Chii Chiri Kupomerwa Kwepamutemo?

Hurukuro hwemitemo ipfungwa inorondedzera chiremera chedare chokunzwa mhaka, nhau inosungisa rutongeso, uye kumanikidza rutongeso. Pasina chiremera chakafanira, chisarudzo chipi nechipi chinoitwa nedare chinogona kudenhwa kana kuti kurangarirwa kuva chisina chinhu. Shoko iro rimene rinobva muLatin juris discio[, rinoreva "kutaura mutemo," uye rakashanduka kwamazana amakore mutsika yakaoma yemitemo inodzora apo nemutoko kupesana kwapamutemo kunopedzwa.

Juriscition inoshanda segadziriro yokuchengeta masuo mugadziriro yapamutemo. Inovimbisa kuti matare anoshandisa bedzi simba pamusoro penhau idzo dzakabvumirwa kubata, achidzivisa rwisano pakati pemitumbi yakasiana - siana yedare uye kudzivirira mapoka kuti asazvuzvururwe mumatare asina batano yapamutemo nenhau yavo. Nokuda kwomunhu upi noupi anobatanidzwa mugakava rapamutemo, chiremera chokunzwisisa hachisi chinhu chokusarudza ̬ iwo mubvunzo wokutanga gweta riri rose nomutongi unofanira kupindura.

Chikonzero Nei Kupomera Kuchikosha Mukufambira Mberi Kwemitemo

Kupa mhaka mudare rakaipa kunogona kuva nemigumisiro yakakomba. Kana dare risina simba pamusoro penhau yacho kana kuti mativi, rinofanira kubvisa mhaka yacho, kumanikidza mupurisa kutanga mufora yakarurama. Uku kunopambadza nguva, mari, uye pfuma. Zvakatoipa zvikuru, kana mutemo weganhuriro wapera apo mhaka yacho yakanga yakamira mudare risina kururama, mupoteri angarasikirwa nekodzero yokukwidza mhosva.

Mibvunzo yeJurisciast inoitawo basa guru mukutsigira. Vadziviriri vanowanzodenha simba rehurumende senzira yokutanga yokuzvidzivirira nayo, uye vapfumi vanosarudza nokungwarira kutsiva kwavo kuti vawane betsero dzemiganhu. Nhau imwe cheteyo ingagona kuva nomugumisiro wakasiana zvikuru zvichitsamira pakuti inonzwiwa mudare rehurumende kana kuti rehurumende, kana kuti mune imwe nyika inotarisana neimwe. Ikoku kunoita kuti kugadziridza kurangarira kwokutsoropodza kuvambira panguva ino kumuka kwegakava.

Marudzi Makuru Okushurikidza

Kunzwisisa dzidziso dzepamutemo dzinokosha kuti pave nedare ringatonga nyaya yacho.

Kuzvipa Mutongo

Kutonga kwomunhu kunoreva chiremera chedare pavanhu kana kuti masangano anobatanidzwa mudare. Dare harigoni kupa mutongi unosungisa mukwirirwi kutoti riine simba romunhu iyeye anopomerwa. Ikoku kunodzivirira vakwiridziri pakumanikidzwa kuzvidzivirira vamene munhare kana kuti murwi uyo vasina kubatanidzwa naye.

Kudzora kwomunhu kunogona kutangwa munzira dzakawanda:

  • Shoose: Mupomeri anogona kuzviisa nokuzvidira kudare nokuoneka nokudzivirira mhaka yacho pasina kurambidza, kana kuti kupfurikidza nokubvumirana kudzorwa mubvumirano. Zvibvumirano zvakawanda zvezvokutengeserana zvinobatanidza zvitsama zvedare izvo zvinodudza kuti itare rii richabata nharo.
  • Matare anoshanda kana kuti adzoke: ane chiremera chavose pavanhu vanogara mukati memiganhu yavo yenyika. Nokuda kwamasangano, ikoku kunoreva mamiriro ezvinhu apo kambani inoumbwa kana kuti ine nzvimbo yayo huru yebhizimisi.
  • Nhevedzano dzakaderera: Pasi penhau yedare reChikurusa reU.S. International Shoe Co. v. Washington [1945], dare ringashandisa chiremera pamusoro peapomendi yenhau kana mukwiridziridziridzi ane wirirano dzakaringana neFOUM [5] inodudza kuti kukwirira kwemhosva hakutsamisi mifungo yegamuchidzanwa yokutamba kwakarurama neruramisiro. Iyi mitemo yanatswa nenhau dzinotevera, kubatanidza [[FLT:] Ashital. v. Dare guru[FLD] [FF] [FLD] [5] [19]
  • Kupasa nebasa: Kubatira mukwiridziridziri mumuviri namapepa apamutemo apo anenge aripo kwechinguvana munyika yeForum anogona kutanga chiremera, kunyange zvazvo iyi dzidziso ine ganhuriro uye iri muganhuriro dzebumbiro remitemo.

