Sumo

Pachikamu chikuru chemitemo iyi, mutemo unoda kuti mutemo utengwe usati wadzivirirwa, kuti mutemo ushande usati watanga kuongorora kuti paine kariro yakanaka yokuva voga. Vaparidzi vanoongorora pakombiyuta vanoongorora kuti vaone kana vapasa vachiratidza kuti chii chinokonzera kuti vapindire. Nyaya ino inoongorora kuti panofanira kuva nemitemo inoshanda pakuongorora maatomu, uye kuti pane zvinetso zvinovapo kana paine uchapupu hunovakwa nejeri kana kuti miganhu yemiganhu.

Hwaro Hwepamutemo Hwevaitsigira Kuongorora Kwemapepa

Kuongorora kweChokwadi kweChina kweBumbiro Remitemo reUnited States kunopa mukana wokubvumira kuti paitwe zvinodiwa pakuongorora kwemhosva, kusanganisira kubiridzira pakombiyuta uye kuba mashoko okuzivikanwa nevanhu, kunodzivirira vanhu pakutsvakurudza kusina musoro uye kubatwa nepfari, uye Dare Repamusorosoro ragara richidavira kuti kuongorora pasina chikonzero kunoratidza kuti hakuna musoro kana pasina uchapupu hunotaurwa.

Chapakati pakunzvera kwacho i “kariro ine mufungo yechivande” yomuedzo wakatangwa mu Katz v. United States (1967). Vanhu vamwe navamwe vanochengeta kariro yakadaro muzviri mukati meemail dzavo, magwaro akachengetwa mumaakaundi egore, uye mashoko pamusoro pemashandiro omunhu oga. Apo mutemo unotsvaka kuwana aya mashoko, unofanira kuwana kazhinji kazhinji kazhinji chiratidzo chinotsigirwa nezvikonzero zvinobvira. Chisarudzo chechiratidzo mu Carplatent v. United States[FLT:] (20) kutambanurira uku kuidzo kuzvinyorwa zveseroko, uchiita kuti kusvikirirwe mashoko enhau anoda pamutemo kuzivisa mashoko anobva mumashoko akadaro.

Kukura kwoufakazi hwemichina kwakasundawo kugadziridza mitemo yetsika. Federal Rulage of Criminal Procediture 41, somuenzaniso, yakagadziridzwa kuti ipedze kunzvera makombiyuta nezvinogadzirwa namagetsi. Zvino inobvumira vatongi kupa magwaro okutora mashoko akachengetwa kunze kweruwa uko rugwaro runobudiswa, kana migariro yakati ikaitwa / urongwa hwakakomba hwokunzvera paIndaneti uko kazhinji kazhinji kunopamura mibatanidzwa mizhinji.

Nokuda kwokupetwa kune udzame kweMitemo Yechina inodzivirira zera remipimo, ona [[FLT: 0] Cornell Legal Information Institute’s Fourter Amendment [[FLT: 1].

Zvinodikanwa Zvokuwana Mushandi

Kuti awane gwaro rokutsvaka pachishandiswa unyengeri pakombiyuta, mutemo unofanira kugutsa zvinodiwa nebumbiro remitemo uye mitemo.

Chisakiso Chinosarudzwa

Chisakiso chinobvumikiswa chinoda kuti, pahwaro hwose hwemigariro, pane bviro yakanaka kuti ufakazi hweutsotsi huchawanwa panzvimbo inoda kusechwa. Mukunzvera kwemichina, ikoku kungabatanidza kuratidza kuti kombiyuta inonyumwirwa ine ufakazi hwekuvimbwa, kuti nhauro yegore ine zvinyorwa zvemhosho dzemari dzenhema, kana kuti kuti kero chaiyo yeIP yakashandiswa kuratidzira kunyengera. Affidavit inofanira kujekesa maidi chaiwoirwo chaiwo nechero yetsotsi kupfurikidza nokunyumwira mubato woutsotsi munzvimbo kana kuti chishandiso chokunzvera.

