Mhedziso Yechisere: Chipitiro Choruramisiro Yavanhu muMutemo weAmerica

Mutengo weRehendhed Refect kuUnited States unomira seimwe yedziviriro hurusa muBill of Rights, yakasimbiswa pana December 15, 1791. Mashoko awo akananga zvinoshamisa: "Bhedha remari haisati ichizodikanwa, kana kuti faindi yakanyanyisa yakaiswa, kana kuti zvirango zvoutsinye nezvisiri zvenguva dzose zvakapiwa. ” Asi kubva muaya mashoko mashomanene akabuda muboka guru remitemo remitemo rakaita rutivi rwuri rwose rweruramisiro muAmerica. Kuchinja kunoisa muganhu mukuru pasimba rehurumende, kuraira kuti mhinduro yetsika dzoutsotsi dzirambe dziripo, dzinowirirana, uye dzinowirirana nemipimo inochinja yavanhu. Vadzidzi, nyanzvi dzemitemo, nyanzvi dzemitemo, vadzidzi vemitemo yemitemo, vanonzwisisa mamiriro arejimendero adzo dzenhau, kutsanangura kwadzo, uye migumisiro yayo yemitemo yazvinotonga.

Kugadziridzwa kwacho kunoshanda sechimanikidzirwa pamapazu ose matatu ehurumende. Magweta haagoni kuita matanho okuranga anoputsa mashoko awo; vachuchisi havagoni kutsvaka, kana kuti kuisa mutongo, mitsetse inodarika miganhu yebumbiro remitemo; uye vadzori havagoni kuita migariro kana kuti kurapa kunowirirana nechirango chechienzi. Iyi fomu rinova reSexth Amendment inonzvera simba rehurumende, iyo inopfuurira kuparira kurukurirano inokosha nekurukurirano yavose.

Mavambo Enhau eTemplement Yechisere

Mutemo Wavose weEngland uye Bhizi Rekodzero 1689

Chikamu cheRendement ye8h Amendment chakabva kunhau yeEngland, zvikurukuru Bill of Rights yeEngland ya1689. Gwaro iroro rakazivisa kuti "Baile akanyanyisa haafaniri kudikanwa, kana kuti kupiwa zvakaisvonaka zvakanyanyisa; kana kuti zvirango zvoutsinye nezvisina kufanira zvakaitwa. Chirongwa cheEngland chakamuka kubva mumhosva dzaipomerwa Mambo James II, ane vatongi vaiisa mitongo ine utsinye zvikuru pavavengi vezvematongerwe enyika. Mhaka yaTitus Oates, uyo akarohwa, akasungwa, uye kurangwa kwakaipa pashure pokunge apiwa mhosva yehoshoro, yadzorwa neparamende uye yakatungamirira zvakananga kukuiswa kwemhosva youtsinye nechirango muBribhii rekodzero dzezvamatongerwe enyika.

Vagari vomuAmerica vakagara nhaka iyi gamuchidzanwa rapamutemo reEngland. Tsamba dzamakorini namabumbiro emitemo apakuvamba enyika kazhinji kazhinji zvaiva neganhuriro dzakafanana, zvichiratidzira zvitendero zvakapararira zvokuti hurumende inofanira kushanda mukati memiganhu yetsika pakuranga vagari vayo. Virginia Declaration of Rights ya1776, yakarongerwa naGeorge Mason, yakarambidza zvakajeka "kudzorwa kwemitemo uye zvirango zvechienzi," chibvumirano chakapesvedzera zvakananga James Madison apo akanyoresa icho chaizova Sexh Amendment.

Uzivi Hwekujekeswa uye Kuchinja Kwemhosva

Mamiriro ezvinhu ouchenjeri eKuvhenekerwa akaumba zvikuru mavambo ouzivi eSendment yeSendment. Cesare Beccaria's 1764 anorondedzera paCrimes neZvirango [ zvakabvumikisa kuva zvinopesvedzera zvikuru. Becria akarangarira kuti donzo rechirango rinofanira kumiswa nokugadziridzwa, kwete kurangwa kana kuti kutambudzwa. Iye akakwidziridza kuti chirango chinofanira kuva chakaenzana nemhosva uye kuti kuva nechokwadi chechirango chinokosha kupfuura mwero wacho. "Kuitira kuti chirango chive, muchinoitika chiri chose, chiito chechisimba mukurwisana nomunhu mumwe kana kuti nevagari vehurumende vakawanda," Bheria, rakanyorwa, "zvinofanira kuva pachena, kukurudzira, kutsarudzwa, kutsa kwakakodzera, kutsa kwakakodzera, kutsaurirwa nemitemo, uye kupfurikidza nemitemo inoteverwa."

