Mhiko yapurezidhendi yebasa chinodikanwa chehwaro chokutora upurezidhendi muUnited States nemimwe mitemo mizhinji yebumbiro remitemo. Kure nokungovawo zvako, mhiko inomirira musengwa wakakomba wokutsigira Bumbiro remitemo nomutemo. Bva, revo chaiyoiyo yemhiko, uyo angaitora, uye migumisiro yokukundikana kuitora yave iri denho dzenhambo nenhambo asi dzapamutemo. Idzi dzakaedza miganhu yedudziro yemitemo, mipimo isingachinjiki, uye kuparadzana kwamasimba. Kunzwisisa nhau nezvinoitika zvakaumba nzvimbo yapamutemo yakapoteredza bhimbiso yapurezidhendi kunokosha nokuda kwokufunda upi noupi mutemo wemitemo, kudzora kwomutemo, kana kuti kuchinjwa kune rugare kwesimba.

Nyaya ino inoongorora denho dzapamutemo dzinocherekedzwa zvikurusa nemienzaniso inotonga ine chokuita nemhiko yapurezidhendi weUnited States, kubva pakutanga munhau yeUnited States kusvikira kumagakava azvino uno.

Mavambo Enhau Nemitemo EPurezidhendi weOath

Mhiko yapurezidhendi inonyorwa muChikamu II, Chikamu 1, Claus 8 cheBumbiro reMitemo reU.S.: "Asati apinda pakuitwa kweHofisi yake, achatora chinotevera kana kuti chisimbiso:(h) Ini ndinopika zvakakomba (kana kuti ndinosimbisa) kuti ndichatonga nokutendeka Hofisi yaPrezidhendi weUnited States, uye achasvika pakanakisisa yesimba rangu, anochengeta, anodzivirira nokudzivirira Bumbiro reMitemo reUnited States. Mutauro uyu hausati uri muenzaniso wokutora masimba namabasa eHwe. Pasina kuita mhiko, munhu haagoni kushandisa nenzira yapamutemo chiremera chebasa, nheyo inosimbiswa nguva dzose nokushandiswa kwenhau nerangariro.

Zviratidzo zvaibatanidza chinodikanwa chokusunga purezidhendi somunhu oga kuukuru hweBumbiro reMitemo. Mhiko inosimbisa kuti purezidhendi haasati ari mutongi asi mubatiri wemurayiro webumbiro remitemo. Bumbiro reMitemo Rinoziviswa [ zvinonyorwa, mhiko inobatira sebvumwa rapachena rebasa rapurezidhendi rokuchengeta gadziriro yebumbiro remitemo, kunyange apo inorwisana nechinodikanwa chakakurumbira kana kuti kupwiswa kwomunhu oga.

Zvinetso zvapamutemo zvinobvira kumhiko zvinogona kumuka panhambo dzakawanda: mukati menhimbe yapurezidhendi (yakadai segakava rokusawirirana), panguva yokutsaurira (kana mhiko ichirambwa kana kuti ichichinjwa), kana kuti gare gare muhofisi (kana purezidhendi achipomerwa kuputsa mhiko, sezvinobvira kunyandura kusabvumirana). Matare kazhinji kazhinji ave achingwarira pamusoro pokupindira mugakava dzakadaro, kazhinji kazhinji achidudza dzidziso yemibvunzo yezvamatongerwe enyika, asi akasimbisawo mienzaniso inokosha inorondedzera revo yapamutemo yemhiko yacho.

Zvisarudzo Zvapakuvamba: Muti Sechibvumirano Chebumbiro reMitemo

Mure Neagle (1890)

Mune re Neagle, 135 U.S. 1 (1890), haina kubatanidza zvakananga mhiko yapurezidhendi, yakatanga nheyo dzinokosha pamusoro poukuru hwechiremera chapurezidhendi muBumbiro reMitemo. Nhau yacho yamuka apo murwi wedare reU.S. akagoverwa kudzivirira Mutongi weDare Mukuru akaurawa, uye nyika yeCalifornia yaitsvaka kumuisa mutongo. Dare Rapamusoro raidavira kuti Purezidhendi ane simba rapamutemo rapamutemo rapamutemo rokuita zviito zvakafanira kuchengeta rugare nemutemo wehurumende, zvakatorwa murutivi kubva kumhiko yaPrente ku "chengetedza, uye kudzivirira chibvumirano. Mutengidziro wacho unogadza muenzaniso uyo unogona kubatira samanyuko ebasa apamutemo, kwete chipikirwa chapamutemo. [5]

Powell v. McCormack (1 969)