Kurondedzera

Gemende Rechina Refusion inoda kuti zvibvumidze kuti nzvimbo itsaurwe uye vanhu kana kuti zvinhu zvinofanira kutorwa. Mumashoko akapoteredza emichina, zvikurukuru kwakaoma zvikuru nemhaka yokuti chishandiso chimwe chingava namatendi emashoko emunhu oga asina kuwirirana nokunzvera. Matare akaraira zvikuru kuti zvibvumikiso zvijekese rudzi rwemashoko atsvakwa (g., marekodhi ezvemari, kurukurirano navanyajambwa vakazivikanwa) uye mitoo inofanira kushandiswa mukutsvaka nokuwadza nokuwana nayo. Kupfuura zvibvumikiso zvinobvumira “kuwana vose njodzi.

Kuzviisa Pasi Kwakanaka

Mukuru mukuru anofanira kutumira chitupa chakapikirwa chinopa hwaro hwechokwadi nokuda kwechingabvira. Affidavit inofanira kuva yakavakirwa pazivo yomunhu oga kana kuti runyerekupe rwakavimbika, uye haifaniri kuva nemashoko asina kururama kana kuti kusiiwa. Muzvinoitika zveIndaneti, affidavit inowanzobatanidza udzame hwemifungo pamusoro pokuti ufakazi hwemichina hunochengetwa sei, basa ravatsigiri vebasa, uye nhano dzakatorwa kuti vazivise kunyumwiswa.

Kutenderwa Kutonga

Gazi rokusatora rutivi uye akasununguka anohwirudzura nhambo yedare uye, kana akagutswa kuti chisakiso chinobvira chiripo uye kodzero inosvitsa zvinodikanwa zvakati, inopa maruramiro. Chikumbiro chinofanira kududza nguva mukati macho chinofanira kuitwa. (zvikurukuru mazuva 14 pasi pomutemo wehurumende, kunyange zvazvo dzimwe nyika dzine nhambo pfupi. Kuitwa kwemurayiro wacho kunofanira kunamatirawo kumitemo yomubatanidzwa nehurumende pamusoro pezvinodikanwa zvokudimburira nokudzika, kunyange zvazvo kunzvera kwemitengo yemitengo kusati kuchibatanidza nguva dzose kupinda kwomuviri.

Department of Justice yeU.S. inochengeta nhungamiro yakakwana pakunzvera nokubata makombiyuta, ayo ano udzame zvinodikanwa zvetsika nokuda kwokuwana ufakazi hwemipimo. Ona [[FLT: 0] DOJ’S Compoter Crime and Intellical Precule Comment.

Marudzi Evatengesi Nemirayiridzo Mumhosva Dzekubiridzira Dzinoitwa MuchiCyber

Kupfuura kuongorora kunoitwa nevemakombiyuta, kuongorora kwemakombiyuta kunowanzosanganisira mitemo yezvemitemo inoenderana nezvinotumirwa pakombiyuta uye mashoko akachengetwa.

Tsvaka Zvinoshandiswa Pakugadzira Zvinhu Zvemagetsi

Chishandiso chinozivikanwa zvikurusa ibvumidzo inobvumira kubvuta kwomuviri kwekombiyuta, foni, kana kuti kombiyuta. Pakarepo vaongorori vangagadzira mufananidzo webumbiro rezvinhu ndokuzvinzvera kuti vawane ufakazi. Chibvumikiso chinofanira kubvumira kunzvera chishandiso chacho chimene, uye matare akarangarira kuti zvinodikanwa chaizvo zveFreadmersion zvinoshanda kumashoko pamwe chete neharnergion.

Bhizimisi Repeni uye Musungo Nemirayiridzo

Pen inonyora kuti inobata nhamba dzinobuda, nepo musungo nemidziyo zvinopinza zvitapu zvinobata nhamba dzinopinda. Pasi peTitle 18 U.S.C. 3121, iyi mirairo inoda chibvumikiso kubva kuiswa kwapamutemo kuti mashoko anokosha kukunzvera kunopfuurira. Haadi chisakiso chinobvira, asi haabvumiri kudzorwa kwezviri mukati mekurukurirano. Pakunzvera kwokuwana mashoko, mashoko okunyoresa anogona kubetsera mapu ekurukurirano inoshandiswa kuvanyajambwa vechipfuro kana kuti mubato wokunyengera.