Hurukuro yomunhu oga hunokamuraniswazve kuva muganhu wehurumende uye udzori hwechinowirirana nohumwe . Hurusarudzo hunobvumira dare kunzwa kutaura kupi nokupi kunorwisana nomukwiridzwi, pasinei zvapo nokuti kutaura kwacho kwakamuka kupi, asi apo bedzi batano dzomukwiridzwi kuhurumende dzinopfuurira zvikuru uye dzakarongwa sokudziita nenzira yakatanhamara pamusha imomo. Chigadziko chakaganhurirwa, kupfurikidza nokupesana, chinoganhurirwa kutaura kunomuka kana kuti kukurukurirano yomukwiridziridziridziridziri.

Nhau Yemhosva

Nhau ine chokuita nechiremera chedare chokunzwa rudzi rwakati rwenhau. Kusafanana nechiremera chomunhu oga, icho chinogona kuparadzwa kana paine mhaka, nzvimbo yapasi haigoni kubviswa uye ingamutswa panguva ipi neipi mukwidziro, kunyange pakukwirira. Rutongeso runopiwa nedare risina muganhu wenhau haruna maturo.

Matare muUnited States akarongwa kuva gadziriro mbiri dzakafanana: matare ehurumende nematare ehurumende, rimwe nerimwe rine chiremera charo rimene chenhau.

[ matare enhau ane chiremera chakaganhurirwa chenhau. Anogona bedzi kunzwa mhaka dzinowira muchimwe chezvikamu zviviri:

  • Federal Question Jurisdition: Nhau dzinomuka pasi peBumbiro reMitemo reU.S., mitemo yehurumende, kana kuti zvibvumirano. Ikoku kunobatanidza kutaura kunobatanidza maruramiro ebumbiro remitemo, mirau yehurumende, uye mirau. Mubvunzo wehurumende unofanira kuoneka pachiso chenyunyuto chakaisvonaka chemupurisa.
  • Tsamba dzemagariro enhau: Nhau pakati pavagari vemo venyika dzakasiana, kana kuti pakati pomugari wehurumende yeU.S. norudzi rwokumwe, umo chitsama mugakava chinopfuura $75 000. Kudzorwa kwedzimwe nyika kunovimbisa kuti mirangariro yemativi enyika haimanikidzwi nemirangariro yemo mumatare ehurumende.

matare eruwa[, mukupesana, ane chiremera chenhau chenhau. Anogona kunzwa rudzi rwunenge rwenhau ipi neipi, kutoti mutemo wehurumende uchipa chiremera chapoga kumatare ehurumende. matare ehurumende anobata mativi mazhinjisa enhau dzapamutemo muUnited States, kubatanidza mutemo wemhuri, bvumirano, bvumirano, njodzi dzezvigaro zvomunhu oga, nhau dzenzvimbo, uye kupomera mhaka kwakawanda.

Kurerukirwa. Mudzimwe nharaunda `[FLT'''. Mune dzimwe nharaunda, matare ehurumende bedzi ane chiremera chokunzwa nhau. Somuenzaniso, unicituti, kubhuroka, uye mhaka dzeadmiral ihurumende. Mudzimwe nharaunda, matare ose ari maviri ehurumende nehurumende ane chiremera chokunzwa rudzi rumwe cheterwo rwenhau. Irworwu runozivikanwa sechibvumirano. Kana dare riine chiremera, mutevengi angasarudza kuti idare ripi rokupinda mudare, kana kuti adzore kodzero yomukwiridziridziridziridzo kubvisa mhaka kudare rehurumende mune mamwe mamiriro ezvinhu akati.

Kutonga Kunotyisa

Kudzora kwenzvimbo kunorondedzera miganhu yenzvimbo umo dare rinogona kushandisa chiremera charo. Dare rimwe nerimwe rinoshanda mukati menyika yakati, ringave riri nyika, ruwa rwokutonga, nyika, kana kuti rudzi rwose. Hurumende yedare inoganhurira kusvika kwesimba raro duku repoena, kugombedzerwa kwemirairo yaro, uye ukuru hwerutongeso rwaro.

