasa api naapi emabasa. Kusafanana neTit VII yeChivi chekodzero dzevol, chibvumirano chekodzero dzehurumende, ruvaraiti, rudzidziso, kana kuti mavambo echibharo, ADE ane boka rakaganhurirwa rakaganhurirwa, kupfuurirwa kwapa pamutemo muboka racho kupotamhindio 40 neri dzinopfuura .

Mutemo unodzivisawo zvakajeka kutsiva vanhu vanoshora miitiro yokusasarura kana kuti vanotora rutivi muzvinoitika zvine chokuita norusaruro. Mumakumi amakore apfuura, ADEA yakagadziridzwa kanoverengeka, zvikurukuru neVakwegura Vanoshanda Vanobetsera Kudzivirira Act (OWBPA) ya 1990, iyo yakasimbisa dziviriro nokuda kwavashandi vakura pamusoro pegadziriro dzebasa uye yakagadza zvinodikanwa zvakasimba zvokuva vanyajambwa vekodzero dzeADEA.

Zvinetso Zvakakonzerwa Nemitemo Yakaumba ADEA

Kugadza Mutoro Woufakazi: O’Connor v.

Munhau iyi inokosha, Dare Gurusa rakataura mipimo yakajeka nokuda kweADEa allecttiff. Dare rakatonga kuti muparadziri haadi kubvumikisa kuti ivo vakatsiviwa nomumwe munhu ari pasi pe 40; kwakakwana kuratidza kuti zera rakanga riri chisakiso chinosarudza muchisarudzo chomushandirwi. Chisarudzo ichi chakaderedza bhawa nokuda kwevaputsirwi kuti vapukunyuke rutongeso rwechipfupiso, kuchimanikidzira vashandirwi kugovera zvikonzero zvapamutemo, zvisiri zvechitsoropo nokuda kwezviito zvakaipa. Chisarudzo chacho chakajekesawo kuti dziviriro yeAEA inotambanukira kumunhu upi noupi anopfuura makore 40, pasinei nokuti mutsivi wacho anopfuurawo, kwenguva refu sezvo muzivi ane mufungo aigona kugumisa kuti zera racho ringasunda nhambo.

“ Asi nokuda kwe” Standard: Gross v. FBL Services yezvemari (2009)

Zvichida nhau yakatsiviwa zvikurusa munhau yeADEA ichangobva kubuda, Gross v. FBL Services yeMality yakachinja zvikuru mutoro wechibvumikiso. Dare Gurusa rakataura kuti dare rinofanira kubvumikisa kuti zera rakanga riri “asi - nokuda kwe] chisakiso chebasa rakaipa, kunoreva kuti chiito chacho chaisazoitika pasina zera. Mupimo uyu unoraira zvikuru kupfuura“ nechikonzero chekuedza kupfuudza” kunoshandiswa pasi peTit. Vatsororo dzinopikisa kuti [FLT]] nenzira inobudirira [icho] yakaita kuti vashandi vakura vakukunda, zvikurukuru muzvinoitika apo zera ringave rakava chimwe chezvikonzero zvakapfumba. Chiito chikuru chitsarudzo kupfuro, kunyange zvazvo chisati chaita chikashanduko.

Kushatisa uye Kutonga kweSmith v. City of Jackson (2005)

