Dzidziso ye inosarudzwa [pamubatanidzwa wehurumende], asi mhaka nemhaka, inopfuura nokuchinja kukurusa mumutemo weAmerica. Inopa mutoo wapamutemo umo dziviriro dzakaiswa muBill of Rights dzinoshandiswa kuhurumende nehurumende dzomunzvimbomo, kwete dzose panguva imwe chete, asi kupfurikidza nenhau, kupfurikidza neSangano reBasa ReProject Claus reMbengwara-matongo. Pamberi pokubatanidza, Bill of Rights inoganhurira hurumende yehurumende bedzi, inosiya hurumende dzakasununguka zvikuru kuganhurira maruramiro emunhu oga oga oga. Mune zana ramakore rechimakumi maviri, Dare Rapamusoro rakabudisa nhevedzano yezvisarudzo zvakatanhamara izvo zvakatambanuro izvi zvishoma nezvishoma kuna American iri yose, pasinei zvapo nemamiriro ezvinhu aiwo aidzo dzaidzo dzinoshandiswa murumano. Kunzwisisa kubetsera kodzero dzapamutemo nhasi.

Nzvimbo Yakagadzirwa Zvisati Zvaitwa: Nei Bhuku Rekodzero Dzavanhu Risina Kushanda KuUnited States

Nokuda kwamakore 130 okutanga eRepublic, Bill of Rights yakanzwisiswa sechidzoreso chose chose pahurumende yehurumende. Dare Rapamusoro rakajekesa ikoku mu Barron v. Baltimore (1833), apo Mutongi Mukuru John Marshall akarangarira kuti kugadziriswa kwegumi rokutanga “hakuna kutaura kunoratidzira vavariro yokuzvishandisa kuhurumende. Pashure peHondo yeChizvarwa chavagari vemo, Javalth Amenu Amend yakagamuchirwa nechibvumirano chinorambidza kunyima“ munhu upi noupi woupenyu, rusununguko, kana kuti zvinhu, pasina muitiro unodikanwa womutemo.” Kubvira kwokutanga kweiyi rugwaro kwakaparadzwa ne [FF:] Caseans [12] Case [3], izvo zvinorambidzwa kubvisa maruramiro ourongwa okubudirira.

Asi pakutanga kwezana remakore rechimakumi maviri, pakatanga kushandiswa nzira itsva yokushandisa (8) iyo yaizotarira kuGungano reClaus reSatement Claus kuti ione kuti ndeipi rusununguko rwainyanya “kuzivikanwa mupfungwa yokusunungurwa kwehurumende yairayira” uye nokudaro kutsigira hurumende.

Kupererwa Nemashoko Kwokutanga: Kusununguka Kutaura uye Kutanga Kworusarura

Gitlow v. New York (1925)

Nguva yokuchinja yakauya ne Gitlow v. New York. Benjamin Gitlow, musocialist, akanga awanirwa mhaka mumutemo wenyongano weutsotsi weNew York nokuda kwokubudisa kutsigira kuparadzwa kwehurumende. Dare Rapamusoro rakatsigira kupwiswa kwake pamipimo. Kuwana kuti kutaura kunomutsa tyisidziro yakakwana kururamisa chirango, asi mukuita kudaro, kwakazivisa nheyo yaparirwa zvikuru kupfuura muuyo wenhau yacho. Nokuda kwenguva yokutanga, Dare rakazivisa kuti “rusununguko rwokutaura nerwokutsigi yomuchina wokutsigiro (icho chinodzivirirwa neFost Amend Redrimetic Redformation neamentstion neConbercersivessss ne‘aderation yapamutemo yavanhu vanokosha zvikuru uye vadzorwi venhauro yenhauro yenhau yeGeneidzo.")

Kunyange zvazvo Gitlow amene akarasika, chisarudzo chakazarura suo nokuda kwevaikwidzani vomunguva yemberi kuti vadenhe mitemo yehurumende yaiputsa kodzero dzeFirst Amendment.Iro rakaratidzira mavambo echirongwa chokubatanidza kunosarudza (a) muitiro waizoitika kupfurikidza nechinoitika mumakumi amakore anoverengeka anotevera.