Zvinhu zvakawanda zvinodzora nyika:

  • Nzvimbo dzeIncidence: Matare anowanzova nedzoudzori pamusoro pezvinoitika zvinoitika mukati mendima yawo. Kana tsaona yemotokari ikaitika muLos Angeles County, matare ehurumende yeCalifornia muruwa irworwo ane simba renharaunda pamusoro pemhosva dzinovapo.
  • [ Kudzorwa kweMatare: zvakatanhamara zvikuru zvine simba pavanhu namasangano anogara mukati mendima yavo. Ndihwo hwaro hwesimba ravose remunhu oga sezvarinowirirana nedomicile.
  • Mitemo mirefu: Mitemo mizhinjisa yakaita mitemo yakare-kare iyo inotambanudzira kusvika kwematare avo kuinopfuura vakwiridziri vehurumende vanoita mabasa akati munyika, akadai sokuitisa bhizimisi, kuisa tort, kana kuti kuva nenzvimbo. Iyi mitemo inofanira kuwirirana neganhuriro dzemitemo dzakaiswa neGumbidzo reGeneti yeIndasi Claus Claus yeGenetic.

Vudzori hwenhau hunoshandawo ku muganhu wenzvimbo yenzvimbo, uko dare rinoshandisa chiremera pamusoro penhu iri mukati mendima yaro panzvimbo pomunhu. Izvozvi zvinowanzoitika mumagakava ane chokuita nenzvimbo, apo simba redare rinobva panzvimbo yenhu.

Kupomerwa

Kusafanana nematare edare ekutonga, anowana maidi uye anoshandisa mutemo kumaidi iwayo, matare anonangidzira ngwariro pakuti zvikanganiso zvapamutemo zvakaitika mukati mokutonga kungadai kwakatapura muuyo wacho.

Zvinhu zvinokosha pakudzora pasi zvinosanganisira:

  • Kuratidza Nzvero: matare e apiona kazhinji kazhinji anohwirudzura mibvunzo yomutemo de novo (tsva), kureva kuti haasati achipa kuzviisa pasi pemhedziso dzapamutemo dzedare rinotonga. Zvisinei, anohwirudzura zviwanwa zveidi pasi pomupimo unononotswa zvikuru, zvakadai se "chikanganiso chose chose" muzvinoitika zvevagari vemo kana kuti "ufakazi hwapashure" mukukwirira kwehurumende.
  • Kukwirira nokuda kwokukwirira: Kukwirira kunofanira kuvakirwa pamhaka yapamutemo chaiyo, yakadai somuraidzo wedare redare, kubvumwa kusina kufanira kana kuti kurambwa kwoufakazi, kunzwisiswa kusina kururama kwomutemo, kana kuti misiano yetsika. Kukwirira hakusati kuri banza rokutsanangurazve nhau yacho kana kuti kupa ufakazi hutsva.
  • Chiratidzo: Mumiitiro mizhinjisa, matare anongonzwa bedzi zvikumbiro kubva murutongeso rwokupedzisira runorasa zvikumbiro zvose namapoka. Zvisinei, pane kusiyana nokuda kwezvikumbiro, izvo zvinobvumira kuhwirudzurwa kwenhau dzakati dzinotambudza mhaka isati yapedzwa zvizere.
  • Hurusarudzo yeDare:[[FLT: 1] udzori hwezviito hunoshanda chaizvoizvo mukati medare ravafundisi. Mugadziriro yehurumende, zvisarudzo zvematare oruwa zvinokwidzwa kumatare edunhu okukwirira, uye zvisarudzo zvematare edunhu zvinogona kuhwirudzurwa neDare reMusoro reUnited States, kunyange zvazvo Dare rapamusorosoro rine chisarudzo chokusarudza kuti imhakai yokuteerera.

Gadziriro yeappellate inobatira zvinangwa zvakawanda: inoruramisa zvikanganiso, inovimbisa kufanana mukududzirwa kwomutemo, uye inogovera nhungamiro kumatare echiduku nenzanga yepamutemo. Pasina simba remitemo, kutangwa kwomutemo kungava kusina kurongeka uye kunochinja.

Kupomerwa Mumutemo Wemarudzi Ose

Kupa mhaka mumashoko akapoteredza amarudzi ose kwakaoma zvikuru nemhaka yokuti hakuna dare rimwe renyika yose rine chiremera chokumanikidzira pamarudzi ose navanhu vamwe navamwe.

