Zvinoreva Gungano Rakasununguka Nesonganiro Munzanga Yakasununguka

Kodzero dzokuungana norugare ndokuumba masangano makuru egadziriro ipi neipi yehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu. Dzinopa vanhu simba rokuita zvinhu pamwe chete, kukudza manzwi avo, uye kuva nesimba rokuzvidavirira. Pasina idzi rusununguko, kusabvumirana kunodzorwa, kurongeka kwehurumende kunotsiviwa nokusashanda. Nyaya ino inonzvera revo inogara kwenguva refu yegungano rakasununguka nesonganiro, ichinzvera mavakirwo enhau anovadzivirira, kunzvera zvinetso zvenguva ino, uye kugovera mazano okusimbisa aya mabudiro anokosha.

Mavambo Enhau Emagungano Neshamwari

Kubva pamisika yekare yechiGiriki kusvika kumasangano enguva yeMiddle Ages, kubatana kwave kuri nguva dzose mutyairi wefambiro mberi yenzanga.

Masangano Emhindumupindu Nokutanga Kwamaruramiro Azvino Uno

Chinjo yeAmerica yakanga iri nhambo inorondedzera: varoori vakaumba matare etsamba, vakaita misangano yetaundi, uye vakarongwa vanorwisana nemitemo yeBritain. Chiziviso Chorusununguko, nepo chisingarongedzeri zvakananga kodzero dzegungano, chakavanzarika hwaro.Nenzira yakafanana, Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen (1789) yakataura kuti “kurukurirano yemifungo nemirangariro ndeimwe yamaruramiro anokosha zvikurusa omunhu.”

Muzana remakore rechi19, masangano evashandi akava nzvimbo yokuedza yakasimba. Vashandi vakaungana kuti vade mibhadharo inokwana, maawa mapfupi, uye mamiriro ezvinhu akakotsekana. Kodzero yokuumba masangano okushandirana akashorwa zvikuru, kazhinji kazhinji yaisangana namasimba masimba nokudzvinyirirwa kwapamutemo. MuUnited States, Pullman Attall ya 18949 uye Haymarmaire Affir yakaratidzira kusawirirana pakati pesimba rehurumende nekodzero kuronga. Kurwa uku pakupedzisira kwakatungamirira kukudzivirirwa kweNational Labor Retation Act of 1935.

Zana Remakore Rechi20: Kodzero Dzevagari Vemo Nokuzivikanwa Munyika Yose

Sangano rekodzero dzevanhu muUnited States ndeimwe yemienzaniso ine simba zvikuru yokuungana kwapachena. Marchs, magate, uye misangano yavazhinji zvakanga zviri zvishandiso zvinokosha nokuda kwokupesana. March muna 1963 paWashington rakaratidza kuti musangano raigona sei kubvisa rugare mumurangariro wavose uye simba romutemo. Nyika yose, Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR), yakagamuchirwa muna 1948, yakabatanidza rusununguko urwu muChikamu 20: “Munhu ari wose ane maruramiro orusununguko kurusununguko rwegungano nesonganiro zvine rugare.”

Kudzivirira Gungano Neshamwari Dzinoitirwa Mumutemo

Dziviriro Dzebumbiro Remitemo: Amendement Yokutanga uye Kupfuura

MuUnited States, First Amendment inodzivirira zvakajeka kodzero “yorugare kuungana, uye kukumbira Hurumende kugadziridza zvichemo.” Dare rapamusoro rakadudzira nguva dzose ikoku kubatanidza kodzero yokuumba mabato ezvematongerwe enyika, mapoka ezvisarudzo, uye dzimwe sangano rokuzvidira. Nhau huru dzinobatanidza NAACP v. Alabama[FLD:1] [1958], iyo yakadzivirira kuvanda kwezvikamu zvemitezo, uye Brandenburg v. Ohio[FT:]] [[FLT]]] [69]), iyo yakagadza zvitsauko zvakakwirira nokuda kwokudzivisa kutaura ikoko kwokusateerera mutemo.

MuGermany, Chikamu 8 choMutemo weSikisime chinovimbisa kodzero yokuungana norugare uye isina zvombo, kunyange zvazvo paine kuungana kwepanze.European Convention on Human Rights, Article 11, inodzivirira zvose zviri zviviri rusununguko rwokuungana nokusonganirana, neDare reEurope rekodzero dzevanhu riri kupa mitongo yakawanda inodzikamisa kodzero idzi dzinopesana nezvinotarisirwa nevanhu.

