Kuisa mazita mudare guru kunomirira mumwe wemitoro inoguma yapiwa Purezidhendi neDare reUnited States. Uku kugadza kunoumba nzvimbo yepamutemo kwamakumi amakore anouya, sezvo ruramisiro dzinogadzwa nokuda kwoupenyu, kuita kuti kuisa kumwe nokumwe kuve nguva inokosha mukudzora kweAmerica. Kunzwisisa mibato yeiyi gadziriro kunosimbisa vagari vemo kuita zvine revo rimwe remabasa anokosha zvikurusa egadziriro yedu yedemocracy.

Chikonzero Nei Dare Rapamusoro Zvikurusa Richinetsa Kutonga

Kugadzwa kweChiratidzo cheDare Gurusa chinoitika chine revo huru mumatongerwe enyika eAmerica, sezvo kugadzwa kumwe nokumwe kuri kwomuuyo nemhaka yesimba gurusa rokutonga Dare Rapamusorosoro rinorovedza sedare rapamusoro zvikurusa mudare redare redare rehurumende. Zvisarudzo zveDare zvinotapura mativi ose oupenyu hweAmerica, kubva kurusununguko rwomunhu oga nekodzero dzokuvhota kumuitiro woutano nemirau yemhoteredzo.

Dare Rapamusorosoro rinobatira sedare rapamusoro zvikurusa munyika yacho, uye apo zvisarudzo zvinoitwa namatare akaderera, vanhu vanobatanidzwa mumhaka idzodzo vanogona kusarudza kukwidza chisarudzo kuDare Rapamusorosoro, iro rine kutaura kwokupedzisira, kuita muitiro wokukumbira kunoreva kuti Dare Rapamusorosoro ndicho chisarudzo chokupedzisira nokuda kwaavo vanotsvaka ruramisiro mumutemo. iyi nzvimbo yechienzi mutsika yokutonga yeAmerica inoita kuti kuumbwa kweDare kuve kunokosha zvikuru.

Dare racho rinoitirwa kudzivirira kodzero dzedu dzevagari vemo nerusununguko kupfurikidza nokuputsa mitemo inoputsa Bumbiro Remitemo, uye nepo nhau mumatare epasi kazhinji kazhinji dzichiedza kupindura kana mutemo wakateverwa, nhau dzeDare Rapamusoro kazhinji kazhinji dzinosarudza kana mutemo uchibvumirwa muBumbiro Remitemo redu, uchishanda senzvero pamasimba amapazu emitemo neanotungamirira uye kuvimbisa kuti mativi makuru muchiverengero chedu chavagari vemo haagoni kudarika mitemo inoputsa maruramiro evoruzhinji.

Fandesheni yeBumbiro reMitemo Rokuisa Mashoko

Muitiro wokugadza Ruramisiro kuDare Rapamusorosoro unogoverwa muBumbiro reMitemo reU.S. mumashoko mashomanene bedzi, sezvo "Kugadza Claus" muBumbiro reMitemo (Article II, Chikamu 2, chitsama 2) unotaura kuti Purezidhendi "achasarudza, uye kupfurikidza uye neChikarakadzo neRevoidzo yeDare, achagadza Vatongi veDare rapamusorosoro," uye apo muitiro wokugadza Ruramisiro wavera marusapfuura mazana maviri amakore, rutivi rwawo runokosha zvikurusa runodudza `kugoverana kwesimba pakati paPurezidhendi neDare Jehohase kwakaramba kusina kuchinjwa.

Bumbiro reMitemo hariisi zvikwaniriso zvipi nezvipi zvebasa seruramisiro, nokudaro purezidhendi angasarudzira munhu upi noupi kuti abatire muDare.Izvozvi zvinoreva kuti hakuna zvinodikanwa zvebumbiro remitemo pamusoro pezera, ugari hwenzvimbo, rovedzo yapamutemo, kana kuti ruzivo rwokuzviwanira rwokutonga.

MuBumbiro reMitemo, Vatongi paDare Rapamusorosoro vanochengeta hofisi "mutsika yakanaka," chaizvoizvo vachigamuchira chaizvoizvo kugadzwa kwoupenyu hwose kuDare, uye vakambosimbiswa, Vatongi vangachengeta nzvimbo kwenguva refu chero bedzi vachirarama kana kuti kutozosvikira vadzika nokuzvidira, nechengeteko yakadaro yebasa muhurumende yehurumende yakarongerwa bedzi vatongi uye, kupfurikidza negadziriro yemitemo, yakaitirwa kuvimbisa kuzvimirira kwehurumende yehurumende yedare rapamutemo kubva kuna Purezidhendi neCongress.

Apo Kuvharwa Kunoitika

Gadziriro yokuisa zita mudare reDare guru reUnited States inovamba apo nzvimbo inomuka paDare, zvikurukuru nemhaka yokurega basa, kana kuti rufu rweruramisiro yokugara. Mapurezidhendi gumi okupedzisira ave, paavhareji, mumwe nomumwe akaisa matare matatu eDare Gurusa, kunyange zvazvo nhamba chaiyoiyo inosiyana zvikuru zvichitsamira pakuti kutora nzvimbo kunoitika rini mukati menhambo yapurezidhendi.