Mhaka yakakomba pamusoro pesimba rebasa rehurumende i Powell v. McCormack, 395 U.S. 486 (1969). Kunyange zvazvo iyi nhau yakabata neNhaka yeVamiririri yesimba rokubvisa mutezo wakasarudzwa nenzira inosarudzwa (Adam Collaton Por.), kurangarira kwayo kunoshanda kazhinji kazhinji kunheyo yokuti zvinodikanwa zvemitemo nokuda kwenzvimbo (hwubatanidza chinodikanwa chakakwana chapabumbiro (8) chisati chichigona kuwedzerwa neDare rapamusoro. Dare Rapamusoro rakachengetwa kuti, Chikamu 5 chechiremera chokutonga mamiriro ezvinhu emitezo yaro yemitezo yaro" inoganhurirwa kukwa kupfurikidza nemitemo. Kuenzanisira, kupfurikidza nokusimbisa chikwane Dare rinodudzwa muChikamu II, uye hakugoni kusimbiswa kuvimbika kwokuwedzera (zvinodikanwa) sezvinoitwa kunze kwechibvumirano.

Zvinetso Zvanhasi Zvokukunda Mazango

Kusawirirana Kwavagari Vomunyika Nemhoteredzo Nebasa Rakananga Reoath

Zvinetso zvakatanhamara zvinoverengeka pamusoro pemhiko yapurezidhendi zvakabatanidza chinodikanwa chamadenderedzwa nenzira isina kunanga. Nemhaka yokuti mhiko yacho yakabatana zvisingaparadzaniswi nezvikwaniriso zvebumbiro remitemo romutendi, kukakavadzana pamusoro pokuti mutengi wacho ndiye "Mugari wemo akaberekwa nenzira yomuzvarirwo" pasi peChikamu II, Chikamu 1, Chikamu 1, C5 C. Chikamu 1, Ckandaiase 5 chinobatanidza nharo pamusoro pemhiko. Somuenzaniso, mukati mechinodikanwa chapurezidhendi, kukwirirana kwamadare kwakaiswa mudare kwaidzodzo kuti Barack Obama kwaisafanira kuva purezidhendi. Zvinetso izvozvo zvakundikana zvikuru nemhaka yokushaiwa kumira kana kuti kukwani, zvimwe zvikamu zvinoramba zvichinzi zvigaro zvinonzi zviripo kana mudariro yakakwirira bedzi. Chisarudzo chavanhu chakakwirira nokuda kwezviito chakavakwa.

Chinoitika che Holister v. Soetoro[FT:1] [2009] nezvisarudzo zvakaderera zvedare zvinoratidzira nheyo yokuti mhiko haisati iri kuzvibatanidza kupfurikidza nemhosva dzapachivande; kuisa mutemo kuri zvikurukuru neDare, muitiro wekusarudza, uye mutoo wokusatendeseka. Kunyange zvakadaro, idzi nharo dzinosimbisa kuti mhiko haisati iri rezarafitiro yerabha.

Zvinetso Zvemaoresa Ehurumende uye Kusarudzwa Kwomushure Kwechitsama 2020

Pashure pekusarudza kwapurezidhendi kwa2020, kupomera kunoverengeka kwakaedza kudenha kuva nechokwadi kwezvinyorwa zvevhoti zvakavakirwa murutivi papomero dzokuti Purezidhendi purofesa (uye Purezidhendi gare gare) akanga asina kugutsa chinodikanwa chemhiko mupfungwa yokufungidzira (g., kupfurikidza nokukundikana ku "kudzosa" Dare reMitemo rinorwisana nemiitiro yakati yesarudzo). Iyi mhaka, yakadai se TExas v., yakadzingwa neDare rapamusoro nokuda kwokusamira pasi peChikamu III. Dare rakadzokororazve kuti "Oath of Office" muset orgom, asi harisi chisakiso chapagaro chebasa nokuda kwezviito zvokukwikwidza kana kuti zvikwa pashure penhau yezvamatongerwe enyika. Murangariro wezvamatongerwe enyika wakaitwa neAult Creault yaidzongedzerwe kuranga zvakarurama.

Muchina Wokuzvidzora Newokusava Nechokwadi: Kushandiswa Kwemakemikari Kwokupedzisira