Zvombo Zvekodzero Dzevanhu Munyika Yose

Kupfuura UDHR, ICCPR inoda masangano enyika kuremekedza ndokuvimbisa idzi maruramiro, ichibvumira ganhuriro bedzi apo kudikanwa kwechengeteko yorudzi, chengeteko yavose, nhevedzano yavose, utano hwavanhu, kana kuti tsika. Dare reHuman Rights rakabudisa General Declate No. 37 pamaruramiro egungano rine rugare, ichijekesa kuti magungano anofanira kurangarirwa kuva apamutemo uye kuti zviremera zvinofanira kupfavisa, kwete kudzidzivisa. Nenzira yakafanana, kokorodzano dzeInternational Labour Organization (ILO) dzinodzivirira maruramiro okuumba nokukumbanira masangano ezvokutengeserana, rutivi rukuru rwerusununguko rwesonganiro.

Ganhuriro Neganhuriro Dziri Pachena

Nepo idzi maruramiro dzisati dziri dzinokosha zvikuru, hadzina kuganhurirwa.

Basa Remagungano Neshamwari Muupenyu Hwehurumende

Kupa Inzwi Kuvagari Vemo

Kuungana kwakasununguka nesonganiro zvinogovera nzira yakarongwa yokuti vanhu vataure nayo funganyo idzo dzingasanzwika. Zvibvumikiso, misangano yavose zvinobvumira vanhu kuratidzira ukuru hwezvitendero zvavo.Nzanga_hadzi dzingava nguva dzenzanga, mapoka ezvemapoka, kana kuti nzanga dzenyanzvi . "Aggretation" uye zvinogovera unyanzvi hunogona kuzivisa muitiro. Pasina idzi nzira, zvigumbu zvinogona kukura uye kutungamirira kuzvimiro zvinovhiringidza zvikuru zvokusabvumirana.

Chiito Chinobatanidza Chinjo

Nhau inoratidza kuti kuchinja kwemagariro evanhu hakuwanzobva kuvanhu vari voga. Sangano revakadzi, LGBTQ+ kodzero dzokuva pamutemo, kushandira mhoteredzo, uye maruramiro okuremara zvose zvakatsamira pakuunganidza vanhu vakawanda. Kubva paSeneca Falls Convention (1848) kusvika kunjodzi yemamiriro okunze epasi pose (209), kuungana uye kushandira pamwe zvave zviri injini dzefambiro mberi. Somuenzaniso, kurwisana kweStonewall kwa1969 kwakanga kuri gungano razvinongoerekana raita kuti kodzero dzevatano dzazvino uno dzokuberekana. Mumakore anotevera, masangano akafanana nekodzero dzechintu neGLAAD akaumbwa kuti adhinde nokuda kwokuenzana kwapamutemo.

Kusimbisa Kutora Rutivi Rwezvamatongerwe Enyika

Kupfuura kunyunyuta, masangano anokosha nokuda kwokubatanidzwa kwezvamatongerwe enyika. Masangano ezvamatongerwe enyika, masangano ezvouswa, uye mapoka anopesvedzera anobetsera vagari vemo kutora rutivi musarudzo, mitemo yakaumbwa, uye kutarisira chiito chehurumende. Mumibato yehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu vakawanda, zvirongwa zvehurumende dzinodzorwa nevagari vemo zvinotsamira pasonganiro dzokuunganidza siginicha nevhotera. Rusununguko rwegungano runodzivirirawo misangano yenhimbe nekokorodzano dzezvamatongerwe enyika, izvo zvinokosha nokuda kwokuronga kwehurumende yehurumende yehurumende yehurumende.

Zvinetso Zvinouya Nokuungana Kwakasununguka Uye Kushamwaridzana

Kunyanyowandirwa neHurumende uye Kuwanda Kwayo

Mumakore achangobva kupfuura aya, hurumende dzakawanda dzakaisa matanho anoganhurira nenzira inowedzera pamagungano namasangano. Mudzimwe nyika, zviremera zvinoda kufanoziviswa, kuramba mvumo, kana kuti kuisa mutengo wakakwirira weinishuwarenzi. Kudzorwa kwavarongi vanyunyuti nokupinda kwamapoka anorwira kupodza kushandiswa kwekodzero idzi. Somuenzaniso, kushandiswa kwokunzvera kwemifungo kutarira vatori rutivi muBlack Live Conquest kumutsa kusava nehanya kwakakomba neregeredzama. ACLU] ALY]

Masimba Masimba Nokutyiswa Nevatongi Vasiri Vomumagariro Enyika

Munyika dzakawanda, vanorwariswa, vanotyisidzirwa, kana kuti vanorwiswa nehurumende, vanopondwa nehama yaAdama Traoré muFrance uye kuurayiwa kwevatungamiriri vemakwikwi munzvimbo dzakadai seIndia neMyanmar kunoratidza ngozi dzacho.