Dare rinotarisira harifaniri kumirira kusvikira nzvimbo yatoitika paDare kuti ritange kunzvera mamiriro ezvinhu evangada kunzi vamiririri, sezvo nokukurumidza pashure pokunge Purezidhendi George W. Bush apikirwa kupinda muhofisi muna 2001, vashandi vake vakatanga kuronga ndaza yezvinobvira uye kunzvera zvinhu zvakakura pamusoro pavo. Iyi gadziriro inobvumira mapurezidhendi kupindura nokukurumidza zvikuru apo nzvimbo ichaitika.

Kwave kune mhatsa muurefu hwenguva pakati apo kwaizivikanwa kuti kwakanga kune kana kuti kwaizova nenzvimbo paDare uye apo Purezidhendi akazivisa pachena vavariro yake yokuisa munhu akati nokuda kwenzvimbo yacho, seapo Mutongi anodzika muDare kana kuti anofa ari muhofisi, Purezidhendi pane dzimwe nguva anokurumidza zvikuru, achisarudza mukoma wavo mukati mevhiki rimwe rokuziviswa, naPurezidhendi Resants uye George H. W. Bush anosarudza vazhinjisakawandasa veDare ravo reDare guru mukati mamazuva oRumbidzo dzinozivisa pachena magariro avo muDare.

Gadziriro Yokusarudza yaPurezidhendi

Iyi nhano yokutanga inokosha ikodzero yaPurezidhendi, inosimbiswa muChikamu II, Chikamu 2 cheBumbiro reMitemo reU.S., icho chinobvumira Purezidhendi kuisa ruramisiro "neMazano uye nebvumirano yeDare," uye aichimbova nzvimbo yapamutemo kana kuti yakatarisirwa, Purezidhendi anonzvera zvikuru navatsigiri vemitemo, kubatanidza nyanzvi dzezvamatongerwe enyika, vanovimba, uye kazhinji kazhinji vamiriri, kuzivisa vakwani vakakodzera.

Mitezo yeveWhite House inobata kutsiva nokurumbidza vanganzi iDare gurusa, uye mukushandisa, basa rokuita nzvero yapashure nokugadzirira rondedzero dzavanobvira nokuda kweDare rapamusorosoro ndirimwe rokutanga kuitwa navashandi vapurezidhendi vari kuuya, nzvimbo kana kuti kwete. Uyu muitiro wakakwana unobetsera kuziva nhau dzingabvira Dare Gurusauriro risati raziviswa pachena.

Kuongorora uku kunobatira zvinangwa zvakawanda: kunobatsira kuona kuti zvingangotsigirwa kana kuti kushorwa, kunobvumira vatevedzeri kugovera mashoko anobatsira vanenge vachida kunzi vapiwe, uye kunogona kupfavisa nzira yokusimbisa nokukurukura zvinonetsa pakutanga.

Kana Dare Rapamusoro Rangotanga bedzi, purezidhendi anokurukura vada kubhapatidzwa navatungamiriri, vatungamiriri veDare nemitezo yeDare reDare reDare reDare reVatongi, senhau yokuremekedza, asati asarudza mumirinee, uye mukuita kudaro, zvinetso zvingava zvatarisana nomunheneri mukati mokusimbiswa zvinogona kukurukurwa pachine nguva mberi.

Kuzivisa Mashoko

Pasi peChikamu II, Chikamu 2, cheBumbiro reMitemo, muitiro weDare Rapamusorosoro wokusarudza urongwa hunotanga nokusarudzwa kweDare Rapamusorosoro naPurezidhendi, uye Purezidhendi ipapo achazivisa pamutemo Dare rokunyorwa kwembiriso (hechipiri kupfurikidza nokutaura kwakanyorwa. Mumuitiro wazvino uno, iyi mhedziso inoperekedzwa nomuitiro weziviso yavose apo purezidhendi anosuma mufanikiso kuvanhu veAmerica.

Basa Rinodenha reDare Roukuru reDare Romuzinda

Kunyange zvazvo isingadudzwi muBumbiro reMitemo, basa rinokosha rinoitwa pakati pomuitiro wacho (pashure pokunge Purezidhendi asarudza, asi Dare risati rarangarira) neDare reDare reMitemo, iro panzvimbo peDare rose zvaro, rinotora mutoro mukuru wokunzvera mugariro nezvikwaniriso zveDare Gurusa rimwe nerimwe.

Mumuitiro wazvino uno, Dare Rapamusoro rose rinonongedzerwa kuDare reDare reDare reVatongi risati rarangarirwa naDare rakazara. Dare reDare reDare reDare reMitezo rinoita basa guru mumuitiro wokusimbisa, sezvo anenge Dare guru rose rakaitwa chibviro cha 1868 rakasvika pamberi paro nokuda kwokuhwirudzura.

