Kunzwisisa Mitero Yomunzvimbomo

Mitero yemoro inzvimbo dzinochengeterwa mari yehurumende dzehurumende nedzeruwa muUnited States, ichigovera mari inodikanwa kuendesa mabasa ayo vagari vemo vanotsamira pazuva nezuva. Iyi mitero inoiswa nemitumbi inodzora yomunzvimbomo(matunhu, mataundi, maruwa ezvikoro, uye mabhadharo(idzoro) yakasiana nemitero yehurumende nehurumende. Masangano emitero yomunzvimbomo anosiyana zvikuru zvichitsamira pamitemo yehurumende, migariro yemari yomunharaunda, uye zvisarudzo zvemitengo. Nepo mitero iyi ichiwanzooneka zvishoma kupfuura mari inodzorwa kubhadharwa, mitero yomunzvimbomo inonyikwaniswa pamitengo yenzanga nemhaka yemitero yenzanga nemhaka yokuti zvinopa mari yechango, mapaki, uye kuchengeteko.

Kunzwisisa mhatsa dzakasiyana - siyana dzemitero yomunzvimbomo kunobatsira vagari vemo kuona kuti mari yavo inounganidzwa sei uye kuti inoendepi. Marudzi anozivikanwa zvikuru anosanganisira mitero yezvinhu, mitero yokutengesa, mari yemari yomunharaunda kana kuti mitero yemitero yemochani, uye mitero yakasiyana - siyana yemitero yemimwe mitero. Mamwe marefu anoyerawo mitero inoiswa panzvimbo yakasiyana - siyana yemitero yakadai semagetsi emumugwagwa kana kuti migwagwa nemutero wemidzanga nemudzanganwa, kana kuti hotera.

Mitero Yezvinhu

Mitero yenzvimbo ndiwo manyuko makurusa emari inotemwa yomunzvimbomo muUnited States, ichirangarira inenge 72 muzana yemitero yose yomunzvimbomo, mukuwirirana neUrban-Bookings Taxilic Center ( mutero unotsamira paukoshi hwenzvimbo chaiyoiyo yemitero. Mitero iyi inotsamira paukoshi hwenzvimbo inotemwa yemari inochengetedzwa neyokutengeserana. Vanonzvera nzvimbo vanosarudza mitero nguva nenguva, uye mwero wemitero (inowanzoratidzirwa semwero wemari, apo chigayo chimwe chinoenzana $1 000 pamutengo unotemwa) chinoiswa navakuru vakuru vakuru vemo vomunzvimbomo kana kuti mapuvhoti. Mitero inowanzochengetedzwa nemhaka yokuti zvivako zvemitero hazvidzorwi, asi vanogona kuita kuti zvipingamupinyinyidzo nokuda kwemisha yavanowana mari inodzorwa. Nyika dzakawanda dzinopa mari dzinopa mari inodzorwa kana kuti dzishairwe, kana kuti dzishairwe.

Mitero Inotengeswa

Mitero inotengeswa sechikamu chemari inotengwa uye, mune dzimwe nzvimbo, mabasa. Mitero yekokutengesa inowanzowedzerwa pamusoro pemitero yokutengesa yehurumende, kureva kuti mwero yakabatanidzwa inogona kudarika 10 muzana munzvimbo dzemitero yemari. Kusiyana nemitero yemari, mitero yokutengesa inobhadharwa nevanotenga panguva yokutengeswa, inonyanya kuoneka. Mitero yemari inochinjawo, sokuchinja kwemari nemitengo inotengwa. Mitero yemo inowanzoshandiswa kubhadharira mari mabasa ose, asi ingatsaurirwawo kuzvinangwa zvakananga sokutakura zvinhu kana kuti kuchengeteka kwavose. Zvinokosha kucherechedza kuti kutengesa mitero inodzorwazve.