John Locke rondedzero yebvumirano yenzanga yakazivisawo varairi kufunga. Locke akaomerera kuti vanhu vanopa rusununguko rwakakwana bedzi kuti vadzivirire pakuvadziko, kwete maruramiro avo makuru kukuvadziko yohunhu. Uku murangariro wechiremera chehurumende chakaganhurirwa pavanopomerwa mhaka vaisimbisa pfungwa yokuti masimba ehurumende okuranga anofanira kuva akaratidzira miganhu. Vagadziri veBumbiro reMitemo reMitemo, vakadzidza mumagamuchidzanwa aya ouzivi, vainzwisisa kuti hurumende inokwanisa kuranga kwoutsinye hwakakomba ihurumende inokwanisa kudzora.

Kukwenetswa Nokududzirwa Kwapakuvamba

Apo Congress yeFirst yakakarakadza Bill of Rights muna 1789, chirango chine utsinye nechisina kujairika chakaparira gakava duku rakaenzaniswa nedzimwe gadziriro. Hurumende zhinji dzakatova nedziviriro dzakafanana mumabumbiro adzo dzimene, uye chitsama chamashoko chakaonekwa serambidzo yakananga yokudzivisa kunyanyisa kwakaipasakarurama kwemitemo yemonarch. Zvisinei, kugadziriswa kwechirango kwakabva panzvimbo pfupi zvikuru nokuda kwetsananguro. Kuzhinji dzezana ramakore rechi19, matare akadudzira mashoko acho nenzira yakaganhurirwa, achiashandisa zvikurukuru kudzivisa nzira dzakananga dzokuranga nadzo nenzira dzouneidzo kana kuti dzoune, dzakadai sokukwesha nokupisa, kupisa padanda, kana kuti kubvisa dare.

Dare Gurusa raiva nenhambo yakaganhurirwa yokududzira Dare Rechisere reMitemo zvakananga kutozosvikira muzana ramakore rechi 20. Mu Wilkerson v. Utah (1879], Dare rakakarakadza kuti chirango chinobatanidza kutambudza kana kuti kufa kunoramba chikaputsa kugadziriswa, asi rainonokera kukutonga kwemitemo pamusoro pemitoo yokuuraya nayo. Mu [FLT:] remler [[FLT:] (180), , Dare rakatsigira kushandiswa kwechigaro chemagetsi, rikawana kuti kwaisaumba chirango uye chirango chechienzi nemhaka yokuti chakarongeringa kuparira rufu.

Gadziriro Dzakajeka

Chikara Chinonyanyisa

Mutongo weSlassive Bail Claus unoramba matare kuti asaisa bhera pachitsama chikuru kwazvo zvokuti unoramba nenzira inobudirira mukana wokutanga kutonga. Chitsama chinoshanda kuhurumende yehurumende zvakananga uye chakanyoreswa kupesana nehurumende kupfurikidza neCurves Procesme Claus yeGenesitive. Bail anobatira donzo rapamutemo rokuvimbisa chitarisiko chomupomerwi pakutongwa, asi hachigoni kushandiswa sechinotsiva kusungwa kana kuti sechishandiso chokudzvinyirira vapomendi kuti vawane mhaka.

Mupimo wokusarudza kana bheray iri yakanyanyisa unonangidzira paukoshi kana chitsama chiri chenyuko ine mufungo nefariro dzapamutemo dzehurumende. Mu Stack v. Boyle [151], Dare Gurusa redare rakaramba kuti bhera rinofanira kuiswa pamwero usingarevi kuti zviri madikanwa kuvimbisa chitarisiko chomupomerwi. Zvisakiso zvakadai soukombiso wemhosva, nhau youtsotsi yomupomendi, chikwereti chemari zvinowirirana neiyi chisarudzo. Vatsoropote vanoramba kuti gadziriro yebhegi yazvino uno, zvikurukuru mari, inoranga nenzira inobudirira kupfurikidza nokubvumira vapfumi vakapfuma kusunungurwa kuti vapiwe vapiwi vakachengeteka vari mumugariro unomirira, kukwidzwa kwakakomba kumatare anopfupikisa kupfuurira kurwisana nemitemo.