Mirayiridzo yefoni (Title III)

Kubatanidza zviri mukurukurirano chaidzoidzo dzenguva ino , zvakadai sefoni kana kuti mashoko anokurumidza —requres shoo yeTitle III yewatentap pasi pe 18 U.S.C. . . . . indiro yakakwirira zvikurusa yapamutemo, inoda kuti chisakiso chokuti mhaka chaiyo iri kuitwa, kuti kurukurirano pamusoro poutsotsi ichamiswa, uye kuti dzimwe unyanzvi dzekuongorora dzakakundikana kana kuti dzine ngozi zvikuru. Mirairo yemafoni yakaganhurirwa munguva yakati kuti idikanwe nguva dzose kudare.

Mirairidzo Yekurukurirano Yakachengetwa (SCA)

Musi weVed Communications Act (18 U.S.C. 2701-2712), kuchengetwa kwomutemo kungawana mashoko ezvinyoreso, zvinyorwa zvemari inotengeserwa, uye zvirimo zvekurukurirano dzamagetsi zvakachengetwa kupfurikidza nemitengo yakasiana-- siyana yebasa. Nokuda kwezvinyorwa zvizhinjisa zvirimo (g., maemail akachengetwa kwamazuva anopfuura 180), rugwaro rwokunzvera runotsigirwa nechinhu chinobvira chinodikanwa. Nokuda kwezvinyorwa zvisati zviripo (g., zita, mashandiro, maza, mazati, IP), zvisaririra kana kuti dare pasi pe 18%S.C. 2703 (d) kungaringana.

Nhevedzo Yakachengetwa Uye Yakagadzirwa

Kuti ufakazi husaparadzwa, kuchengetwa kwemitemo kunogona kubudisa chikumbiro chokuchengetedzwa kumushandisi wekurukurirano yemagetsi weU.S. ISAYA 2703 pasi pe 18 U.S.f. Mutarisiri anofanira kuchengeta zvinyorwa zviripo kwamazuva 90 (zvichimutsirwazve) apo rugwaro kana kuti imwe nhevedzano inowanwa. Mirayiro yeMitemo inomanikidza mushandi kuzivisa zvinyorwa zvakati kuhurumende.

Nokuda kwokupinda kwakadzama zvikuru muSCA nokushanda kwayo nedziviriro dzeGadziro yeChina, nzvera [[FLT: 0] Expronic Frontial Foundation’s zvondo[.

Uchapupu Hwokushandisa Madhigirii Kubatsira Vamwe

Kuongorora kwokunyengera kweCyber kunoratidza zvipingamupinyi zvakasiyana nezvisiri munzvero dzetsika.

Kuoma Kunzwisisa

Ufakazi hwenhamba hunogara kazhinji kazhinji pavashandiri vari munyika dzakasiyana- siyana. Pasi peChibvumirano cheTendeko, dare rine chiremera pamusoro pemhosva kana kuti mugove ringapa chibvumikiso. Zvisinei, apo mitati yemajeri inochengetwa kune imwe nyika, Microsoft Ireland[ Act [United States v.Microsoft Corp. 2018] yakajekesa kuti magwaro emhuri pasi peSCA haasviki mashoko akachengetwa pavashandisi vokumwe nyika. Izvi zvakatungamirira kupfuudzira mutemo pamusoro peSangano dzeDS (CLOUD) Act, inobvumidza kumanikidza U.S.-akekedzwa kubudisa mashoko pasinei zvapo paaipo yaapo, inogoverwa mukati migove yepamutemo.

Zvishandiso Zvakawanda Nenhoroondo Dzemakore

Kubiwa kwemashoko kungava nokunyepera kwapaindasi, mapepa okuchengetera makore ane zvibvumikiso zvakabiwa, nzvimbo inofambidzana neveInternet inoshandiswa nokuda kwokuzviratidza, uye foni ine apps dzinosimbisa. Nzvimbo imwe neimwe yemakombiyuta ingada rugwaro rwakasiyana kana kuti revo yapamutemo. Kuchengetwa kwemitemo kunofanira kurondedzera nokungwarira nhoroondo imwe neimwe, basa, uye chishandiso mukutsigira maaffidavits kudzivisa kudzvinyirira ufakazi panzvimbo dzakati.