Denho yakananga zvikurusa yapamutemo kukunamatira kwapurezidhendi kurumbidzo ndeyekuputsa. Bumbiro remitemo rinopa kuti purezidhendi abviswe panzvimbo pakuraira, uye kupwiswa kwe, "Kufunga, Chiokomuhomwe, kana kuti mamwe Matsotsi akakwirira naMisdemior. Munzira, mhiko yave iri pakati pezvinhu zvakawanda zvokusabvumirana. Somuenzaniso, mukupikiswa kwaAndrew Johnson (1868), imwe nyaya yakamupomera kuputsa mhiko kupfurikidza nokukundikana namaune kuuraya Mutemo weTowe. Inyaya dzinopesana naBill Clinton (Z $56) hadzina kududza zvakajeka mhiko, asi mufambiro pasi pomupiki wacho wakashonga kuputsa mutemo wokuita mitemo. Chirevonekisi chokutanga chinorwisana naDonaldne (9) chinopomerwa nesimba rake rokusasarura nesimba rake rokuvhotera nokudzorwa, izvo zvakapikirwawo murutsidzira mumugariro wake wokunze, izvo zvakapikirwa kudzivirira nenzira youdzo yechipiri nokuda kwokutendeka nokuda kwokutendeka kwechienzi "wna].

Nepo Dare risina mhaka muidzi nhau dzose, muitiro wokusabvumirana unoratidzira kuti mhiko haisati iriwo zvayo donzo(idzo inogadza mupimo womufambiro unogona kushandiswa kuva nomudariro wapurezidhendi. Sateate appending kutonga [[] inoshanda sechibvumirano chebumbiro remitemo nokuda kwokuputsa kana zviito zvapurezidhendi zvichiputsa mhiko. Zvikurukuru, Dare Rapamusoro rakarangarira kuti kusava nomuganhu wezvinetso zvezvamatongerwe enyika kunowanzova mibvunzo yezvamatongerwe enyika, somu [[FLT:] NCON]. United [FLT] v[FLT]] [FLT] [93] [93] (inoreva simba reDare redare) rokuedza).

Nheyo Dzapamutemo Dzakanyanya Nedzidziso Dzinokurira Zvinetso Zvemaoath

Dzidziso Yemibvunzo Yezvamatongerwe Enyika

Zvinetso zvapamutemo zvakawanda kumhiko youpurezidhendi zvakabviswa mudzidziso yenhau yezvamatongerwe enyika, iyo inorangarira kuti nhau dzakati dzebumbiro remitemo dzinopiwa kumapazu ezvamatongerwe enyika (Chonag kana kuti Chirevedzo) uye naizvozvo hadzina kuhwirudzurwa nematare. Mumashoko akapoteredza emhiko, nharo pamusoro pokuti purezidhendi aita mhiko nenzira yakafanira here, kana kuti kana kuti kana kusagamuchirika kwapurezidhendi kunoshanda kwakanaka kunoshanda, kazhinji kazhinji kazhinji kunorangarirwa senhau dzezvamatongerwe enyika kuti dzipedzwe neKoreji inosarudzwa, Congress, kana kuti kupfurikidza negadziriro yetsika. Mhaka ye [FLT: 0]] yapa. [1962]) yakatanga gadziriro yokusarudza apo mubvunzo wezvamatongerwe enyika, uye matare akainoita kuibatanidza nguva dzose kuipikisa.

Kumira

Kunyange apo denho yapamutemo inoruramiswa, vatongi vanofanira kuratidzira kumira: kuvadziko yekongiri, kudzorwa, uye kugadziriswa. Kupomera mhiko kwakawanda kunowirirana kwave kuchiunzwa navagari vemo voga, vanoda kutemwa, kana kuti vakuru vakuru vehurumende. Dare rinowanzowana kuti fariro huru mukuona Bumbiro remitemo risingakwaniswi. Somuenzaniso, mu Lujan v. Vatsigiri veWildlife [1992], Dare Gurusa rinonamira zvinodiwa. Somuuyo, `oath redigigit") ose akakundikana nemhaka yokuti vapangi vemutenzi vaisava nedanda ravose.

Kusatendeseka uye Kukura Kwesimba Rinotungamirira

Imwe nheyo inokosha ndeyokuti mhiko imene inopa masimba maduku. Mune re negale yakakarakadza mhiko inogona kureva chiremera chakaganhurirwa, zvinoitika gare gare zvakadai se Protown perse & Tube Co. v. Sayer[FLT] [52] yakasimbisa kuti simba raPurezidhendi rinofanira kutangira paBumbiro remitemo kana kuti chiito cheDare, kwete kubva kumhiko yoga. Mu [[FLTLT:]] Proffrandt , Dare rakarova Purezidhendi pamisitoridhendi mukati me rehondo, achiramba chibvumikiso chokuti "kudzivirira, uye kudzivirira chiremera chomuteshiviro yeYakanwa. Muno iri basa risati riri basa.