Zvikamu Zvitatu Zvokurangarira Kwedare

Kubvira mukupera kwama1960, kurangarira kweDare raVafundisi reDare Rapamusoro - soro nguva dzose kwaibatanidza nhano nhatu dzakajeka — (1) nzvimbo yokuongorora isati yaitwa, ichiteverwa (2) nokutongwa kwavose, uye kugumisa (3) chisarudzo chedare pamusoro pechisarudzo chokuita kuDare rakazara.

Chinokwezva Chokutanga: Kuongorora Kunongonzwa

Mukati mechikamu chokuongorora chapamberi pekunzvera, mutungamiriri anopindura mubvunzo une udzame weDare reDare reMufundisi, achigovera mashoko oupenyu, nyanzvi, uye kuzivisa mamiriro ezvinhu emari kudare. uyu mubvunzo mukuru uye unoda kuti vazivise mashoko ane udzame pamusoro penhau yavo yebasa, manyoro, hurukuro, uye rwisano dzinobvira dzefariro.

Mukuwedzera kukunzvera kwedare amene mukuvanzi, FBI inonzverawo murwi ndokugovera dare mishumo yakavanzika ine chokuita nenzvero yayo. Iyi nzvero yapakarepo yakakwana uye inonzvera nhau yomunhu oga neyounyanzvi yenhau dzipi nedzipi dzingatapura kukodzera kwavo Dare.

Panguva ino, American Bar Association inoyerawo zvikwaniriso zvenyanzvi zvechinomira, inoratidzira chinoyera sechinosanokwaniriswa zvakanaka, chikakwaniriswa, kana kuti chisiri chakakodzera. Nepo kuyera kweABA kusingasungiki, kune ukoshi hunokosha senzvero yazvimirira yezvikwaniriso zvechinomine.

Mukati mechikuva chokuongorora chisati chaitwa, mukuwirirana negamuchidzanwa ragara kwenguva refu, Capitol Hill anoshanyira Capitol kuti abhadhare "kukumbira kwapamukoma nepokugara" pavachengeti vamwe navamwe mumahofisi avo, uye nokuda kwavaSenator kwete paDare Revanzwi, iro ringava mukana bedzi wokukurukura nomunhu nomunhu nomukono asati avhota paDare.

Mumuitiro wakatangwa muna 1992, Dare reVafundisi rinoitisawo rusando rwapaimba yakavanzwa neDare rimwe nerimwe, rina dare rina mibvunzo pamusoro pomugariro wapamusoro wameminee wokuti kunzvera kwakavanzika kungave kwakaunzwa kudare, nemvumo yedare panguva iyeyo ichitsanangura kuti kutonga kwakadaro kwaizoitwa "mumhaka dzose, kunyange apo kunenge kusina nhau huru dzekuongorora kuti kugadzirwe kuti kuva nedare rakadaro kurege kugona kupiwa kuratidzira kuti dare rakagamuchira mashoko akavanzika pamusoro penhau yacho".

Chinotangira Chechipiri: Kutongwa Nevanhu Vose

Kana Dare Roudia rapedza kunzvera kwaro mutungamiriri wehurumende, iye anopupurira mukutongwa pamberi pedare, uye paavhareji, nokuda kwedare rapamusoro zvikuru iro rakawana kutonga kubvira muna 1975 kusvikira panguva ino, kutonga kwokutanga kwedare kwakaitika mazuva 40 pashure pokunge kupiwa kwake zita nenzira yapamutemo kwapiwa kuDare naPurezidhendi.

Kutonga kwevanhu kunomirira rutivi runooneka zvikurusa rwemuitiro wokusimbisa. Uku kutonga kunowanzoratidzirwa uye kunofukidzwa zvikuru nezvinobudisa nhau, kuchikuita nguva inokosha yokunzverwa navanhu. Mukati mouku kutonga, vanhu veAmerica vanozoona nokunzwa zvakananga kumunhu angabatira mudare rapamusorosoro renyika kwamakumi amakore.

Kupanikira mutungamiriri akaitwa navaSenator kwaibatanidza, chokwadika, zvikwaniriso zvapamutemo zvavakuru vakuru, mugariro womugariro wavanhu, uye zviito zvipi nezvipi zvapakuvamba savanhu vehurumende, nepo mimwe mibvunzo yakanangidzirwa panhau dzenzanga nedzezvamatongerwe enyika, Bumbiro reMitemo, mirau, matare, rwisano dzazvino uno dzebumbiro remitemo, uye uzivi hwokutonga.

Nokuda kwezvisarudzo zvemisi ichangobva kupfuura iyi zvikurusa kuDare, kutonga kwakagara kwamazuva mana kana kuti mashanu (kunyange zvazvo Dare ringasarudza kuva nokutonga kwakawanda kana kunyorwa kukarangarirwa senharo (sezvakanga zvakaita norugwaro rwaRobert Bork's mu 1987, uyo akava namazuva 11 okutonga). Vanamumwe vatanhatu vakaoneka pamberi pedare chifo cha 2005 vakapedza pakati pe 17 ne 32-maawa vachipupurira.