Chipfeko Chakanyanyisa chaClaus

Tsofa Dzinonyanyisa Claus rinorambidza hurumende faindi inorema inopesana nemhosva inoitwa. Chikamu ichi, seBradmist Bail Clause, chinoshanda kuhurumende dzose dziri mbiri dzehurumende nehurumende. Mu United States v. Bajakaan [1998], Dare rakatanga muedzo wakaenzana wokuyera faindi yakanyanyisa. Dare raidavira kuti chinoputsa Kugadziriswa kwemitemo kwe8

Dare reChirungu reMasclear Reconse ([FLT: 0]] Timbs v. Indiana) (2017), Dare Gurusa rakabatana rakataura kuti Kunyanyisa Recons Claus kunoshanda kuhurumende nehurumende dzinotora nzvimbo yeIndaneti. Mhaka yacho yaibatanidza murume ane $42 000 Land Rover yakatorwa pashure pokunge apiwa mhosva yokutengesa heroin shomanana. Dare rakabvuma kuti kurasikirwa kwavagari vemo kungagona kushandiswa munzira dzinopesana nemitemo inowirirana, kunyange zvazvo yakasiya kushandiswa kwemitemo yedare yakaderera.

Chirango Choutsinye uye Chinoshamisa chaClaus

Chirango Choutsinye uye Chisina Kurovedzeka ndiro gadziriro inokakavadzana zvikurusa yeSendment. Tsananguro yacho yakachinja zvinoshamisa nokufamba kwenguva, inoratidzira kuchinja mipimo yenzanga yenzanga nenzwisiso huru yendangariro yavanhu. Dare Rapamusoro rataura nheyo inotungamirira: Sexh Amendment inowana revo yayo kubva ku "mipimo inochinja yetsika inoyera inoratidzira nzanga inokura." Iyi nheyo, yakaziviswa mu Trop v. Dulles [1988]), inoenderera mberi kuumba revo yayo yeIndectives Reformation Reformation.

Chitsama chemashoko chinorambidza zvirango zvoutsinye hwemuzvarirwo, zvakadai sokutambudza kana kuti rufu runopfuurira. Chinorambidzawo zvirango zvisingaenzaniswi nemhosva yacho, chinoreva kuti mutongo unofanira kuva noukama hune mufungo noukombi hwemhosva yacho uye kupiwa mhaka kwomutadzi. Kuwedzera, chitsama chinorambidza zvirango zvinobvumirwa kana kuti zvinopa mhosva mukushandiswa kwazvo, uye chinoda kuti zvirango zvishande madonzo apamutemo okunyora, kutsiva, kutsiva, uye kudzorera uipi.

Zviratidzo Zvedare Rapamusoro Zvikurusa

Chiratidzo Chorufu Nebasa Rechipfuva

Kushandiswa kweSendment yeChirango chorufu kunomirira mutumbi wedzidziso wakawanda zvikurusa newenharo munharaunda ino. Mu Furman v. Georgia [172], Dare Rapamusoro rakashatisa nenzira inobudirira chirango chorufu chiri chose muUnited States. Murangariro weDare wakaitwa nenzira inopesana nemirangariro mipfumbamwe yakasiyana, neruramisiro dzakakamuraniswa pamifungo yakarurama yakarurama. Voruzhinji vakabvumirana kuti chirango chorufu, sechakaitwa, chipunze pembedzo che8h Demendement nemhaka yokuti kushandiswo kwayo yakanga iri yokuzvidira, yokusasarura, uye kudzosera mhaka yourudzi. Mutongi akakurumbira akaenzanisa nokuwana chirango chorufu ne"kurohwa nemheni."

Mhinduro ku Furman [[FLT: 1] yakakurumidza. Nyika dzakawanda dzakaita mitemo mitsva yakarongwa kugadzirisa zvikanganiso zvebumbiro remitemo zvakaziviswa neDare. Iyi mirau mitsva yaiwanzotora rimwe ramafomu maviri: mitemo yechirango cherufu yaida chirango cherufu nokuda kwemhosva dzakati, kana kuti mirau inotungamirirwa yaigovera majeri edare nezvikonzero zvokufunga kuti arangane mutongo. Gregbb v. Georgia6], Dare guru rakatsigira kururamisira kweGeorgia, kuongorora, kuchiita kuti zvisarudzo zvakanyatso. Dare rakatsigirawo mitemo yakafanana kubva kuFlorida uye kudzorwa kworufu rwakadzikira kuNorthern Louisanian.