Mari Inotambirwa Munharaunda uye Kubhadhara Mitero

Mamwe maguta nenzvimbo dzinoisa mitero yavo vamene yemari inotambirwa pavagari, vasati vari vatungamiriri vanoshanda muhurumende, kana kuti vose vari vaviri. Iyi mitero inowanzova chiverengero chakati kuti chemari inotambirwa kana kuti mari yemambure. Somuenzaniso, maguta akadai seNew York, Philadelphia, uye vamiriniyati vazhinji muOhio neKentucky vanoshandisa mitero yemari inotambirwa yomunzvimbomo kuti vabhadhare mitero. Pachata mitero yemari yomunzvimbo yomunzvimbomo kuti ibhadharo, inobhadharwa vashandi sechikamu chemari inobhadharwa, uyewo inoshandiswa mune dzimwe nzvimbo kubhadharo dzakatirwa sebudiriro yebasa kana kuti kutakura vanhu vazhinji. Mitero yomunharaunda yeko inogona kuva inowirirana nokutenga mitero yemari yemari inobhadharo yemari yemari yemari inobhadharo yemari yemari yemari yemari yemari yemari, asi vanogona kuisa mutengo wemari yemari yemari yemari kana mibato yakakwiranwa zvikuru.

Nhumbu Dzomushandi Nedzimwe Nhongonya

Kupfuura mitero yakafara yakavakirwa pamitero, hurumende dzomunzvimbomo dzinounganidza mitero yavashandisi nokuda kwamabasa akati: mvumo dzokuvaka, marezenisi ebhizimisi, mitero yokupinda mupaki, mitero yemitengo yemari, mari inobhadharwa nokuda kwokunonoka kumiswa kwemitero. Nepo mitero iyi isingashandisi mitero inobatira donzo rakafanana uye inogona kuiswa pamabasa adzinotsigira. Zvivako zvinofanira kuva zvinooneka uye zvinowirirana nendyiko yokugovera basa. Munzanga dzakawanda, mitero yava inowedzera nokukurumidza kupfuura mitero senzira yokubhadhadhadhadha yamabasa asingarirwisi mari.

Kukosha Kunoita Mari Yemitero Yemunharaunda

Mari inobva mumitero yomunzvimbomo inodira mumari yokushanda yemaruwa ezvikoro, mapurisa namadhipatimendi omwoto, mabasa avose, mapaka, maraibhurari, madhipatimendi ezveutano, uye mabasa enzanga. Hurumende yakasanosanorongeka inogona kuchengeta migwagwa yakakotsekana, zvikoro zvakasanoshongedzerwa, zvinonyandura mhinduro yekurumidziro, uye nzvimbo dzavose dzinosimba. Mitezo yakadzorwa, nokupesana kazhinji kazhinji kazhinji kazhinji inotungamirira kukuderera kwezvivako zvemari, kuperevedza kwomudzidzisi, kunonotsa nguva dzemhinduro dzamapurisa, uye nzvimbo dzenhandaro dzinopfigwa. Kuputsika kunosimbisa nzvimbo huru dzebasa netsamiro yavo yemari yomutero yomunzvimbomo.

Kutsigira Dzidzo

Zvikoro zvehurumende nezvinamakuru zvinotsigirwa zvikurukuru nemitero yenzvimbo yomunzvimbomo, inowedzerwa neyamuro yehurumende nemari yehurumende. Mumaruwa akawanda, miganhu yezvikoro inoiswa kuti iwirirane nemisitiri kana kuti miganhu yeruwa, kureva kunaka kwedzidzo yemwana kunobatana zvakananga nepfuma yenzvimbo yenzvimbo yenzvimbo. Izvi zvinoparira mitero inokosha pakati penzanga dzepfuma nedzechirombo. Mukuwirirana neNational Center for Education Statistics, hurumende dzomunzvimbomo dzinopa mari inenge 45 muzana yemari yechikoro chose muruwa mu 2019 ([[FLT: 0]] mitero yemari yomunyika. Iyi mari inofukidza mitero yemitero, zvokuvaka, zvokufambisa, zvokuwedzera ruzivo, uye mapurogiramu epashure. Voter munyika dzakawanda dzine mano okubvumira mitero munyika yose kuti ishande mitero kana kuti igove purogiramu yemiteshi yemiteshi yemiteshi yomunzvimbomo.

Kuchengeteka Kwevanhu Vose

Mapurisa, moto, uye mabasa okurapa anokurumidzira (EMS) ndemamwe emabasa anooneka zvikuru uye anokosha anotsigirwa nemitero yomunzvimbomo. Mari yomutero yenzvimbo uye, mune dzimwe nyika, mitero yokutengesa kana kuti kuchengeteka kwavanhu vanobhadharwa, zvinhu zvinochengetedzwa, zvokuchengetedzwa, uye kurovedzwa. Mari yakakwana inovimbisa kuti vatumwa vanobatira musi wema911 vanoiswa pawachi, injini dzomoto dzakashongedzerwa zvakanaka, uye vakuru vakuru vakuru vakuru veminisi vanogona kupindura nokukurumidza. Mune dzimwe nguva, midziyo yekarendero, kana kuti migove yebasa yakaderedzwa. Nokuda kwedziviriro, nzvimbo zhinji dzomumaruwa dzinotsamira pamadhipati ezvipiri, asi kunyange idzodzi dzinoda tsigiro dzeinishuwaresa, zvishandiso.