Mukati mekutonga, zvapupu, zvose zviri zviviri zvinotsigira nokushora kusarudzwa, vanotaurawo mirangariro yavo. Dare rinonzwawo chipupuriro chakabva kuzvapupu zvakasiyana - siyana zvisiri Zvapupu, zvose zviri zviviri kutsigira nokushora kupiwa zita. Zvapupu izvi zvingabatanidza nyanzvi dzepamutemo, mapoka ezvepamutemo, vaichimbova vasonganiri, uye vamwe vanogona kutaura kuzvikwaniriso zveminee nouzivi hwedare.

Kushanduka - shanduka Kwenhau Yokusimbisa Kunzwa

Muitiro wokutonga pachena muDare Rapamusoro zvikurusa ndewemisi ichangobva kupfuura iyi zvikuru munhau yeAmerica. Nokuda kwokuvapo kukurusa kweDare, Dare rakavhota panzvimbo yavose pasina kutongwa kana kuti kurumbidzwa kworudzi rupi norupi, richisimbisa Edward Douglas White seruramisiro inowirirana uye gare gare seruramisiro huru, navaiti vemitemo vanomusimbisa pazuva rimwe chetero rekuzvitutumadza kwake nguva dzose dziri mbiri, uye nguva dzose dziri mbiri nevhoti yenzwi.

Chinoitika chokutanga chakanyorwa umo kutonga kwapamutemo kunozivikanwa kuva kwakaitwa muDare Rapamusoro zvikurusa nedare reDare reDare rakaitirwa neDare reDare reDare reMitezo muna December 1873, pakunyorwa kwaGeorge Henry Williams kuva ruramisiro huru, namazuva maviri okutongwa kwakavharwa kwakaitwa kuhwirudzura magwaro ndokunzwa chipupuriro chinobva kuzvapupu pamusoro pegakava rakanga ramuka pamusoro pemuchina wacho, pashure pacho chishoro chaGandreens chakasimba, uye purezidhendi akabvisa kudzorwa kwenhau muna January 1874.

Muitiro wazvino uno wedare rinopanikira vamiriri pamirangariro yavo yokutonga wakavamba naJohn Marshall Harlan II muna 1955; kunyorwa kwehurume kwakaitika nokukurumidza pashure pokunge Dare Rapamusorosoro rapa mutongo waro weBrown v. Board yeDzidzo, uye vatambi vazhinji vokumaodzanyemba vakatyisidzira kuvhara kusimbisa kwaHarlan, nokudaro chisarudzo chokupupurira. Chinenge varwi vose chifo cheHarlan vakaoneka pamberi peDare reJadiary.

Chitayera Chechitatu: Kukurudzira kweDare

Pashure pemhedziso yekutonga kukuru kwavose, Dare reDare reDare reVatongi rinopfuurira kurutivi runodenha mumuitiro wokusarudzira muDare Rapamusorosoro: kuvhota kuti uzivise kana mukwikwidzi acharumbidzwa kuDare rakazara nokuda kwesimbiso, neiyi vhoti inowanzoitika rinenge vhiki imwe pashure pokunge kutonga kwapera, ichibvumira vatongi nguva kuva vakavakirwa paune pauchapupu, ufakazi, uye mhinduro dzeapoka mukati mekutonga.

Dare raJudia ipapo rinovhota panzvimbo yacho ndokutumira rumbidzo yaro (kuti ibvumirwe, kuti irambiwe, kana kuti pasina rumbidzo) kuDare rakazara. Dare rinogona kushuma kusarudzwa zvakanaka, kusina kunaka, kana kuti pasina rumbidzo, kunyange zvazvo richigonawo kusarudza kusashuma kusarudzwa.

Pamashoko 15 okutaura akashumwa zvakanaka, 6 vakashumwa netsigiro yavose (uye kunyorwa kwokuwedzera kwakashumwa netsigiro inodokuva yebvumirano imwe), nenzwisiso yemisi ichangobva kupfuura iyi zvikurusa yokushumwa netsigiro yavose yakaitwa nedare riya raStephen Breyer muna 1994, uye hapana pamashoko masere achangobva kupfuura kupiwa kuDare akashumwa ane mvumo kana kuti anodokuva akabvumirana.

Kurangarira Kwakazara kweDare

Kana Dare Rokuimba rangopedza basa raro ndokushuma kugadzwa kwedare rakazara, kamuri racho rose rinoita kuti pave nenharo uye vhoti yokupedzisira.

Nharo Dzedare

Mitemo yacho inowanzobvumira maawa asingasviki 30 okukurukura pauriri, umo vamiririri vedare rehurumende vanopa hurukuro dzinotaura kutsigira kwavo kana kuti kushorwa.

Mitemo yeDare yakashandiswa kubvumira kurukurirano isina kuganhurirwa (muitiro unozivikanwa sefilbustering) uye kugumisa gakava, yaida vavhoti 3/5 veDare kana kuti 60 vavanetesi (vanozivikanwa sevhoti yekuvhota), asi muna April 2017, Dare rakachinja mutemo uyu ndokuderedza vhoti dzinodikanwa kugumisa kukurukurirana 51 muDare Gurusa (ichinowanzozivikanwa se "chisarudzo chenyukireya"). Ichi chinjo yakachinjira zvikuru mukuita kuti chive nyore nokuda kweboka gurusa kuti risimbise vamine varwi pasina tsigiro yebhipatisan.