Kunyora Nheyo Nezvigadzirwa Zvinoshandiswa Nenzira Dzokurwisa

Makombiyuta azvino uno anowanzoshandisa kunyorwa kwemashoko zvakasimba, kuita kuti mashoko asava nyore kunyange kana chawa ikomu. Hurumende ingatsvaka kumanikidza munyumwiri kuti avhure chishandiso kupfurikidza nechibvumikiso chinobatanidza chinodikanwa kugovera madata ezvokushandisa (g., chidhindo cheminwe) kana kuti shoko rokurega. Madare akapesana pakuti kana kumanikidza shoko rekuti itsive inoputsa kodzero yeFindber Amendment pairramendime. Mamwe masangano anoramba achibudisa shoko rokuti shoko rokuti upindurire chiito chine ufakazi, nepo mamwe anobata kupfachura kupfura senzvimbo isingaregi. Chinyorwa chinoramba chiri nzvimbo inokakavanwa zvikuru yomutemo.

Vari Kuda Kushanda uye Mashoko Anorarama

Ufakazi hwemakombiyuta hunogona kuva hwekudzima. Email ingabviswa, nhau yesocial network inobviswa, kana kuti kombiyuta yakabviswa kure. Chisakiso chinogona kuva chisingashandi kana nguva yakawandisa pakati pezvinoitika zvinopa chimutsiro kuchimwe chikonzero nekuuraya. Kudzikamisa mutemo kunofanira kuita chiito nokukurumidza, zvikurukuru pakutsvaka mashoko ayo anofungidzirwa angadzima pakudzidza kunzvera. Mamwe matare anogamuchira nguva pfupi yokuoma kwemichina nokuda kwoufakazi hwemichina hunowirirana neTB.

Matambudziko Nezvakaitika Pakazoitwa Mitemo

Nyaya dzakawanda dzinoratidza kuti zvinhu zvakawanda zviripo dzakaumba mitemo inoshanda pakubiridzira paIndaneti uye pakuongorora kutemwa kwezvitupa zvemunhu.

Riley v. California (2014)

Dare Repamusorosoro rakabvuma kuti mapurisa anowanzoda gwaro rokuongorora zviri muchakaitika cheserura kuti vasungwe.Dare rakaziva kuti serura “makambani” ane mashoko akawanda emunhu oga, uye chiitiko chokutsvaka kuti vasaenderane hachishandi pakombiyuta. iyi chisarudzo chinokanganisa zvakananga kuongorora kwokubirwa kwezvizivikanwo uko runhare rweanofungidzirwa rungava nouchapupu hwokubiridzira.

Carpbate v. United States (208)

Mu Karplate, Dare rakatonga kuti kuwana mashoko enzvimbo yesero renhau kubva kumunhu anotakura magetsi kunoumba nzvero yeChina yeFindremendment uye kazhinji kazhinji inoda pamutemo. Mhaka yacho yakaramba dzidziso yechitatu yemativi echitatu (iyo yakanga yaita kuti mashoko akagoveranwa nenzira yokuzvidira nomuridzi haadzivirirwi.) mumashoko akapoteredza emichina yemichina yemichina yekombiyuta. Chisarudzo chacho chine retepfekedzo yenwo yokunzvera paIndaneti inotsamira pamashoko enzvimbo kuti itsaudzei kunyurira kumiitiro yokunyengera.

United States v. Ganias (2016)

Mu , Nhambo Yechipiri yaidavira kuti kurangarira kwechionioni mufananidzo wekutyaira kwakaoma, pashure penhambo yekuraira kwapera, kwakaputsa Hurumende yeChina. Dare rakasimbisa kuti hurumende haigoni kuchengeta mashoko anoramba asingazivikanwi. Nhau iyi inosimbisa kukosha kwokuderedza kunzvera magiramu kuuchapupu hwakajeka hunorondedzerwa murugwaro.