Dzidzo uye Mabasa Avose

Mitero yenzvimbo dzinochengetedzwa inowanzotsigira mitero yegasi, mitero yemotokari, migwagwa, migwagwa, maraiti emigwagwa, maraiti emotokari, mvura nemapaipi etsvina, zvose zvinotsamira pamadhora ezvitoro omunharaunda kuti zvivakirwe uye zvichigadziriswa. Mitero yezvinhu inowanzotsigira mitero yemochato, nepo mitero yemotokari, kana kuti mitero yokutengesa zvinhu ingatsaurirwa kumabasa emigwagwa. Masangano akawanda akaona kuti zvinhu zvinoda mari yakawanda sezvo masangano akagadzirwa makumi emakore akapfuura anosvika kumugumo woupenyu hwavo hunobatsira. American Society of Civilegers’s 2021 Report Radior inopa mari yebhizimisi yeAmerica C-se, nemitero yemochadenga yenzvimbo iyoyo inodzosera pasi. Pasi pemitero inovirira mitero yomunzvimbomo, makambani anobatsira pakugadzira zvinhu zvinodhura mari yakawanda uye kuderera.

Nhandaro, Mapaki, uye Maraibhurari

Mapaki, nzvimbo dzenzanga, nzvimbo dzemitambo, madziva okushambira, nzira, uye maraibhurari avose zvinosimudzira upenyu uye zvinosimudzira utano hwemuviri nendangariro. Zvivako izvi zvinotsigirwa nemitero yezvinhu, dzimwe nguva zvichiwedzerwa nemitero yezvisungo kana kuti mitero yenhandaro yakatsaurirwa. Maraibhurari anogovera kuwanika kwapachena kwemabhuku, Internet, midziyo inonzvera basa, uye nzvimbo dzokusonganisa. Madhipatimendi emisha anochengeta nzvimbo dzakasvibira uye anoronga mitambo yepwere, mabasa makuru, uye zviitiko zvetsika. Mari inovimbisa kuti mabasa aya arambe achiwanikwa nevagari vose pasinei zvapo nemari inotambirwa, anotsigira kushandirana kwenzanga uye mararamiro anoshingaira.

Utano Hwavose Nemasangano Enzanga

Madhipatimendi outano omunzvimbomo anogovera dziviriro, nzvero dzehosha, kunzvera kwezvokudya, zvirongwa zvoutano zvaamai navana, uye kugadzirira kwekurumidziro. Mabasa aya anowanzotsigirwa kupfurikidza nemubatanidzwa wemari yomutero womunzvimbomo, mari yehurumende, uye mari yehurumende yakadai seyakabva kuCenters for Disease Control and Prevention. Mabasa enzanga akadai seyamuro yokusava nedzimba, mapurogiramu ezvokudya, mabasa avakuru, uye kupiwa zano rezvoutano hwendangariro zvinotsigirwawo nemitero yomunzvimbomo. Munzanga dzine tsigiro yakaganhurirwa yehurumende kana kuti yehurumende, mitengo yomunzvimbomo inova musengwa mukuru nokuda kweyamuzvisarirano.

Kubatana Pakati Pemari Yemutero Yemunharaunda Nebasa

Mwero wemari yemitero yomunzvimbomo inowirirana zvakananga neyakanaka uye inowanika yemasangano omunzanga. Mitero yakakwirira inobvumira mitauro kupinza vadzidzisi vakawanda, kuderedza ukuru hwemapurasitiki, kugadzira michina yokudzimisa moto, kugadzira migwagwa nokukurumidza, uye kuchengeta mapaka akachena. Mitengo inodzorwa inoita kuti zviome kusarudza: kucheka maawa eraibhurari, kubvisa purogiramu dzechikoro, kana kuti kuisa mari muchando nokuda kwemapurisa. Mitengo yemitero haisi chinhu bedzi chinoparira kushambadzwa nokushandiswa kwemari yavose.