Kusimbisa Kunoita

Purezidhendi anotora mumwe munhu nokuda kwokutora nzvimbo paDare uye vhoti dzeDare kuti vasimbise mutongi, izvo zvinoda voruzhinjiwo zvavo.

Kana paine batano, Mutungamiriri weDare anotungamirirawo muDare anosarudza.

Chifo cha 1967, vhoti iri yose yokusimbisa ruramisiro yeDare Rapamusoro zvikurusa yave iri danidziro yokuvhota — kureva kuti vhoti yomukuru mumwe nomumwe yakanyorwa nenzira yapamutemo, uye munhau, vhoti dzekusimbisa zhinjisa dzakaguma nevoruzhinji zvikuru vanofarira. Uku kujeka kunovimbisa kuti vatendi vanozvidavirira pachena nokuda kwezvisarudzo zvavo paDare Rapamusorosoro.

Kuwedzera Kutsigira Kusimbisa

Kutsigira kuvhota kuri kuderera nenzira inowedzera mumativi ebato, neruramisiro yokupedzisira kubvumikiswa nechivhoti chakabatana kuva Anthony Kennedy, 97-0, muna 1988, wokupedzisira kugamuchira voruzhinji vane zvikamu zviviri nezvitatu kuva Sonia Sotomayor, 68-31, muna 2009, uye Dare rinovhota kuti risimbise Brett Kavataugh muna 2018 nereza inokwana 50 -48 -1 yemuganhu wakaputsika mumitsetse yebato.

Muitiro uyu unoratidza kubatana kukuru mune zvematongerwe enyika uye kuziva kuti kugadzwa kweDare Repamusorosoro kunogona kuchinja dzikamo yepfungwa dzeDare kwezvizvarwa nezvizvarwa.Mumagamuchidzanwa, Dare rave richikombamira kuva risina kuzviisa pasi paPurezidhendi mukusarudza kwake Vatongi veDare Rapamusorosoro kupfuura mukugadza kwake vanhu munzvimbo dzapamusoro dzebazu, nomupimo une shungu zvikuru unowanzoshandiswa kuDare Rapamusoro Zvikurusa unoratidzira ukoshi chaihwo hweDare.

Kuratidza Nguva Muitiro Wokusimbisa

Chaizvoizvo, muitiro wose wacho unotora mwedzi inoverengeka, asi unogona, uye panhambo nenhambo, kupedzwa nokukurumidza zvikuru, nenguva yeavhareji kubva pakuiswa zita muruvara kusvikira pakuvhota kwokupedzisira kweDare kubvira pakati pama1950 kuva anenge mazuva 55.

Mumakore achangobva kupfuura aya, avhareji yeDare Gurusa nokusimbisa zvakatora mwedzi miviri kusvika kumitatu, nomuitiro wokusimbisa Mutongi Brett Kavanaugh wakagara nguva duku mumwedzi mitatu, nepo muitiro mumwe chetewo nokuda kwoMutongi Neil Gordow wakatora mwedzi miviri.

Zvisinei, nguva inogona kusiana zvikuru yakavakirwa pamigariro yezvamatongerwe enyika. dzimwe tsigiro dzakapedzwa munhambo pfupi zvikuru, nepo dzimwe dzakapfuurira kwemwedzi yakati kana kuti dzisina kutongopedzwa. kurangarira kwezvamatongerwe enyika, zvikurukuru kuva pedyo kwesarudzo uye uko boka rinodzora Dare, kunogona kutapura zvikuru nhano yokusimbisa.

Pashure Pokusimbiswa kweDare

Kana Dare rangovhota kuti risimbise mudzori, matanho anoverengeka etsika anoramba aripo ruramisiro itsva isati yagona kutanga mabasa ayo paDare.

Pashure pokugamuchira chisarudzo chesimbiso, purezidhendi ipapo angasaina ndokupa basa rokugadza mutungamiriri wacho pamutemo kuDare, uye mugadzirwi ipapo anofanira kuita mhiko mbiri asati aita mabasa ehofisi: mhiko yebumbiro remitemo, iyo inoshandiswa nokuda kwomutarisiri ari wose wehurumende nomukuru wenyika pasi papurezidhendi, uye mhiko yokutonga inoshandiswa nokuda kwavatongi vose vomuhurumende.

Ruramisiro yakasimbiswa inoita rutivi mumitambo miviri yokupika mhiko, nechinoitika chimwe chinobatanidza Ruramisiro inoita mhiko yorutongeso uye chimwe chinoitika chinobatanidza mhiko yebumbiro remitemo, neMutongi weDare Gurusa wazvino uno achitaura zvose zviri zviviri mhiko, uye mhiko yebumbiro remitemo inoitwa pamutambo wavose yakapindwa naPurezidhendi.

Muitiro wavose mumakumi amakore achangobva kupfuura wave uri wokuita mutambo wemhiko pangava paChivako cheDare Rapamusoro Zvikurusa, uye panguva ino ndipapo munhu akatora “nhano dziri madikanwa kuti ave mutezo weDare.