Extratical Juricion: Dzimwe nyika dzinoita simba pamusoro pomufambiro unoitika kunze kwemiganhu yadzo. United States, somuenzaniso, yashandisa mitemo yayo inorwisana nokuvimbika, mitemo yemitemo, uye mitemo inorwisana nouori kukambani dzokumwe navanhu vane zviito zvine miuyo mikuru mukati meUnited States. Foreignment Practics Acts (FCPA) muenzaniso wakatanhamara wemiteshinga yemitengi, inobvumira U.S. zviremera kudzosa zviremera zvehurumende dzokumwe nyika kudzosa shambadzo nehurumende dzakarongwa pamakambani eU.S.

Nyika Yose Treatinges neKokorodzano: Treaders dzinogona kutanga mitemo yamasimba iyo inosunga marudzi anoisa chiratidzo. Hague Conference on Private Law yakaita kokorodzano dzinoverengeka dzinotaura nezvedzosero mumiganhu yevhu nezvokutengeserana, kubatanidza Hague Chosarudzo yeDare reProvince neConvention yeHague yeChisarudzo. Izvi zvinovavarira kuparira kufanodeya kuderedza ngozi yerutongeso runorwisana muparadziko yamarudzi ose.

Matare eInternational Court and Tribunals: Mitumbi yakadai seInternational Court of Justice (ICJ), Dare reInternational Criminal (ICC), uye matare edzimhosva dzakasiana - siana ehoc anoshandisa simba pamarudzi akati ega ega ega. ICJ inonzwa nharo pakati pedzimwe nyika idzo dzakabvuma kudzorongedzero yayo, nepo ICRACC inotonga vanhu nokuda kwokuparadza rudzi, mhaka dzehondo, mhaka dzinorwisana norudzi, uye kudenha. Iyi mibato yamarudzi ose inoshanda mumitemo yavo vamene, iyo inowanzoitwa nenhano huru nehurumende.

, nheyo yemitemo yeInternational Juricition: inoziva miganhu mizhinji nokuda kwehurumende, kubatanidza nheyo yenharaunda (mabasa ari mukati mendima yehurumende), nheyo yerudzi (inoita nehurumende kwose kwainoitika), nheyo inodzivirira (zviito zvinotyisidzira chengeteko yehurumende), nheyo yohunhu inoshanda inokuvadza nyika), uye nheyo yapasi pose (mhosva dzakati kuti idzodzoke, idzo hurumende ipi neipi ingazvidzosa, zvakadai sedzodzo nokuparadza).

Zvinetso Zvinowanzosangana Nekupika

Juristism inowanzopokanidzwa mukurwisana, uye dzidziso dzapamutemo dzinoverengeka dzinobvumira vakwikwidzani kudenha chiremera chedare kuti vanzwe nhau.

Furum Non Convenies: Iyi dzidziso inobvumira dare kudzinga mhaka kana imwe nharaunda yakakodzera zvikuru uye yakakodzera nokuda kwepati nezvapupu. Inowanzokumbirwa mumagakava amarudzi ose apo zvinoitika zvacho zvakaitika munyika yokumwe uye ufakazi nezvapupu zviripo. Dzinzaniso dzedare (kusvika kuufakazi, mutengo wokuwana zvapupu) nefariro dzavose (fariro yechaidzo mugaro, mutoro padare).

Kubhadharwa naRemand: Mugadziriro yomubatanidzwa weU.S., mukwiridzirwi angabvisa mhaka mudare rehurumende kuenda kudare rehurumende kana dare rehurumende ringadai rakava nechiremera chapakuvamba pamusoro penhau yacho. Nenzira inopesana, kana dare rehurumende risina ganhuro, mupurisa anogona kudzokera kudare rehurumende. Iyi mitoo yemitemo inodzorwa inodzorwa chose chose chose kupfurikidza nomutemo uye inodzorwa kumiganhuro yakadzika mipimo.

.Kutonga kwe Jurisdiction Object: udzori hwomunhu oga hunogona kuparadzwa. Kana mukwiri anooneka mudare ndokupa mbiri dzenhau pasina kudzorwa, vanorangarirwa kuva vakabvumirana kuchiremera chedare. Hurukuro hwenhau, zvisinei, hahugoni kubviswa uye hunogona kusimudzwa panguva ipi neipi, kunyange kana mativi achibvumirana nechiremera.

Kuvhozhokera kubva muJuriscion: Masangano akati navanhu havatapurwi pasimba rematare okumwe. Changamire anodzivirira magariro enyika okumwe anodzivirira kusatongwa mumatare eU.S., achiva pasi pomubato wezvokutengeserana. Kudzivirira utachiona nenzira yakafanana kunodzivirira vamiririri vehurumende nemhuri dzavo munyika inogarwa.