Vagari vanowanzoona kudzorwa kwakananga kwemitero yavo yomunzvimbomo. Somuenzaniso, nzanga dzine mitero yezvinhu yakakwirira nokuda kwezvikoro kazhinji kazhinji ine mwero yemitengo yakakwirira yemiedzo, mitauro yakaderera, uye mipimo yepfuma yakakwirira. Nenzira yakafanana, maguta anoisa mari muchengeteko yavose anoona nguva dzemhinduro dzakaderera uye mwero yeutsotsi. Mapaki nemitero yenhandaro inotsigirwa nemitero yakatsaurirwa nemitero inodzorwa inoratidzira mwero yakakwirira yemitero uye gutsikano yavagari vemo kudzika mipimo yemitero yebasa yakaderera pamwero yezvinodikanwa zvebasa, kuoma kwakanakisisa kupfurikidza nokuronga mari yakatsaurwa uye kuvimbisa kwevagari vemo.

Kugadzwa Kunoitwa Mitero Yomunzvimbomo

Kuisa mitero yomunzvimbomo muitiro wezvamatongerwe enyika nenzvimbo inosiana kupfurikidza nehurumende asi inowanzotevera nhevedzano yegore negore. Vakuru vakuru vanorangarirwa(makurukota eruwa, mapuranga ezvikoro, mapuranga ezvikoro . "shambadziro dzemari dzakavakirwa pazvinodikanwa zvokupedzerwa uye mari inofungidzirwa kubva kumanyuko ehurumende nehurumende. Mukaha pakati pendyiko yemitero inorongwa nemari isiri yenzvimbo inobhadharwa unosarudza chitsama chinofanira kukwira nomutero wemitero yomunzvimbomo. Mitero yenzvimbo, mwero inoverengwa kupfurikidza nokukamuramura hwerengedzo yemari yose inotsaniswa nemitero iri murusando. Nyika zhinji dzinoisa mabhishonga kana kuti mavhoti pazvinodikanwa zvemari zvemari inobhadharo panzvimbo zvinowedzerwa kuti zvidzirwe kuti zvidzirirwe mumitero yomunzvimbomo yomunzvimbomo yomunzvimbomo.

Mitengo yemitero inowanzoiswa nomutemo kana kuti chisarudzo pamwero womunzvimbomo, asi mitemo yehurumende inowanzoganhurira mwero mukuru. Mimwe miganhu inobvumira vavhoti kuwedzera mitero yokutengesa kupfurikidza nokutevedzerwa kwemitero yakananga semitero yokukwidziridza kana kuti kuvakwa kwechikoro. Mitero yemari yemushavo yomunharaunda inoiswa pamwero wakati waro kupfurikidza nomutemo kana kuti mitauro. Mutengo yemitemo yehurumende uye mitero yemitemo inowanzodavirwa kuti ibvumirwe kuva imo kuti vagari vemo vapiwe. Mumakore achangopfuura, vamwe vatema vanoshandisa mimwe mitero yemari inogamuchirwa pahotera, mipfupi, mipfupi, kana kuti mari yemba kuti itsigire masangano asingasimudziri zvinhu kana kuti mitero yokutengesa mitero.

Matambudziko Mumitero Yomunzvimbomo

Nepo mitero yomunzvimbomo ichikosha, haisati iri isina zvinetso. Denho huru ndeyokudzokororwa kwemitero yokutengesa nemitero yezvinhu . zvose zviri zviviri zvinoisa mutoro unorema zvikuru padzimba dzinowana mari yakaderera. Imwe itiro hanya ndiko kuderera kwemitero apo mipimo yepfuma inoderera nemhaka yokuderera kwemari kana kuti apo kutengeswa kwezvitoro kunochinja paIndaneti. Nyika zhinji dzakaedza kutaura nezvayo kupfurikidza nokushandisa mitero kana kuti kupfurikidza nokutora mutero wokutengesa kubva kuvatengesi vari kure pashure pe South Dakotalcan v. Wayfair Chisarudzo chenhau chapamusoro pedare remari, asi kuunganidzwa kunogona kuva kwakaoma.