Zvikanganiso Zvapamutemo Netsananguro Dzokutonga Dzinorwisana

Mimwe miganhu yakagadza mitemo yokuti kudzivirira gungano nenzira yezita asi inobatanidza kusiiwa kwakajeka. Kukura kwe “nyika inodzivirira” mitemo pamusoro pemakiriniki okubvisa pamuviri kana kuti“ mitemo inodzivisa” muAustralia neUnited Kingdom inogona kubvisa nenzira inobudirira gungano rine rugare. Dzimwe nguva matare anononotswa zvikuru kutaura kwehurumende kwechengeteko yenyika kana kuti nhevedzano yavose, sezvinoonekwa muEuropean Court of Human Rights court Belyaev v. Russia kana kuti chisarudzo cheDare rapamusoro reUS mu [FT:] Mastercatedt , icho chinotaurwa nesangano rapachena mumashoko akaganhurirwa.

Magungano Anoitwa Pakombiyuta uye Kuwadzana Nevanhu Pakombiyuta

Kukura kwezvinobudisa nhau zvenzanga kwakaparira nzvimbo itsva nokuda kwegungano nesonganiro, asiwo tyisidziro itsva. MaSatimende anogona kukudza mapoka, uye zvikuva zvinogona kubvisa mapoka asingachinji pasina muitiro wakafanira. Chinyadziso cheCambridge Analytica chakaratidzira kuti miraudzo ingashandiswa sei kudzora kuungana. Matare navanogadzira mitemo vachiri kuvhiringidzwa nenzira yokushandisa nayo nheyo dzesangano dzamagamuchidzanwa kumitezo yemitengo. [[FLT: 0]] REctronic Foundation Foundation yave] yave inzwi rakatanhamara mukutsigira kodzero dzemichina idzo nzanga dzinowirirana nedziviriro dzenyama.

Kuongorora Nyaya: Kuungana uye Kushamwaridzana Kuri Kuitwa

Kufamba Kwavakadzi uye Kusimba Kwapasi Rose

Muna January 2017, musi waMadzimai wakava mumwe wevarwi vakurusa munhoroondo yeUnited States, uye vanofungidzirwa kuva mamiriyoni 4 munyika yose uye mamiriyoni 2,5 munyika yose. Yakaratidza kuti gungano rinogona kukurumidza kuronga chinangwa chimwe chete charo chakadai sekuenzana uye kumiririra zvematongerwo enyika. Kufora kwacho kwakasimbisawo basa resonganiro: matare ekwazvo okuronga, mapoka evakadzi asingabudisi mari, uye masangano enyika dzakawanda akaita kuti vakurudzire. Kufamba kwegore negore kwaita kuti sangano racho rirambe riripo, zvichiita kuti vavhoti uye vatsigiri vatsi vawane mutemo.

Boka Revatema Rine Mhaka

Yakafungirwa nokurevererwa kwaGeorge Zimmerman muna 2013 uye yakanyandurwazve pashure pokupondwa kwaGeorge Floyd muna 2020, Black Lives Confect (BLM) yakabva muhashtag kuva mubatanidzwa wakaisvonaka wemaganhuro omunzvimbomo namasangano. BLM yakashandisa zvose zviri zviviri kuratidzira kutsinhana nezvokushandisa zvemichina kuraira chinjo yamapurisa, ruramisiro yedzinza, uye kubviswa kwamapurisa. Sangano rakananga kudzivirira hurumende inokosha, kubatanidza kushandiswa kwevamiriri venyika kuti vadzvinyirire kudzvinyirira nyika muPortland, Oregon. Pasinei zvapo neizvi, BLM yakabudirira mumurangariro wavose uye kuchinja mutemo wavose mumashoko akawanda. [[FLD:] [FLD]

Kupindira Kwomugariro Wemhoteredzo Kunoitika uye Chikoro Chinorovanya

Kuvambira nomudzidzi asina kuroora, Greta Thunberg, uyo akagara kunze kweparamende yeSweden muna 2018, chikwata chenyika yose chenzvimbo yokunze chakakura kuva sangano guru. Muna September 2019, vanhu vanofungidzirwa kuva mamirioni 4 vakapindira mukurwisana munyika yose. Musangano wakashandisa kodzero yegungano rine rugare kumanikidza hurumende kuti dzive nemitemo yezvemamiriro okunze. Sangano rakadai sa350.org neChishanu zveNguva zvakagovera tsigiro yesangano renyika yose. Sangano racho rakatarisanawo nezvinetso: dzimwe hurumende dzakaramba kubvumira kuti kurovanya kwechikoro, dzichitaura kuti vadzidzi vanofanira kuva mukirasi, nepo vamwe vaishandisa mapurisa kuparadzira kuungana. Bva kupfuurira kwekodzero dzegungano kwakabvumira sangano kutsungirira uye kukurudzira zvibvumirano zvehurumende zvenyika dzakawanda.