Muuyo usingawirirani unotaura kudaro. (apo muitiro usingatsivi unokuvadza vashandi vakura pasina ufakazi hwefungidziro() yave iri nzvimbo inoyera pasi peADEA. Mu Smith v. City of Jackson[, Dare rapamusoro rakarerekera kuti njodzi dzinoparadzana dzinooneka pasi peADEA asi dzine muganhu mukuru: vashandi vanogona kudzivirira miitiro yakadaro kupfurikidza nokuratidza kuti vakavakirwa pa “zvimwe zvinhu zvine mufungo kupfuura zera”. Ichi chisakiso chine mufungo” ichi chinopfuura“ puroteshiviso chakafara kupfuura bhizimisi" rinotambira pasi peTitlet, kupa vashandirwiro huru pasi penzvimbo inodzo. Kutonga kunotungamirirwa kubatira mipimo yakaderera yemipimo, kusimbisa kuoneka kuva nesimba (RC) mukupa nhevedzano nhevedzano yenhau ino mufungo mukuita nhevedzano yenhau inopfuudzo inopfupikisa. RFFo, inobvumira kutsigira zera renguva dzose dzezera renguva inopfurira mberi, inobvumira kutsigira zera renguva inoratidzika seyo inobvumira kutsigira kutsigira

Changamire Immuniy weHurumende: Kimel v. Florida Board of Regents (2000)

Kushanda kweADEA kuhurumende kwakaedzwa KIMEL v. Florida Board of Regents. Dare Gurusa rakatonga kuti ADEA harisati richibatira pamutemo hurumende dzinodzivisa kutsiva kwePremendement yePremindement, zvinoreva vashandi vehurumende havagoni kukwikwidza vadzori vavo vehurumende nokuda kwemari yakuvadzwa pasi pedare rehurumende. Iyi chisarudzo chakaganhurira zvikuru kusvika kweADEA muchikamu chavose, ichimanikidzira vashandi vakuru vehurumende kuvimba panzvimbo pemitemo inorwisana nehurumende kana kuti kupesana. Chisarudzo chinoramba chichiva, nedzimwe nyanzvi dzapamutemo dzinotaura kuti chinokanganisa chinangwa chapakuvamba cheADEA kudzivirira vashandi vose vakuru vehurumende, kubatanidza avo vanoshanda.

Vatongi Vakuru Mumutemo Wezera Ravanosarura

Kusiyana Kwezera Nechirango Chenguva Yacho/Kubatsira Kunovapo

Kunyange zvakadaro, nharaunda dzinokakavadzana zvikurusa dzakava kushandiswa kwemisiyano yakavakirwa pazera mubetsero yavashandi. OWBPA yakaisirwa zvikurukuru kunzira dzokusafamba nadzo idzo dzakabvumira vashandirwi kuderedza kana kuti kubvisa betsero nokuda kwavashandi vakwegura pasina kuputsa ADEA. Kunyange zvakadaro, gakava dzinopfuurira pamusoro porumano rwetsika dzechirongwa chekurudziro chekare rwokurega basa. Nepo mapurogiramu akadaro anowanzobvumirwa kana akapiwa nokuzvidira, EEOC akanzvera zvirongwa izvo zvinomanikidzira vashandi vakuru kupinda muforo. Mutsetse pakati pesundo yepamutemo nebudiro inovakavaka zvinoramba zviri pachena, kazhinji kazhinji kacho kunoda matare kunzvera mutauro wakananga uye mamonesaitirwo echipa. Masangano makuru akabatanidza masangano akavimbisa kuvandudza bedzi zvinyorwa zvokuchinja, vashandi vose vakatsauswa.

Rusaruro Rwezera Muchimbichimbi: “Chirongwa Chakanaka” uye Matura Akanaka

Miitiro yokurovha yazvino uno inopa denho itsva. Kushandiswa kwegadziriro dzemitemo dzokutsvaka dzinotevedzerwa pahwaro hwemakore oruzivo kungakanganisa vashandi vakwegura. Nenzira yakafanana, vamwe vashandirwi vakagadza mabhendi emibhadharo anobhadharira nenzira inobudirira nokuda kwenguva refu yakakwirira (vakuru), achitungamirira kutaura kuti mitemo iyi inoputsa ADEA. Nyanzvi dzemitemo dzinonongedzera kuzvinoitika apo makambani akakwidzwa nokuda kwokushandisa “makore oruzivo rwokuzviwanira” somuvhoti wezera, zvikurukuru apo mipimo yakadaro isingasungirwi zvakajeka kushanda basa. Nhungamiro yazvinovandudzwa yaEOC inosimbisa kuti vashandi vanofanira kunzvera miitiro yavo yokuwana mari kuva nechokwadi chokuti muitiro upi noupi wokusatora rutivi rwechiso kusingasaregigigi kuto kunze kwokuva nechinhu chine mufungo.