Muedzo Wouchokwadi: Palko uye Kutsvaka “Rusununguko Rwakadzorwa”

Palko v. Connecticut (1937)

Mu Panzvimbo pezvo, Palko v. Connecticut, Dare rakatarisana kana dziviriro yeFindremment panjodzi dzakapetwa kaviri yakashandiswa kunyika. Kunyora nokuda kwevoruzhinji, Mutongi Benjamin Cardozo akaramba pfungwa yokuti Bill of Rights yose inofanira kuva yakabatanidzwa. Panzvimbo pezvo, akasuma “kururamisira kwendangariro” muedzo: kodzero idzo bedzi dziri“ dzakadzika mumurangariro werusununguko rwakarongwa” uye “dzakadzika mifungo mumagamuchidzanwa nehana zvavanhu vedu sezvokuiswa mumugariro wapakuvamba. Muiyi muedzo, Dare rakava nengozi yakanga isina kuva chinhu chinokosha zvakakwana kubatanidza mashoko [5] chisarudzoro chapashure [Fod [FLT] [5] [5] uye [5]

Mutongi Hugo Black, mukupesana kwakakurumbira, akatsigira “chinokwana” “‘ murangariro wokuti Access of the 14th Amendment’s Access Claus yaiitirwa kushandisa Bill of Rights yose kunyika. Nzvimbo yeBlack haina kutongoraira voruzhinji, asi kudzora kwake kune simba kwakabetsera kusundira Dare kunzwisiso huru uko kodzero dzayo dzakanga dzinokosha.

Zvisarudzo Zvinokosha Zvakavaka Dzidziso Yazvino Uno Yokusarura

Pedyo neMinnesota (1931) – Freedom of the Press

Makore matanhatu Gitlow apera, Dare rakabatanidza chitsama chenhau cheFirst Amendment Near v. Minnesota. Mhaka yacho yakaputsa mutemo wehurumende waibvumira kudzorwa kwapamberi pe “zvakaipa, zvinonyadzisa, uye zvinonyadzisira”. Dare raidavira kuti rusununguko rwezvinobudisa nhau pamberi pokuzvidzora rwakanga rwuri rusununguko rukuru rwakadzivirirwa neGuer Procession Clause. Chisarudzo ichi chakapa muganhuro waro waro waro wokutanga wakajeka mukurwisana nokuongorora.

DeJonge v. Oregon (1937) – Rusununguko Rwegungano

Mu Denge v. Oregon, Dare raibatanidza maruramiro eFirst Amendment okuungana norugare. Mhaka yacho yaibatanidza musangano weKomonisiti yeBoka rakaputswa nezviremera zveOregon. Dare rakabvumirana rakasarudza kuti kodzero yegungano rusununguko runokosha, uye kuti hurumende haigoni kupinza muutsotsi musangano wezvamatongerwe enyika une rugare.

Cantwell muConnecticut (1940) – Kurovedza Muviri Kwakasununguka Kworudzidziso

Cantwell v. Connecticut yakabatanidza chitsama chemashoko chokushandisa kweFirst Amendment yapachena. Mhaka yacho yaibatanidza Zvapupu zvaJehovha zvakasungwa nokuda kwokukumbira mipiro pasina rezenisi uye nokuda kwokuridza rhekodhirodhi iyo yakatsoropodza Chechi yeKaturike. Dare raidavira kuti Gwaro reST Procession Clausce rinodzivirira kodzero yokudavira nokushandisa rudzidziso rwomunhu, zvichingova bedzi neganhuriro nhete nokuda kwechengeteko nenhevedzano yavose.

Everson v. Board of Education (1947) – Kugadzwa kwaClaus

Chitsama chamashoko chokugadza chakabatanidzwa mu Everson v. Board of Education. Muchisarudzo cha5764, Dare reNew Jersey rakatsigira mutemo uyo wakatsiva vabereki nokuda kwemari yebhazi kuzvikoro zvemabhazi, asi chakashandisawo chitsama chakagadzwa kuhurumende kwenguva yokutanga. Murangariro weMutongi Black wakazivisa kuti “First Amendment yavaka rusvingo pakati pechechi nehurumende” uye kuti“ rusvingo irworwo runofanira kuchengetwa rwakakwirira uye rusina kudzoreka." Everson anorambawo muenzaniso wenheyo nokuda kwechechi yenhau dzeruwa pamwero yehurumende.

Map v. Ohio (1961) – Fourth Amendment and the Exclussion State

Zvichida chimwe chezvisarudzo zvakatsiviwa zvikurusa zvakanga zviri Mapp v. Ohio. Musha waDollree Map wakanzverwa namapurisa pasina mvumo, uye akapiwa mhaka nokuda kwokuva nezvinhu zvinonyadzisira. Dare Rapamusoro rakachinja kupwiswa uye rakatonga kuti kudzivirirwa kweGaza reChina pakutsvaka kusina mufungo nepfari, pamwe chete nomutemo wokubvisa (zvinoshandiswa zvisiri pamutemo kwoufakazi hunowanikwa), zvinoshanda kumatare ehurumende. Pamberi Mep, anotaura kuti raigona kushandisa ufakazi kunyange kana rakawanwa zvisiri pamutemo. Pashure peMap, mutemo waizova mupimo wenyika yose nokuda kwokuchengeta mutemo.