Chisarudzo chakatanga gadziriro yebumbiro remitemo yechirango chorufu chinoramba chiripo nhasi. Muiyi gadziriro, miganhu inofanira kugovera miedzo yakakomba umo kuva nemhaka nokutonga zvinoitika zvakasiana, kuva nechokwadi chokuti majaji arangarire migariro imwe neimwe noufakazi hunodzikamisa, uye kuisa hwirudzuro ine revo. Dare rakasimbisa kuti chirango chorufu chinochengeterwa vatadzi vakaipisisa nemhosva dzakaipisisa, nheyo yakaumba rondedzero yapashure.

Zvirango Zvokufananidzira Pamusoro Pechirango Chikuru

Chifo cha , Dare Rapamusoro rakamisa majekiseni anoverengeka anorambidza chirango chorufu nokuda kwemapoka akati avapari vemhosva. Mu Attins v. Virginia [2002], Dare raidavira kuti kuuraya vanhu vane urema hwendangariro kunoputsa Hurumende yeSexth Amendment. Kunyora nokuda kwevoruzhinji, Mutongi John Stevens akadudza mipimo inowirirana netsika inowirirana, achiratidza kuti nhamba inokura yemitemo yakanga yaita kuuraya kwakadaro uye kuti masangano ounyanzvi mumunda wezvoutano hwendangariro akanga avandudza mipimo yakabudirira zvikuru. Dare rakarangarira kuti vanhu neurema hwendangariro hwakashata uye kuti donzo risati richiva donzo donzo repamutemo.

Mu v. Simmons [2005], Dare rakatambanudza iyi pfungwa chaiyo kuvatadzi vaduku, richifunga kuti kuuraya vanhu vakanga vari pasi pe 18 panguva yemhosva dzavo kunoputsa Eighth Amendment. Dare rakasimbisa kuti vachiri kuyaruka havanyanyi kupara mhosva kudarika vakuru nemhaka yokuoma kwavo, kukuva pedyo nedzvinyiriro yavaenzani, uye unhu hunoramba huchikura. Chisarudzo chapamusoro chakadzorwa .Stanford v. Kentucky[[FLT:] [19989], icho chakanga chabvumira kuurawa kwa 16 na 17-gore ramakore. Justicey Kennedy akawana murangariro mukuru wesayenzi pamusoro pokubudirira, kuratidzira chibvumirano chedare renhau.

Mu HAll v. Florida (2014, Dare rakanatsazve maAtkins , richiva nenzvimbo iyo isingagoni kushandisa chiverengero chakaoma cheIQ kuti ione urema hwoungwaru nokuda kwamadonzo echirango chorufu. Dare rakasimbisa kuti rondedzero dzendangariro dzechirema choungwaru dzinoda kurangarirwa kwezvose zviri zviviri kushanda kwoungwaru nomufambiro unochinjika, uye kuti nhamba yakaganhurirwa inokundikana kutsanangura chikanganiso chomupimo chagara chiri muIQ. Chirengo chakanyora kuti mutemo wechisere "Reformation restion" kuti mutemo uziviswe nenzanga yezvokurakurakurakurakurakurakura."

Kutongwa Nokutongwa Kusiri kweCapat

Tsika yeChibvumirano cheReamment yeChikamu chirefu inotambanudzwa kupfuura chirango chorufu kusvikira kutongero dzejeri refu, kunyange zvazvo Dare rave richisundwa zvikuru nerutongeso rwemitemo mumhaka dzisiri dzenhau. Mu Rummel v. Estelle[ [1980], Dare rakatsigira mutongo woupenyu nebviro yokuisa pasi pemitemo yeTexas yokunyengera nokuda kwokupara mhosva dzine hwerengedzo inenge $30. Dare rakarangarira kuti mutongo wacho wakabatira fariro dzapamutemo mukudzivisa kugadzirwa kwemijeko nemubata uye kuti bviro yeparation yakagovera chirongwa chokuhwirudzura.