Kuchinja Rusaruro: Vashandi Vaduku Sue MuADEA Vanogona Here?

Gakava rinoramba riripo nderokuti ADEA inodzivirira vashandi vaduku zvikuru vanopfuura 40 nemhaka yezera ravo. Matare akaramba achidavira kuti boka rakadzivirirwa reADEA rakaganhurirwa kuvanhu vane makore 40 na kupfuura. Zvisinei, vamwe vapamberi vakaedza kutaura kuti “muduku” anogona kuunza kutaura kana ivo vakasarurwa nemhaka yezera ravo, kunyange kana vakawira pasi pa40 [[FLTE:0] Nomutoo mukuru weMondels Land Systems, Inc. v. Cline[FLT:] [204], Dare gurusa rinobvumirana kuti ADE harigoni kufukidza zera ravo, kunyange kana vachizoda kusarura zera ravo., vakwegura vanopfuura vapfumbira pamusoro pechisarudzo.

Basa ReEOC Mukumanikidzwa Nokuitirana Nharo

EEOC, iyo inomanikidzira ADEA, yave iri musimboti wenharo dzezvamatongerwe enyika nedzemitemo. Mamwe mapoka avashandirwi anotaura kuti nhungamiro yeEEOC panhau dzakadai se “zvimwe zvinhu zvine mufungo panzvimbo pezera” yakawedzera mutemo kupfuura izvo Congress yakaronga. Muna 2020, EEOC yakapa mutemo wokupedzisira uchichinja mutoro wechibvumikiso chekubvisa rwisano, kuraira basa kwakananga kunoparira kusawirirana. Uyu mutemo wakadenhwa mudare, namapokatempira anosimbisa kuti wakapfuudzira zvisina kufanira zvinodikanwa zvakajeka. [FLD:] E. Department of recurective res projectivesss [F [FF.Foct1], [201] kutongedzero yedare rehurumende, asi anotsinhirana zvikuru pamusoro pezvinodikanwa.

Zvinetso Zvinoshanda Kuvashandisi Nevashandi

Zvinofanira Kuitwa Nevashandirwi Kuti Vashandire Nebasa

Nemhaka yetsika dzinodzorwa nemitemo, vashandirwi vanofanira kuita nhanho dzinoshanda kuti vadzivise ADEA chikwereti. Chokutanga, iva nechokwadi chokuti mitemo yose yebasa ine chokuita nokuderedza basa, kubvisa, uye RIFs (yakanyatsogadzirwa nemitemo yezera ne6409neutar. Vashandi vanofanira kunyora zvikonzero zvebhizimisi zvechisarudzo chipi nechipi chingava netapuro yakasiyana kuvashandi vakura. Chechipiri, pakupa zvido zvokurega basa nokukurumidza, kugovera mashoko akazara mukuwirirana newaisiteji yeOWBPA, kubatanidza nguva yokurangarira kwezuva 211769 nokuda kweboka rekubviswa) uye nguva ye71966. Kubhadharo kuti kubvise zvinodikanwa zvedzidzo kana kuti zvisaririra zvebasa zvisingawi.