Muoath Somutoo Unorwisana Nemamiriro Ezvinhu Akaipa

Nyanzvi dzemitemo dzakaitirana nharo kana mhiko iri chikwaniriso chebumbiro remitemo chakatsiga (sezera kana kuti kuva mugari wemo) kana kuti muenzaniso wenhau (sekutora nhano inodikanwa pamberi pokutora nzvimbo). Mashoko eChikamu II, Chikamu 1, Claus 8()" asati apinda pakuitwa kweHofisi yake, achatora chikwaniriso chinotevera. Muneidzo iyi nemhaka yokuti kana mhiko iri mamiriro ezvinhu. Nemhaka yokuti kana kuti mamiriro ezvinhu haasati aitawo, ipapo purezidhendi uyo akatora nzvimbo asingapikingi chibvumirano (g.g., nemhaka yekurumidziro) angasangova asina kukwanisika, asi gare gare gare kutora mhiko. Mukuita chibvumirano chacho hachibvumidzo hachibvumirwi. Mune Hurumende Calvin Coodge akaita chibvumirano paAugust 3, 1923, pashure pokufa, baba vake, vaisarumirirwa, uye vasingaiti chibvumirano chakabvumirwa pamutemo.

Kuenzanisa Zvinhu: Zvinetso Mune Dzimwe Nharo

Nepo nyaya ino ichinangidzira ngwariro pamutemo weUnited States, kwakafanira kucherekedza kuti mamwe marudzi akawanda akatarisana nedenho dzapamutemo pamusoro pemhiko dzoupurezidhendi kana kuti dzoukuru. Somuenzaniso, muna 2017, Dare rapamusorosoro reIndia rakarangarira kana munhu akasarudzwa kunzvimbo angagona kukwaniriswa nokuda kwokukundikana kuita mhiko inobatanidza kunamatwa kwehurumende. Mumarudzi anoverengeka eAfrica, matare akazvidza zviito zvapurezidhendi panzvimbo idzo mukuru mukuru mukuru wehurumende akanga asina kuita mhiko yenzvimbo. Iyi nhau yamarudzi ose inoratidza kuti mirangariro yapamutemo yemhiko youpurezidhendi haisi yechienzi kuUnited States; anoratidzira nheyo yemitemo yenyika yose yokuti mhiko igadziriro yokuchengeta suo nokuda kwechiremera chapamutemo.

Nhau Dzinoitika: Zvinetso Zvemaoresa Muzera Rava Nemadhigirii

Zvinetso zvazvino uno zvapamutemo zvakamukawo pamusoro porudzi rwemhiko. Ko purezidhendi anogona kutora mhiko kure kana kuti kupfurikidza nemusangano wevhidhiyo here? muna 2021, miitiro yokutsaurira yenguva dzose yakamutsa mibvunzo ine chokuita nedenda, asi hakuna denho yapamutemo yakabuda. Zvisinei, sezvo kutora rutivi kwapamberi muhurumende kuchiva kwakakurumbira zvikuru, mubvunzo wokuti kuvapo chaikoiko kwemhiko kungadikanwa nokuda kwechinodikanwa. Mukuwedzera, kuita zvapamutemo kunopfuurira: mamwe mapoka akaedza kuunza mhaka dzokutaura kuti mashoko ekare echiito (akadai sokushatisa masimba masimba kana kuti kuputsa mutemo) anoumba kupesana kweidi yemhiko yemhiko yemhiko ku "Tendedzero yeBumbiro remitemo," nokudaro. Dare rakazvidzisaidzosa izvozvi sezvisati zviripo kana kuti zvisako.

mhedziso

Zvinetso zvapamutemo zvine chokuita nemhiko yapurezidhendi zvinobatanidza nzvimbo yakamanikana asi inokosha mumutemo webumbiro-mitemo. Chipikirwa icho chimene chinodikanwa . zvose zviri zviviri chikwaniriso nemupimo nokuda kwokutora kuva sachigaro. Zvisinei, kushanda kwacho kunowirirana chose chose namapazu ezvamatongerwe enyika: Congress mukugadza mavhota, Dare mukuvhotera, uye kuvhota. Madare anoramba kupindira mumhiko, [FLT:], [5] Kubva kwapa, uye kuremekedza kuparadza kwamasimba masimba. [FF], mienzaniso inotangwa mumitengo [[FLT], mumitengo yapamutemo, uye kuzivisa rugwaro rwapamutemo., zvinonzi zvinotenderwa.

Kunzwisisa izvi zvinoitika nenheyo zvinokosha nokuda kwomunhu upi noupi anodzidza mutemo webumbiro remitemo, kudzora, kana kuti kuchinja kworugare kwesimba. Mhiko yapurezidhendi inoramba iri inopfuura tsika; musengwa wapamutemo unobatanidza mufambiro womukuru mukuru kuBumbiro remitemo rimene. Nokuda kwokuravazve, bvunza chitsama cheChikamu II uye shoozezi ye yenhau dzeDare rapamusorosoro [[FLT]].