Zvisinei, mu Surem v. [193], Dare rakakunda mutongo woupenyu pasina bviro yokupara mhosva yakashata pasi perecificipist. Dare rakatsaura [ RUMMEL] pavhu iro mukwiridzirimo Sholem rakanga risingabviri kuva bviro yokupa mutongo, richiita mutongo wakaenzana woupenyu nokusaiswa mutorongo pakuvamba. Mutongi mukuru Burger anoumba mufungo mukuru wekunzvera rutivi rwekukotseka, kuoma kwemhosva, uye kudzorwa kwezvimwe zvikanganiso.

Dare rakadzokororazve mupimo wokuwirirana mu Harmarelin v. Michigan (1991]), umo rakatsigira mutongo woupenyu unomanikidzirwa pasina kubviswa kwe672grems yecocaine. Mutongi Antonin Scalia akarangarira kuva mufungo wakaganhurirwa werevem Remeter, achiramba kuti Murairo une utsinye neMirairo yaClaus haina vimbiso yemitongo yetorongo yetorongo. Mutongi Anthony Kennedy anobvumirana kuti "kuganhurira kwemite" anobatira kumitsetse mirevero isati iri mirevo mirevo mirevo, uye kuti "Resisere inorambidza mitsetse mikuru bedzi iyo iri kuutsotsi."

Mu inobudisa California . na [[FT:2] Lockyer v. Andrade (2003), Dare rakatsigira mitongo yamakore 25 kuupenyu hwakaiswa pasi peCalifornia nokuda kwemhosva duku zvikuru. Dare rakashandisa Kennedy "gross directivement" mupimo wa [[[FLT: 4.]] Harmarelin uye rakawana kuti mitsetse, nepo yakakomba, haina kuputsa mutemo wemisi yemisikanzwa yakakomba yakapiwa. Izvi zvisarudzo zvakakura zvikuru zvedare rinodzosera.

Kushandisa Nguva Yazvino Uno uye Magakava

Mamiriro Ezvinhu Mujeri uye Kubudirira Mujeri

Dare Refuta reRendement rinoisa misengwa yokubvuma pavakuru vakuru vejeri kuti vagovere migariro yokupfigirwa. Mu Estelle v. Gamble [1976], Dare Gurusai rakataura kuti kusakendenga kwamaune kuzvinodikanwa zvakakomba zvokurapa zvavasungwa kunoumba chirango choutsinye uye chechienzi. Mupimo uyu unoda kuti vasungwa varatidze zvose zviri zviviri kuti mugariro wavo wezvo wokurapa wakanga wakakomba uye kuti vakuru vetorongo vaita nokusaitira hanya kwamaune. Estelle [[FLT]] mupimo wezvokutarisira utano hwendangariro, dziviriro yamasimba masimba, uye zvinodikanwa zvikuru sezvokudya, dziviriro, uye utsanana.

Mu Farmer v. Brennan (1994]), Dare rakajekesa mupimo wokusakendenga kwamaune mumashoko akapoteredza ekotsekano. Mhaka yaibatanidza musungwa airohwa nokubatwa chibharo pashure pokuiswa muchiverengero chevagari vemo vehurumende. Dare rairangarira kuti mukuru mukuru wetorongo anoita mabasa namaune asina hanya kana mukuru mukuru achiziva kuti anotarisana nengozi huru yekuvadziko ndokukundikana kuita matanho ane mufungo kukuvadziko iyoyo. Chisarudzo chacho chakaramba mupimo wakarurama wakarurama, kuchida kuti vakuru vakuru vakuru vehurumende vave nezivo yengozi, asi chakazivawo kuti zivo yakadaro inogona kubviswa mungozi iri pachena.

Migariro yokupfigirwa mumatorongo eAmerica inopfuurira kuita mari yeSandes Refect. Zvinetso zvinobatanidza kunyanyowandisa, kutarisirwa kweutano hwepfungwa, kuratidzirwa kutembiricha dzakanyanyisa, migariro yokurarama isina kuchena, uye zvokudya zvisina kukwana. Mu Brown v. Plata [2011], Dare rapamusoro rakatsigira murayiro wedare wakaderera unoda California kuderedza vagari vetorongo vake kuti vataure nenzira yapamutemo kuperevera kwezvo kurapa uye kurapa. Mutongi Kennedy akaziva kuti mafungire mazhinji aiita kuti mamiriro ezvinhu ave "akaita kutambura kusina kufanira uye rufu zvavasungwa vazhinji" uye kuti nyika yacho ive yakundikana kugovera tarisiro inowirirana nezvinodiwa nemitemo.