Gideon (1963) – Kodzero Kuzano

Gideon v. Wainwright akadavira kuti vimbiso yeSixth Amendment yegweta nokuda kwavanopomerwa mhaka utsotsi inoshanda kumhosva dzehurumende. Clarence Earl Gideon, mupomeri murombo muFlorida, akanga anyimwa mutongi wedare rakagadzwa. Dare rakabvumirana kuti kodzero yokupa zano i “chipfupiso chepfungwa uye chinokosha kukutonga kwakarurama” uye naizvozvo inobatanidza kupfurikidza neSangano reSangano reSangano reSangano reSangano Claus Claus. Ichimende chisarudzo chakatungamirira kukusikwa kwegadziriro inodzivirira vanhu vose muUnited States.

Miranda muArizona (1966) – Self [“Universal à incrimanation]

Chikomborero cheFindre Amendment chinorwisana nokuzvipopotedza chakabatanidzwa mu Miranda v. Arizona, iyo yakabatanidzawo kodzero yeSitanhatu yePramendement kukupa zano mumashoko ebvunzurudzo dzamapurisa. Dare raida kuchengetwa kwomutemo kuti rizivise vanonyumwira kodzero dzavo. Mirandarda. [FLT:] pamberi pokubvunzurudzwa kwedare repamutemo, raishandiswa kuhurumende kupfurikidza nokubvunzurudza mapurisa uye rinoramba riri danda rokuzivisa pamutemo retsoro.]

Kupfuurira Muitiro: Kuwiriraniswa Kwe Amendeji Yapashure

Duncan muLouisiana (1968) – Kururama Kuenda Kudare reJury

Dare rakaramba rataura kuti kodzero yokutongwa nedare retsotsi reSikisi mumhosva dzakabatanidzwa muv. Louisiana. Dare rakaramba kuti kodzero yokutongwa nedare redare redare rakakomba munhau dzeutsotsi dzakakomba uye inosungisa hurumende. Chisarudzo ichi chakaparira kuchinja kukuru: mitemo yakamboedza matsotsi maduku pasina majaji yaifanira kuagovera.

MuGault (1967) – Muitiro Wakafanira Juveniles

Kunyange zvazvo isiri nhau yakachena mupfungwa yegamuchidzanwa, Mure Gault yakashandisa dziviriro dzakawanda dzeChitayera Claus (kubatanidza maruramiro ezano, kodzero yokupesana nechako pachako, uye kodzero yokunangana nezvapupu (*kutaura misikanzwa yavechiduku. Yakaratidzira kuti dzidziso yokubatanidza yatambanudzwa yatambanukira kupfuura tsika yavakuru yeutsotsi.

McDonald v. City of Chicago (2010) – The Yechipiri Amendment

Kwamakore akawanda, Pession Yechipiri yakanga isingashandiswi kuhurumende. Dare rakachinja kuti mu McDonald v.Guta reChicago, iro raibatanidza kodzero yeChipiri yePramende yekodzero yokuchengeta nokutakura zvombo nokuda kwokuzvimirira. Murangariro wezvikamu zvizhinji waitsamira paChiitiko chaClaus, wakabata kuti rudyi rwakanga rwuri “mufungo wechirongwa chedu chorusununguko rwemitemo” uye“ rwakadzika midzi zvikuru munhau yerudzi urwu negamuchidzanwa." McDonald anovimbisa kuti mutemo nepfuti inofanira kuremekedza nheyo ye paGOUP] . [FLT] V.[FLD]

Kutapura Kwokusarudza: Kufanana Nechibvumirano

Kusarudza kwaparira chinjo inoshamisa muhurumende yeAmerica. Dzidziso yacho isati yadzikama, kodzero dzomugari wemo dzingasiana zvikuru kubva kuhurumende imwe kuenda kune imwe. Nhasi, dziviriro zhinjisa dzeChivimbo chekodzero dzinomanikidzirwa kurwisana nehurumende nedzinomunzvimbomo. Muuyo inzvimbo yakafanana zvikuru yorusununguko rwebumbiro remitemo munyika yose, nepo nyika dzichiramba dzakasununguka kupa dziviriro dzakakura kana dzikasarudza.

Dzidziso yacho inodzikamisawo ganhuriro yokutonga nechinjo yokuwedzera. Kupfurikidza nokubatanidza maruramiro pahwaro hwenhau 28byphase, Dare rinogona kuyera maruramiro mamwe namamwe mumashoko aro enhau neanoshanda. Kubatanidza kwakakwana kwakatsigirwa neRumbidzo Black kungadai kwakava kuri nyore zvikuru, asi Dare rakada fambiro mberi yapashoma napashoma, yakarangarirwa iyo inogovera kubatanidzwa kunosarudza.