Chinetso Chinowedzera che “maperembudzi Achena ” uye Simba Rinoparadzanisa

Kuderedza mutengo musimba (RIF) zvisarudzo zvinozivikanwa navose zveADEA ligitation. Vashandirwi kazhinji kazhinji vanodenha vasarudzei pamusoro pezvimwe zvinhu zvine mufungo kupfuura zera. Matare akarangarira kuti kushandisa “kushanda kwemari kusingachinjiki” kunogona kuguma netapuro yakasiana pavashandi vakura. Izvozvi zvinogona kuguma nenhungamiro yapamuuyo wetsika dzezera kana miraudzo iyoyo isati ichishandiswa nguva dzose. Vamiririri vezvomu vamaruwa vanoramba vachivimba noufakazi hwemitengo hwokuratidzira kuti RIF ine pesvedzero huru inopesana navashandi vanopfuura 40, kubvisa mutoro wokusarudza. Vashandi vanopa matare vapa zano rokusarudza kuti vasarudze “kurangarira kuva bvudziro renguva ino.

Rusarura Rune Zera Mune Zvemazuva Ano

Chikamu chemichina chakatarisana nokunzvera kukura nokuda kwekukwegura. Phezuluprofile inopomera makambani akadai seGoogle, Facebook, uye IBM zvakataura mutoo wokutsigira nomutoo wakarongeka vashandi vaduku, zvikurukuru mumibato yeinjiniya uye yokugadzirwa kwezvinhu. Muna 2021, EEOC yakaisa dare guru pamusoro pekambani yeSilicon Valley ichizivisa kuti yakatsvaka namaune “vakapedza kufunda pakoreji vamadokero, nokudaro ichiita kuti ive nzvimbo dzezvokubvisa vacherekedzeri vakuru. Makambani akawanda ezvokugadzira zvinhu akabvisa kutaura kwakadaro nokuda kwemitengo inokosha, asi tsika dzezera duku dzinoramba. Nyanzvi dzinokarakadza kuti remaremaremaremarema, kubatanidza manyuko anotenderwa pamusoro pokuva neunyanzvi hwezviito zvemakero, anoita kuti mamiriro okugadzirwa ezve zvesayenzi ashambande mutsika arambe inowedzera (Saka adzodzodzodzodzo dzinopa dzidzo) kupfurikidza nokudzivirira kudzivirira kudzivirira zvikuru.

Nhungamiro Dzomunguva Yemberi: Kuchinja Kungaitwa uye Kuramba Kuchienderera

Nhamburiko Dzomutemo Dzokuchinja Zvikuru

Chifo che chisarudzo , mitezo yeCongress yakasuma zvikwereti zvakadai sePreventing Moodern According Activity Act (POWADA) kudzorera “chikonzero” cheADEA anotaura. Kubvira muna 2025, PHODA yave ichiiswazve kanoverengeka asi haina kupfuura makamu. Vatsigiri vanopikisa kuti“ asi nokuda kwe” nzvimbo dzakakodzera dzinoisa mutoro wakaipa pavashandi vakura, zvikurukuru muzvinoitika apo rusaruro runobatanidzwa nezvimwe zvikonzero zvakarurama. Vatsoropote kuti kuderedza mupimo kungatungamirira kukuputika kwezviito zvenhando uye simba rokudzivirira kunyange ganda. Zvezvamatongerwe enyika zvinokarakadza kuti kuchinjwa muzera rapachena, asi kupfurikidza nokuzivikanwa nezvinoitika nezvinoitika zvavashandi vakura.

Tapuro Yebasa Rokukwegura

Chiverengero chavagari vemo chavagari vemo vakwegura chichachengeta nhevedzano yetsarudzo yezera pamberi. Panosvika 2030, mumwe muvashandi vashanu veAmerica achava namakore anopfuura 65. Sezvo vashandi vakura zvikuru vanononoka kutora mudyandigere, nhamba yezvikumbiro zveADEA ingamuka. Vashandirwi vachada kugadziridza miraudzo kuti vagogadzire vashandi vakwegura, zvakadai semarusando echirongwa echinjo, uye kugadziriswa kwebasa. Panguva imwe cheteyo, vashandi vaduku vangamanikidza nokuda kwemitemo inoganhurira betsero dzavakuru, kuparira kusawirirana kugona kuparira kupfuudza kushata kupfuudza pasi pemitemo kana kuti yomunzvimbomo. Dzimwe nyika dzinototowedzera kusarura kwezera ravo kuti vafukidze vashandi vose, kudarika nhambo yema40 nedenderthro. California, yakarangarira kuti kudzorwa kworumano rwezera rune, ruka rukano runga rwakudzo runga rwakudzo rune rwenguva dzose rune rwekare nenhambo rwekare rwekare.[F1][0][0]