Mepu dzemitero dzezvinhu, dzinozivikanwa navose mumitengo yakadai seCalifornia (Procento 13) neMassachusetts (Procence 22/2), dzinoganhurira kukura kwemitero yemari yemari yegore negore, iyo inodzivisa kukura kwemari kunyange sezvo mari inokwira. Ikoku kunogona kutungamirira kukuderera kusingadzorwi kwezvikoro nenzvimbo. Mukuwedzera, kuvimba nemitero yezvinhu kunoparira kusaenzana pakati pemaruwa akapfuma nearombo. Mitero yeyamuro yehurumende inofanira kuderedza uku, asi mitengo inopfuurira. Hurumende dzomunzvimbomo dzinofanirawo kudzora kuoma kwemitero pakati pokukwidza nokuchengeta mamiriro okunze emitero namabhizimisi okukwikwidza mitero.

Kubatsira Vagari Vomunyika Muzvisarudzo Zvemitero Zvomunzvimbomo

Vagari vemo vakapinzwa muruzivo uye vakarondwa vanokosha nokuda kwokuva nechokwadi chokuti madhora omutero omunzvimbomo anopedzerwa nokuchenjera uye anowirirana nezvinokosha zvenzanga. Kutora rutivi kwavose mukurongwa kwemari yokuteerera, misangano yedare rechikoro, uye marusando edare reguta kunopa vagari inzwi mukusarudza kuti imarii yomutero uye kupi kugovera mari. Ruvhoti rwemutero runomirira hurumende inosarudzwa navanhu chaidzoidzo dziri kushanda, kuchibvumira vavhoti kutendera kana kuti kuramba wewedzero dzakananga dzemitero nokuda kwemabasa avanoitira hanya.

Nzira Dzinogona Kubatanidzwa Nadzo Vagari

  • Horo dzemari dzemataundi dzemari [ - hurumende dzomunzvimbomo dzinoita chaizvoizvo kutonga kwavose pamberi pokushandisa bhajeti yokupedzisira. Vagari vanogona kubvunza mibvunzo pamusoro pendyiko dzinokarakadzwa uye chinjo dzemitero.
  • Shumira pamatare evagari vemo okuronga [ - nzanga dzakawanda dzine mabhodhi emapaki, kuronga, zvokufambisa, kana kuti mari apo vazvipiri vanohwirudzura mabhajeti uye vanoita rumbidzo.
  • Tevedzera zvinobudisa mashoko zvomunzvimbomo nehurumende michina yokuona panze - mawebsite akadai seOpen Gov, OpenDA, uye mishumo yemanisitiri inobvumira vagari kuona kuti madhora omutero anopedzerwa chaizvoizvo sei.
  • Vavoki musarudzo dzomunzvimbomo – meya, mitezo yedare, vasaruri vechikoro, uye vakuru vakuru veruwa vanogadza mutemo wemitero. Vavhoti musarudzo dzomunzvimbomo kazhinji kazhinji vanopesvedzerwa nemapoka maduku, akarongwa.
  • Rondedzera kubatanidzwa pamusoro pemarongedzero ezvivako nezvinokosha zvebasa [ - nzvero dzenzanga, mabudire, uye maturusi paIndaneti anounganidza zvisarudzo zvevagari vemo zvinozivisa kugoverwa kwebhajeti.

Kuvimbisana kwehurumende kwehurumende nenzanga kunovaka chivimbo pakati pavagari vemo nehurumende yomunzvimbomo uye kunotungamirira kukupiwa kwebasa kunogamuchira zvikuru, kunobudirira.

mhedziso

Mitero yemunharaunda ndiyo chinhu chinokosha chamasangano enzanga anorondedzera uko vanhu vanoda kugara, basa, uye kurera mhuri. Kuvambira mumakirasi kusvikira kuzviteshi zvomwoto, paki kusvikira kukuvadziko, runako rwoupenyu hunotsamira pakusasarura uye kusasarura kwemitero yomunzvimbomo. Nepo pasina mutero wakakwana, chirongwa chemitero chomunzvimbomo chinosanoisirwa chinogona kusimudzira kusasarura, kukura kwemari, uye basa rakaisvonaka. Vagari vanotora nguva yokunzwisisa kuti basa ravo remitero rive vatsigirisi vane simba sei uye vanotora rutivi mukushandisa mari yemitero yenzanga dzavo. Munhambo yokukwira kwendyiko yemari uye zvinetso zvakaoma, kunyoreswa mitero yomunzvimbomo hakungosi basa revoruzhinji chete.