Kutsigira uye Kudzivirira Magungano Neshamwari Zvakasununguka

Kutsigira Kuchinja Kwepamutemo

Kusimbisa idzi maruramiro kunoda chiito chapamutemo. Mapoka okusasarura anofanira kutsigira mitemo inoda zviremera kupfavisa, kwete kuvhiringidza, magungano ane rugare. Rumbidzo dzinobatanidza kubvisa mitero yebvumiro, kupfupikisa nhambo dzeziviso, uye kurambidza kuongororwa kwemibato yezvamatongerwe enyika yapamutemo. Kuwedzera, kudzivirira kwerivara nokuda kwokuva nenhau dzinoramba kugona kudzivirira kuzvidavirira. Artlectle 19 sangano rinogovera mativi emitemo nokuda kwokutsvaka masangano ehurumende anowirirana nomutemo wenyika yose.

Dzidzo Yavose Nokudzidza Zviri Mumutemo

Vagari vemo vakawanda havazivi nezvoukuru hwekodzero dzavo. Masangano asingapinduri purofiti, maraibhurari, uye nzvimbo dzenzanga zvinogona kugovera masuo pamusoro penzira yokuungana nayo pamutemo, nzira yokubatirana nayo nemitemo, uye chokuita kana kodzero dzikaputswa. Mawebsite akafanana neNational Lawyers Guild “Prestist Legister Treaty". Anogovera nhungamiro dzinoshanda. Mumitemo yehurumende, kunyora nokunyora zvinyorwa zvemitemo kunogona kubetsera vatsigiriki kugadzirira nokuda kwokudzvinyirira hurumende. Vadzidzisi vanofanira kubatanidza zvidzidzo zvegungano nesangano muruwa kuti vatsigire tsika dzezvizvarwa zvinobudirira.

Kutsigira Mibatanidzwa Yemakwenzi

Vapi mumwe nomumwe, nheyo, uye masangano amarudzi ose vanogona kuita basa rinokosha kupfurikidza nokutsigira masangano omunzvimbomo nokugovera betsero yapamutemo. Kufadza nokuda kwemari yokunyunyuta, kurukurirano isina masimba masimba, uye kugovera zvipfeko zvinodzivirira inzira chaidzo dzokutsigira nadzo vatsigiri. Kubatana kwamarudzi ose, kwakadai seUnited Nations Special Rapporteur yemishumo yevadziviriri vekodzero dzavanhu, kunogona kukudza manzwi nedzvinyiriro zvomunzvimbomo zvinotuka. [[FLT: 0] Amnesty International [ nhimberongedzo dzokubudiswa kwevasungwa vechechi vechechi yeSangano renyika yose.

Kuvaka Mavakirwe Ezvinhu Zvakaganhurirwa

Kodzero dzemagungano nesangano zviri kutyisidzirwa munyika dzakawanda panguva imwe chete. Kudavidza kwakabatana kwepasi pose kungasimbisa sangano rimwe nerimwe. Maneseti akafanana neInternational Commission of Jurist (ICJ) neWorld Movement for Democracy for democracy yescialss zvinopfavisa zivo uye zvinogoverana zvirongwa zvapamutemo. Matururo emagetsi anobvumira vanorwira kushandira pamwe kuti vawirirane munyika yose, zvakadai sokufamba kwemamiriro okunze enyika yose akabatana avarongi venguva munyika dzose. Mibatanidzwa yakadaro inogonawo kukurudzira masangano ehurumende akafanana neHumotion Rights Council kuti igamuchire zvisarumbiso zvinodzivirira rusununguko urwu.

mhedziso

Dare rakasununguka uye songaniro inzvimbo inotangira nzanga ine simba, inopa miganhu. Vanobvumira vadzorwi vanoiswa pasi kuti vataure, vanodisa kuronga, uye boka kudenha kusaruramisira. Nepo dziviriro dzapamutemo dziripo, dzinoda kungwarira nguva dzose (kudzivisa hurumende kukunda, masimba, uye kusakendenga kwetsika. Kunzwisisa kurwisa kwenhau kwakawana kodzero idzi uye tyisidziro dzapanguva ino, vagari vemo vemo yehurumende vanogona kuvadzivirira zviri nani. Nguva yemberi yehurumende inotsamira pakuti tinodzivirira nzvimbo dzechadenga nedzemitengo (socialm) apo vanhu vanogona kuungana, kubatanidza, uye kufungidzira mikana mitsva. Kudzivirira idzi kodzero hakusi chinhu chinoitwa panguva imwe asi kupfuurira kutsika inotarisana nesimba iripo.