Kutsinhira Kunocherechedzeka uye Kunoitirana Nharo

Munhau yose yeAmerica, dzimwe matare eDare Rapamusoro akaparira gakava rakati kana kuti kugadza mienzaniso inokosha yomuitiro wokusimbisa.

Robert Bork's 1987 akarambwa pashure pokunge kutonga kwaparidzwa zvikuru kwakavakirwa pauzivi hwake hwokutonga. Bork nomination yakava nguva inodzorwa, ichisuma shoko rokuti "borking" muduramashoko rezvamatongerwe enyika kurondedzera chishoro chikuru kumunhu anotonga pahwaro hwavo hwepfungwa nouzivi hwedare.

Clarence Thomas akasimbisa 1991 aibatanidza kunzvera kukuru nekurukurirano yenyika, kubatanidza chipupuriro chakatanhamara chakaitwa naAnita Hill pamusoro penetswa yevatano. Kunzwa kwaThomas kwakaunza nhau dzenetsoro kubasa kungwariro yenyika ndokuratidzira kuti kupomera mufambiro usina kururama womunhu oga kwaigona sei kuva chinhu chikuru mumuitiro wokusimbisa.

Kumwe kuongorora kuchangobva kuitwa kwakadai seBrett Kavanaugh muna 2018 naAmy Coney Barrett muna 2020 kwakasimbisawo kuwedzera kwekubatana mune zvematongerwe enyika uye chiito cheDare rokukurumidza, kubatanidza kusimbisa kwaBarrett nokukurumidza pamberi pesarudzo yapurezidhendi, uye nyaya idzi dzinoratidza kubvisa simba, basa rezvinobudisa nhau, uye kuvimbisana pachena mukuita kwacho.

Kusarudza kwashaikwa

Hakusi kunyora kwose kweDare Rapamusoro kunoguma nokusimbiswa. Rinodokuva dzimbahwe rimwe reDare rapamusorosa rakasasimbiswa pakupedzisira. Kudzorwa kunogona kukundikana nokuda kwezvikonzero zvakasiana - siana, kubatanidza kurambwa kweDare, kurambwa napurezidhendi, kana kuti kuramba kweDare kuita chiito pamusoro pokuzvidzwa.

Mumwe wemienzaniso yemisi ichangobva kupfuura iyi zvikurusa yokudzorwa kworutumi rwakaitika muna 2016 apo Purezidhendi Obama akadzosa Merrick Garland kuti azadze nzvimbo yakagadzirwa norufu rwoMutongi Antonin Scalia. Apo kunyorwa kwaMerrick Garland hakuna kuvhotwa neDare muna 2016, kunyorwa kwake kwadzoserwa kuna Purezidhendi mutsva pana January 3, 2017. Dare raMakuru raMakuru rakaramba kudzora kutongwa kana kuti vhoti, richitaura kuti chibvumirano chinofanira kupedzwa napurezidhendi anotevera.

Zvinhu Zvinofungwa Nemajekiseni

Pavanosarudza kuvhota kana kurwisana neDare Repamusorosoro, vamiririri vedare racho vanoongorora zvinhu zvakawanda kupfuura zvikwaniriso zvepamutemo zvemunhu wacho.

Vamiririri vemativi ose ari maviri vakavakirwa, munenge murutivi, chishoro chavo kuimwe Dare Rapamusorosoro pachitendero chokuti chimiro chendangariro kana kuti mirangariro yenhau dzakati zvinopesana nemufungo wapamutemo kana kuti murangariro wavose. Uku kurangarira kunoratidzira uchokwadi hwokuti vatongi veDare Gurusa vanoita zvisarudzo zvinotapura zvikuru mutemo nenzanga yeAmerica.

Chimwe chinhu ipesvedzero yavaenzani muDare (zvikurukuru, zvichida, apo kusarudzwa kwomurume kunonzi kunomutsa nharo), navatsigiri vanopesvedzera zvikuru vari avo vari kutsigira mutungamiriri wechishoro, kana kuti vakaita mabasa akatanhamara mukuva nedare ravafundisi, nepo kumwe kurangarira kwaSenator kuchava mirangariro yavane magariro avo, zvikurukuru kana vavhoti vazhinji shure vachifungwa kuva vanorangarirwa kuva vanonzwa zvakasimba pamusoro pechiito chetsikano.

Tapuro Yenguva Refu Yokugadzwa kweDare Rapamusoro Zvikurusa

Tsika yeDare Repamusorosoro inodarika zvikuru nguva yezvamatongerwe enyika. Nemhaka yokuti matare anogadza nduramo yenduramo, kunyorwa kwemashoko kwoga kwoga kunoumba kuumbwa kweDare racho uye kutongwa kwemakumi emakore.

Nokuda kwaPurezidhendi, kugadzwa kweRuramisiro yeDare Rapamusorosa kunogona kuva mwero unokosha apo nhau ichatonga nawo ufundisi hwake.Mapurezidhendi kazhinji kazhinji anorangarira kugadzwa kwavo kweDare Rapamusorosasa sapakati pemiganhu yavo inogara, sezvo aya marutongeso achapfuurira kupesvedzera mutemo weAmerica nguva refu pashure pokunge purezidhendi abva panzvimbo yake.