Kuenzanisa Kwamarudzi Ose Nezvidzidzo

Nepo ADEA ichiri mutemo mukuru wehurumende muU.S., dzimwe nyika dzakashandisa mitoo yakasiana - siana yekusarurwa kwezera. Rooms Eality Directive (2000/78/EC) inorambidza kusarura kwezera mumabasa munyika dzose dziri nhengo, asi inobvumira ruramiso dzakavakirwa pazvinangwa zvemitemo zvebasa. United Kingdom’S Seality Act 2010 inoenderera mberi nokurambidza kusarura zera mugadziriro yezvinhu nemabasa, kwete basa chete. Iyi mienzaniso yenyika yose inopa dziviriro huru zvikuru uye kupfuurira kupfuudzira kweADE. Vamwe vatsigiri veU.U.S. inotsinhira kuti U.S. inofanira kugamuchira gadziriro yakafanana yokubvisa kusarura zera rakadaro mukuvakwa uye kunoitwa navashandi vematongerwe enyika.

Mugumo: Kudzika Nzvimbo Yepamutemo

Rusaruraganda muMusi weBasa reNhambo rwave rwuri dziviriro yakakomba nokuda kwavashandi vakura kwamakore anoda kusvika makumi matanhatu, asi ganhuriro dzarwo dzinooneka nenzira inowedzera mumugariro wemari inochinja. Zviitiko zvekuratidzira zvakadai se Gros uye [[FLT]] smith] v. Guta raJackg [[FLT]] rave] raderedza kusvika mutemo, nepo rwisano pamusoro pokuchinja kusarura, richibetsera gadziriro, uye ruzivo rwokugadzira zvinhu runopfuurira miitiro yokuwana mari inopfuurira kuparira kupfuuyisa. Vashandi vanofanira kuramba vakangwarira, sezvo EEOC uye maostertiffi echite. Chinjo inodzodzodzodzodzo dzinodzorwa neyamatsvarongedzero yebasa risingabviri mberi kwenguva dzose dzinobvira kupfurikidza neapote zera renguva dzose dzeADEA.

Nokuda kwavashandirwi vanotsvaka kuwirirana neADEA ndokudzivisa rondedzero inodhura, dziviriro yakanakisisa inzira inopfuurira: nzvera miitiro yose yebasa nokuda kwekusatora rutivi kwezera, pinza murovedzo kuderedza fungidziro yokusaziva, uye nguva dzose nyora zvikonzero zvine chokuita nenhau dzebasa. Vakwegura, vanofanirawo kuziva kuti ADEA inoramba iri chimwe chezvishandiso zvinoverengeka zvinowanika, uye kuti mitemo yehurumende nemitemo zvomunzvimbomo zvingapa dzimwe dziviriro. Hondo yokurwisana norusaruro rwezera iri kure nedariro yezveneidzo, asi nokuziva kuti basa rinofanira kuva nzvimbo uko zera rinoremekedzwa, risingatyiwi.

Nokuda kwamashoko akawanda pamusoro pemitemo yezera, shanyira EOC'S C'Arctic rhream peji[[FT:1] kana kuti hwirudzura U.S. Dhipatimendi rezviwanikwa zveBasa paADE. Kuwedzera, [FLT] National Conference of Legislatures inogovera kupfupikiswa kunobetsera kwehurumende yedziviriro dzevashandi vakura.[FLT]