Kuvharirwa Pasina Munhu Uye Kukuvadzwa Mupfungwa

Kushandiswa kwokuvharirwa woga, kunozivikanwawo sedzimba dzinoganhurira kana kuti kuganhurirwa, kwakaoneka senhau huru yeSendment mumakore achangobva kupfuura aya. Kuparadzaniswa kukuru kunobatanidza kubatanidzwa kwavasungwa kuchitokisi chiduku kwemaawa 22 kusvikira ku24 pazuva nebatano shomanene yomunhu, mapurogiramu akaganhurirwa, uye mhoteredzo shomanene. Kunzvera kwakabudisa kuvadziko huru yendangariro mukupfigwa kwoga kwenguva refu, kubatanidza funganyo, kuora mwoyo, kuora mwoyo, kuora mwoyo, uye ngozi yakawedzerwa yokuzviuraya.

Matare epasi pevhu asvika pamhedziso dzakasiyana pamusoro pokuti kupfigirwa woga kunoputsa Sertmendment. Mamwe matare akarangarira kuti kuzviparadzanisa kwenguva refu pasina dziviriro dzakafanira kana kuti kuongororwa kwoutano hwendangariro kunoumba chirango choutsinye nechisiri chenguva dzose. Mamwe akasundira kudare rejeri pamusoro pezvinodikanwa zvokuranga kana kuti kuchengeteka. Dare Gurusa harina kutaura zvakananga nezvokuvakwa kwemitemo kwakakomba kwokuvara kwakarebesa, kunyange zvazvo Mutongi Kennedy akabudisa mashoko mu Davis v. [FLT:] (20) [20)] anoratidzira kunetseka pamusoro pezviito uye kukarakadza kuti "dare rinokura rokunzvera pamusoro pekuvadziko yakakomba neyakanyanyisa uye kuvadziko yapa pamutemo yokuzviito zvokuzvikwereta.

Zvibvumirano zvinoverengeka zvakatanga chinjo kuderedza kushandiswa kwokuvharirwa uri woga, kubatanidza miganhu yenguva pakugoverwa kwenzvimbo, kuwedzerwa kwepurogiramu nokuda kwavasungwa vanosarura, uye dzimwe nzira dzokuranga. Idzi chinjo dzinoratidzira chibvumirano chinowedzera chokuti kuzviparadzanisa kwakarebeswa kunopesana nemipimo inochinja yeSerth Amendment yetsika dzakanaka, kunyange sezvo miganhu yebumbiro remitemo inoramba isingadzoreki.

Upenyu Hwevana Husina Paraori

Kushandiswa kweSendment yeSayenzi yokutonga kwepwere kunomirira chimwe chezvinoitika zvinokosha zvikuru mumuitiro woutsotsi wazvino uno. Mu Graham v. Florida (2010), Dare Gurusa rakataura kuti kutongerwa vapara mhosva vaduku kuupenyu hwose pasina bviro yokupa mhaka isina kufanira kunopesana neMhosva yeSayeremhedri. Dare rakaziva kuti vaduku vakaderera kugadziriswa uye simba guru rokugadzirisa, uye kuti mutongo woupenyu usina kumira udzori unoreva chirango chakanyanya kurwadza icho chinova chirango chokuva nemhaka yemhosva yemhosva.

Makore maviri gare gare, Miller v. Alabama (2012) Dare rakatambanudzira uku kurangarira kuvaiti vemhosva dzepwere dzokuponda, richiita kuti mitongo iyoyo yapamutemo ive isina kuganhurirwa nokuda kwepwere ive inoputsa Dare reMitemo reHeighth Amendment. Dare harina kuisa chose chose chose mitongo youpenyu isina kuganhurirwa nokuda kwepwere dzine mhaka yokuuraya, asi raida kuti matare atendere dare arangarire zera repwere, mamiriro ezvinhu adzo, uye mamiriro ezvinhu avanhu vamwe navamwe pamberi pokuisa mutongo wakadaro. Chisarudzo chakasimbisa kuti "vana vakasiana nomutoo wapamutemo nokuda kwezvinangwa zvokutonga" uye zvirongwa zvinodzivisa kurangarirwa kwezvisakafanira kuuraya vanhu zvisakafanira.