Kusarudza Kwaungaita Dare Rakapomerwa

Kuziva dare rakafanira nokuda kwedare kunoda fundo yakarongeka. Kutanga nenhau inodzorwa nenhau: ko mhaka inomuka mumutemo wehurumende kana kuti inobatanidza mhatsa yougari hwemo here? Kana zvakadaro, dare rehurumende rinowanika. Kana risina, dare rehurumende ndicho chisarudzo bedzi. Dzimwe mhaka dzingakodzera mugadziriro dzose dziri mbiri, kupa mutepfeki chisarudzo cheforum.

Kana mukwirirwi achigara mudare, simba rake rakajeka. Kana mukwiri achigara mudare, kana ari kunze kwehurumende, ongororai kana vane vanhu vashoma vanokwanisa kudzora kana kuti kudzora kwakasiyana. Kana zvisina kudaro, nyaya yacho haigoni kupfuurira mudare iroro.

Dare rehurumende rakasiyana nenzvimbo yaro uye rinonetseka kuti inzvimbo ipi yakakodzera kutongwa. Kunyange kana nzvimbo iripo, nzvimbo isina kukodzera inogona kuchinjwa kana kudzingwa.

Maturusi anoshanda akadai sepanzvimbo yedare ye U.S. angagovera mashoko pamusoro pemitemo yehurumende nenzvimbo. Nokuda kwenhau dzehurumende dzakananga, kubvunza National Center for State Courts anogona kubetsera vagadziri kunzwisisa marongerwo nemitemo yedare. Attorneys anonzvera nguva dzose mibvunzo yehurumende achishandisa [[FLT: 4.] LGEL'S Institute yerect reconstrom[[[FLLT:5]] sepfundo rokuvamba, uye vanotsamira pamiraudzo yemitemo yehurumende yakadai sePreccurecurecureat yePrectix yakabviswa nokuchinjwa.

Kupomerwa Muzera Renhamba

Indaneti yaita kuti pave nematambudziko. Kana website kana kuti inoshandiswa paIndaneti ikasvika kuvashandisi munyika dzose, kuti dare ringabvumiranisa nzira dzaro zvakanaka here? matare eUnited States aita mawebsite okutumira mashoko asingapiwi mashoko. Mawebsite anogona kutengwa kana kuti kutsinhana mashoko anogona kutsigira kana mupomerwi achitungamirira mabasa ake pahurumende yeFum.

Dare repamusorosoro reU.S. rakataura izvi mumhaka dzakadai se Walden v. Fiore (2014, iyo yaidavira kuti kurukurirano dzomukwiridzirwi nehurumende yeFum ̬ kwete kurukurirano dzemupatutsi ̬ chinhu chine chokuita nehurumende yomunhu oga. Mumashoko apasi pose, European Union’s Theom Protection Regasition (GDPR) yakawedzera kusvika zviremera zveEUC kukambani dzinodzivirira kunze kweEU iyo inoita mashoko evagari veEU, ichiparira muenzaniso mutsva wemitemo yakavakirwa panzvimbo yenhau panzvimbo yedata.

Kufambira mberi uku kunoreva kuti mabhizimisi nevanhu vanofanira kuramba vachiziva kuti mabasa avo paIndaneti angazovaita kuti vanyoreswe zviri pamutemo.

mhedziso

Kudzora kwapamutemo hakusati kuri bedzi kunongova kudzorwa kwemifungo ̬ inheyo painofanira kuva gadziriro yose yemitemo. Inosarudza kuti idare ripi rinogona kunzwa mhaka, imitemo ipi inoshanda, uye kana rutongeso ruchashandiswa. Kunzwisisa marudzi akasiyana - siyana edzoro, kubatanidza nhau yomunhu oga, nhau, nzvimbo, uye appellate, kunokosha nokuda kwomunhu upi noupi angada kufambisa tsika yepamutemo, angave somutendi, mukwirirwi, murevereri, kana kuti mucherechedzi anofarira.

Mibvunzo yeJurisdiction inomuka munharaunda iri yose yomutemo, kubva kukakavadzana kwemhuri uye zvibvumirano zvebhizimisi kusvikira kukodzero dzavanhu vamarudzi ose. Sezvo nyika inova inowirirana zvikuru uye kutengeserana kwemichina kunopfuurira kukura, mitemo yamasimba ichapfuurira kuva yokuchinja. Kugara uchiziva pamusoro peiyi chinjo kunokosha nokuda kwokudzivirira maruramiro emitemo uye kuvimbisa kuti ruramisiro inodzorwa zvakanaka uye nenzira yakafanira munzvimbo yemibato.