Nokuda kweDare, chisarudzo chokusimbisa inhauwo yakakomba, nokuti iDare roga, kupfurikidza nebasa raro re "Kuzvipira neRevo" (pasina kubatanidzwa kupi nokupi kwepamutemo kweImba yavamiriri) iro rinoshanda sedziviriro parutongeso rwaPurezidhendi.

Zvisarudzo zveDare gurusa zvinotapura inodokuva nharaunda iri yose youpenyu hweAmerica. Dare rine simba rokuparadza mitemo inopiwa neCongress, mipimo yokuputsa, uye kududzira Bumbiro remitemo munzira idzo dzinoumba maruramiro avagari vemo, ruramisiro youtsotsi, dziviriro yemhoteredzo, dziviriro yekodzero dzokuvhota, uye dzimwe nhau dzisingaverengeki.

Kubatanidzwa Nomugari Wemo Negadziriro Yokuisa Mukurumbira

Nepo vagari vemo vasingavhoti zvakananga muDare Rapamusorosoro, vanogona uye vanoita basa rinokosha mumuitiro wokusimbisa. Murangariro wavose unogona kupesvedzera vhoti dzavasarudzi, zvikurukuru apo vamiriri vanoita kuti mirangariro yavo izivikanwe kupfurikidza neshanyo, tsamba, uye zvimwe zvimiro zvekurukurirano navamiriri vavo vakasarudzwa.

Mapoka efariro namasangano ehurumende ari kumativi ose ari maviri ezvamatongerwe enyika anounganidza mitezo yawo mukati mezvirongwa zveDare Rapamusorosoro, kuronga nhimbe dzokuzivisa, kuronga nhamburiko dzokuronga uswa, uye kugovera mashoko kubetsera vagari vemo kunzwisisa njodzi imwe neimwe. iyi bvumirano yavose inoratidzira kuziva kuti kugadzwa kweDare Rapamusoro kune miuyo mikuru neinogarisa nokuda kwenzanga yeAmerica.

Kunzwa kwemashoko kunobvumira mamiriyoni evanhu vokuAmerica kuti vaone zviri kuitika uye voumba mafungiro avo pamusoro pevane zvitoripo.

Kunzwisisa Dzikamo Yesimba

Neiyi nzira, zvose zviri zviviri Adminiti and Legislative Brants yehurumende yehurumende yehurumende zvine inzwi mukuvakwa kweDare Gurusa. Ikoku kunoratidzira mutoro wavavambi wokunzvera nokudzikama, vachivimbisa kuti hakuna bazu rimwe rehurumende rakadzivisa simba pamusoro pedare rinotonga.

Kuisa zita nesimbiso zvinobatanidza nheyo yamasimba akaparadzana ayo anokosha kuhurumende yeAmerica inosarudzwa. Simba rapurezidhendi rokupa chiremera rinoongororwa nesimba reDare rokusimbisa kana kuti kuramba. Tsika ino yakarongedzerwa kubudisa vatongi vanoraira tsigiro yakafara uye vane zvikwaniriso zvinodikanwa kubatira padare rapamusorosoro renyika.

Zvinetso Zvenguva Ino uye Magakava

Dare Repamusorosoro rinopa vanhu zvitunha zvakasiyana - siyana uye rinoramba richiitisana nharo pamusoro pokuti rinofanira kushanda sei muAmerica yemazuva ano.

Sezvo kukamukana mune zvematongerwe enyika kwakawedzera, kusimbiswa kweDare Repamusorosoro kwazova negakava uye kwakakamukana mumapoka.Iyi kombamiro inomutsa mibvunzo pamusoro pokuti muitiro wacho unobatira zvakakwana donzo rawo rebumbiro remitemo rokubudisa vatongi vakakwaniriswa, vakazvimirira avo vanogona kurayira chivimbo chavose.

Mitemo yakasiyana - siyana yave ichishandiswa zvichienderana nokuti ndeipi paboka rinodzora Dare uye kuti nderipi sachigaro, zvichiita kuti pave nokupomerwa kwounyengeri uye kunetseka pamusoro pokuitwa kwedare.

Vamwe vachinji vakakarakadza chinjo kugadziriro yeDare Gurusa rimene, kubatanidza miganhu yenhambo nokuda kweruramisiro kana kuti kufutunura chiverengero chezvigaro paDare. vatsigiri vanopikisa kuti ichi chinjo chaizoderedza ngozi dzezvigaro zvomunhu oga ndokuita kuti Dare ridavire zvikuru kuchinjo yehurumende. Vashori vairwisa kushandura kwakadaro kwaizosekesa kuzvimirira kwokutonga nokutsiga kwedudziro yebumbiro remitemo.