Kutsvakazve Foni Yemasero (2023)

Nguva pfupi yapfuura, Dare Redunhu re11 rakataura kuti mutemo unoda kuti anofungidzirwa avhure runhare nezvinogadzirwa hauna kuputsa Mutezo Wechishanu nokuti chiito chokubata reza yacho chakanga chisiri ufakazi.

Nokuda kwokunzverwa kwenzira iyo iyi mienzaniso inoshanda nayo kunzverwa kunopfuurira, SCOTUSlog inogovera nhau dzakapetwa zvikuru netsinhiro.

Kutsvakwa Kunoshanda Kwokumanikidzwa Kwomutemo uye Vakatambudzwa

Kunzwisisa zvinodiwa kuti munhu abvumirwe hakusi kungodzidza chete; kunokanganisa chaizvo zvinoitwa nemapurisa uye vaya vanobirwa zviziviso uye vanobiridzirwa paIndaneti.

Nokuda Kwokusimbiswa kwoMutemo

Vanzveri vanofanira kushanda zvikuru navachuchisi kuti varonge zvibvumikiso zvinogutsa chisakiso chinobvira nechakananga. Ikoku kazhinji kazhinji kunobatanidza kurangarira kuti ufakazi hwemifungo hunochengetwa sei, chikonzero nei sezvingabvira huine ufakazi hwoutsotsi, uye chikonzero nei ufakazi husingagoni kuwanwa kupfurikidza nemitoo mishoma inopfuudza. Kurovedza pamatractics uye kugadziridzwa kwapamutemo kunokosha, sezvo mutemo unopfuurira kuvapotedza. Kupfuurirazve, masangano anofanira kuva nemitemo yokuwana miraudzo yokuchengetedza nokukurumidza kudzivisa kuchengetwa.

Nokuda Kwavanyajambwa

Vabirwa zviziviso kazhinji kazhinji vanoita basa rinokosha mukunzvera kupfurikidza nokushuma mhaka yacho, kugovera ufakazi, uye kuchengeta ufakazi. Mutemo ungada kuwana rugwaro rwokuwana nhauro yanyajambwa amene kana ichishandiswa kunyengera (muchib., email yakasaririra). Vanyajambwa vanofanira kupiwa zano rokusakanganisa nemidziyo kana kuti nhau idzo dzingava noufakazi, uye kushuma utsotsi nokukurumidza.

Miitiro Yakanakisisa Yokuchengetedza Uchapupu

Zvose zviri zviviri kuchengetwa kwomutemo navananyajambwa vanogona kubetserwa nokunzwisisa miitiro yokuchengeta. Somuenzaniso, vatarisiri veemail vazhinji vanobvumira vanoshandisa kuisa zvisungo zvapamutemo paakaundi yavo. Vatarisiri vebasa vangapa matare okuchengetedza mutemo nokuda kwokugovera zvikumbiro. Kuvapo kwenhevedzano yokuchengetedza kunogona kutenga nguva apo rugwaro rwuri kugadzirirwa.

mhedziso

Varwi vanoramba vachingoda kutevedzana zvakasimba mukuvakwa kwemazita uye kubiridzirwa kwekombiyuta. Vanobatira sedziviriro pakudzivisa kupindira kwehurumende nepo vachigonesa kuunganidzwa kwoufakazi hwemichina hunowanzokosha kuratidza kuva nemhaka. Gadziriro yeChina, sezvinotsanangurwa neDare Gurusa, inoraira kuomerera zvakasimba kuitwe kuti ive nechikonzero, kuva ani, uye kutungamirira kwedare. Panguva imwe cheteyo, kushanduka kweruzivo rwezvinhu nechinhu (kubva pachinhu chinonzi ioctive reconfictal projects) zvichipfuurira kuedza miganhuro yemitemo iripo. Mutemo uye varadzi vemitemo vanofanira kuramba vachiziviswa pamusoro pezvinoitika mumutemo, mutemo, uye zvishandiso zvokuongorora kuti zvisimbiswe kuti zvibvumirwe uye kuti uchapupu hurambe huchienderana nokukoshatsa muganhu.