Pane zvimwe zvisarudzo zvakabuda pachena:

  • Tsvene maruramiro endangariro [ ndiayo “anowanika mumurangariro worusununguko rwakarairwa” uye anoshandiswa kunyika kupfurikidza neCYS Processol Claus.
  • Hadzisi kodzero dzose muBill of Rights dzakabatanidzwa. Somuenzaniso, Third Amendment (kubatanidza varwi) uye chinodikanwa chikuru chedare reFindrever Amendment chedare reSangano cheFirefur hazvina kushandiswa kumasangano.
  • [[FOL:0] Kuisa kunosarudza [, kwete hwerengedzo. Kururama kumwe nokumwe kunofanira kutsikwa kusati kwasunga nyika.
  • ukuru hwekodzero [ painoshandiswa kunyika ingava yakafanana neapo inoshandiswa kuhurumende yehurumende, asi Dare pane dzimwe nguva rinogadziridza mupimo kuti rigovarira fariro dzehurumende.

Nokuda kwavadzidzi navaiti vemitemo yebumbiro remitemo, mutsetse wenhau dzinobatanidzwa unopa fundo huru yokuti Dare Rapamusorosoro rakadzora sei kusawirirana pakati porudzi noudzori hwehurumende. zvisarudzo zvacho hazvisati zvichingovawo zvakatanhamara zvenhau; zvinoramba zviri hwaro hwekupiwa kwazvino uno kodzero, kubva pakutaura kwakasununguka kusvikira pakuva nepfuti.

Zvinetso Nenguva Yemberi Yokusarudza

Nepo kubatanidzwa kwakasarudzwa zvino kwasanogadziriswa, mibvunzo ichiripo. Dare harina kumbogamuchira muganhu wakajeka nokuda kweinoita “chidimbu,” uye vatsoropodzi vanopikisa kuti mupimo unogona kushandiswa kusvika miuyo inodikanwa. Kumuka kwe “magariro kana kuti nhomba” mu rondedzero mu [FLT] Saenz v. Roe[[FLT]] [[1999] [1999] [-idzose] uye mifungo inovapo mu Mcrand [ inokarakadza kuti zvimwe ruramisiro zvingada kurangarira kana gadziriro yeChirongwa chaClassicro iri motokari yakafanira nokuda kwokubatanidza., mukuwedzera kwezvo ruzivo rwamazamisirwo, uye maruramiro matsva, sezvinoitwa namapepa akadai sezvipo anodiwa kuva nechokuvanzwazve muDare rePrejime (F.D.D.D.D.S.S.D.S.V.

Muna 2022, Dobts v. Jackson’s Health Organization yakatendeuka [[FLT]] Roe v. Wade na [[FLT]][FLT]] Plated Parents v. Casey[[FLT:]], inobata kuti maruramiro okubvisa pamuviri haana kudzika midzi zvikuru munhau yenyika uye nokudaro kusadzivirirwa neClaus Clausce. Chisarudzo chinosimbisa kuti kuvnanisa hakusi chinhu chimwe chete chinosarudzwa parati; Dare rinogona kuramba kuziva chinokosha kunyange kana akanga adzivirirwa kare. Ikoku kwakatogona kuzivikanwa kana mamwe maruramiro apakuvamba munhau.

Kunyange zvakadaro, dzidziso huru yokusarudza inoramba yakatsiga zvikuru mumitemo yeAmerica. Zvisarudzo zvechiratidzo zvarondedzerwa pamusoro apa zvinopfuurira kushanda sorutivi rukuru rwerondedzero yebumbiro remitemo.Izvo zvinova nechokwadi chokuti dziviriro dzaichimbova dzakachengeterwa avo vanobata nehurumende yehurumende zvino dzinodzivirira mugari wemo ari wose pakunzvererwa nehurumende nehurumende dzomunzvimbomo.

Kumwe Kurava Nezviwanikwa

Kune vaya vanoda kuongorora nyaya idzi zvakadzama, zvinhu zvinotevera zvinonyatsotaura kuti:

Nyaya yokusarudza kubatanidzwa inhau yokuwedzera zvishoma nezvishoma asi kwakatsiga kwerusununguko rwebumbiro remitemo. Chisarudzo chimwe nechimwe (chinenge chiri maruramiro okupa zano, mutemo wokubvisa, kana kuti maruramiro okutakura zvombo) (chinovimbisa kuti chipikirwa cheBill of Rights hachina kuganhurirwa kuWashington, D.C.. ndechevagari vose, munyika iri yose, sedziviriro mukushandiswa zvisina kufanira kwesimba rehurumende.