Zvinhu Zvinobatsira Kuti Tirambe Tichidzidza

Vagari vanoda kugara vakaziviswa pamusoro pedare guru vane mvumo yezviwanikwa zvakawanda. Website yeDare reSangano repamutemo inogovera mashoko pamusoro peDare nemitezo yaro. Nhevedzano yeDare reSangano reSangano rePuciary inopa kusvika kumitezo, mapepa, uye zvimwe zvinhu zvine chokuita nenhau.

Masangano enhau anogovera kufukidzwa kukuru kwenhau dzeDare Rapamusoro, kubatanidza kuongororwa kwezvinyorwa zvavamirineri nezviremera zvezvamatongerwe enyika zvakapoteredza tsigiro. Nyanzvi dzemitemo nenyanzvi dzebumbiro remitemo dzinopa tsinhiro dzinogona kubetsera vagari vemo kunzwisisa nhau dzepamutemo nedzebumbiro remitemo dziri mungozi.

Masangano mumativi ose ezvamatongerwe enyika, kubva Heritage Foundation kusvikira ku [[FLT:] American Civil Libresions Union, kugovera mashoko nenzvero kubva mumifungo yakasiana, kuchibvumira vagari vemo kurangarira mirangariro mizhinji pamusoro peminei nemuitiro wokusimbisa.

Kukosha Kwezivo Inobatanidza

Kunzwisisa muitiro weDare Rapamusoro kunokosha nokuda kwougari hwemo hunoziva. aya mashoko anoratidzira nhambo apo vanhu veAmerica, kupfurikidza navamiriri vavo vakasarudzwa, vanobetsera kuumba nguva yemberi yedudziro yebumbiro remitemo nedziviriro yekodzero norusununguko.

Kupfurikidza nokunzwisisa kuti muitiro wacho unoshanda sei, kuti zvinhui zvinoupesvedzera, uye nei uchikosha, vagari vemo vanogona kubatanidzwa zvine revo zvikuru neichi rutivi chinokosha rwekudzora kweAmerica.Kunyange kupfurikidza nokuonana navasenternator, kutora rutivi muhurukuro yavose, kana kuti kungogara bedzi vachiziva, vagari vemo vanoita basa rinokosha mukuvimbisa kuti muitiro wokuberekana unobatira donzo rawo rebumbiro remitemo.

Muitiro weDare Rapamusorosoro wokuisa unani unoratidzira nheyo dzinokosha dzehurumende yehurumende yegutsaruzhinji yeAmerica: kuparadzana kwemasimba, kunzvera uye ganhuriro, uye ukoshi hwezvose zviri zviviri unyanzvi nokuzvidavirira kwehurumende. sezvo Dare rinopfuurira kusarudza nhau idzo dzinoumba upenyu hweAmerica, kunzwisisa kuti ruramisiro inosarudzwa sei kunova inokosha nenzira inowedzera nokuda kwavagari vose vanoitira hanya nguva yemberi yehurumende yebumbiro remitemo.

mhedziso

Kuongorora kweDare Repamusorosoro kunomirira imwe yemisiyano inokosha zvikuru yomutemo nezvamatongerwe enyika muhurumende yeAmerica. Muitiro wacho, wakavakirwa murugwaro rwebumbiro remitemo asi wakaumbwa namazana amakore ebasa nemuenzaniso, unobatanidza kushora kwokungwarira, kuongorora ruzhinji, uye pakupedzisira chisarudzo chinoitwa navamiriri vakasarudzwa pamusoro pokuti ndiani achabatira mudare rapamusoro zvikurusa renyika.

Kubva pakusarudzwa kwokutanga kwapurezidhendi kupfurikidza neDare redare reJudia kudare rokusimbisa rokupedzisira, chikamu chimwe nechimwe chebasa racho chinobatira madonzo anokosha: kuva nechokwadi chokuti vaminei vakwaniriswa, kubvumira kuiswa pachena nokunzverwa, uye kuda kubvumirana pakati pamapazu ehurumende nemitemo. Nepo muitiro wacho wakavapo munguva yakati uye wakatarisana nezvinetso zvenguva ino, chinangwa chawo chikuru chinoramba chisina kuchinja: kusarudza vatongi vachadudzira nokutendeka Bumbiro remitemo nemitemo yeUnited States.

Kuvagari vemo, kunzwisisa muitiro uyu hakusi kungovawo zvako unyanzvi hwedzidzo. Izivo inokosha kumunhu upi noupi anoda kutora rutivi mune revo muhurumende yeruzhinji yeAmerica. Vatongi veDare Gurusa vanoita zvisarudzo zvinotapura muAmerica mumwe nomumwe, uye muitiro wokunatsa ndiwo mutoo mukuru uyo vanhu, kupfurikidza navamiriri vavo vakasarudzwa, vane inzwi mukuumba Dare.

Sezvo kurukurirano pamusoro penguva yemberi yeDare Gurusa nomuitiro wokubvisa zita, vagari vemo vanoziva vachava vakashongedzerwa zviri nani kuyera zvikarakadzo zvokuchinja, kurangarira vamiririri vavo kuti vazvidavirire, uye kubatanidzwa nenzira inovaka mukurukurirano pamusoro perimwe ramasangano anokosha zvikurusa muAmerica.