Mu Montgomey v. Louisiana (2016), Dare raidavira kuti Miller [ inoshanda nenzira inoshanda, inoda kuti hurumende dzipedze nzeve dzinoshatirwa nokuda kwavatyairi vaduku vakanga vagamuchira mitsetse yapamutemo youpenyu isina muganhu. Dare rakaziva kuti [[FLT:] Miller [ akazivisa mutemo webumbiro remitemo wemitemo kuti upenyu husati hwaparirwa neparation hunovakidzwa nepwere dzakawanda. Chisarudzo chakazarura suo nokuda kwezviuru zvevapanduki munyika yose kuti vatsvaki vatsvakirwe.

Zvimwe Zvatingadzidza

Nokuda kwaavo vanotsvaka kukudza nzwisiso yavo yeSendment, Constitution Ancontromation inochengetwa neRaibhurari yeCongress inogovera kusanonzvera kwamativi eDare Gurusa. [[[FLT:]] Legical Information Institute pa Cornell Law School [[FLT:]] inopa mashoko anosvika edzidziso yeSendmailment. Nhoroondo, Faunders Online[[FLT:] , Stockhoouss transsion yemists [[FLT:]] project:] inobatanidza manyuko makuru anowirirana nerati yemaswokugadziridza naro yekodzero dzaMagame. [FL:] National Institute of Justices[Ft: [Ft]

Mugumisiro: Kuchinja Kusere Kwedzidziso Yokushanduka - shanduka Kunopfuurira

Dare reMitemo Resere rinoramba riri gadziriro huru uye yakapokanidzwa yomutemo wemitemo weAmerica. Rugwaro rwaro, rwakanyoreswa muna 1789, runopfuurira kutaura kumibvunzo yazvino uno pamusoro pemiganhu yechiremera chehurumende munzanga yehurumende yedemocracy. Unyanzvi hwechinjo hunovapo mukuva kwayo yose zvayo, uko kunobvumira matare kushandisa nheyo dzaro kumigariro mitsva uye kubatanidza nzwisiso dzinochinja dzechiremera chomunhu, kuvadziko yendangariro, uye muitiro wokururamisa unobudirira.

Nzwisiso huru yeSendment yeSerth Amendment ndeyokuti chirango chinofanira kuita zvinangwa zvapamutemo uye chinofanira kuremekedza rudzi rwomunhu rwaavo vanorangwa kunyange sezvachinovaita kuti vazvidavirire nokuda kwomufambiro wavo. Iyi nzwisiso yakasunda kubviswa kwemitoo yokuuraya youtsinye, kuzivikanwa kwezvirango zvechigaro zvechibharo chavanhu vasina dziviriro, kutangwa kwemipimo yemitemo yemigariro yetorongo, uye miganhuro inomuka pamitsetse yakanyanyisa yezviito zvepwere. Chiitiko chimwe nechimwe cheizvi chinoratidzira nheyo yemitemo yokuti simba rehurumende rokuranga hachina kuganhurirwa uye kuti Ereh Amend inotonga inomira mise inoramba kuderera kutsika youtsinye.

Kuvadzidzisi vanodzidzisa mutemo webumbiro remitemo, Sendromet inopa fundo huru yenhau mukuchinja kunoita revo yebumbiro remitemo kupfurikidza nokufambidzana kwerugwaro, muenzaniso, mipimo yenzanga, uye zivo yemipimo. Vadzidzi, chinjo yacho inopa mibvunzo inokosha pamusoro peruramisiro, kuwirirana, uye ganhuriro dzesimba rehurumende. Uye kuvagari vemo, Sexh Amendment inomirira musengwa wemitemo kuchisarudzo chokuti kunyange avo vakaputsa mipimo mikurusa yenzanga vanoramba kutaura kwokubatwa nechiremera chohunhu.

Sezvo nzanga yeAmerica inopfuurira kukurukura kugadziridzwa kweruramisiro youtsotsi, chirango chorufu, kusungwa kwavazhinji, uye kubatwa kwavanhu vakasungwa, Serth Amendment pasina panikiro icharamba iri musimboti wekurukurirano idzi.Nhaka yayo inheyo inogara yokuti chaunga chakarurama chinofanira kuzvibatirira chimene kumipimo yakakwirira zvikurusa pakushandisa simba rokuranga, uye kuti mwero wokuzvipira kworudzi kukodzero dzavanhu ndiwo mabatire arunoita avo vakatadzira mitemo yacho.