Table of Contents
Ukuqonda ulwimi olusetyenziswa kurhulumente wephondo kungaba lucelomngeni, ingakumbi kubemi abafuna ukubandakanyeka ngokunentsingiselo namagosa abo anyuliweyo kwaye babe nenxaxheba kwinkqubo yedemokhrasi. Oorhulumente basebenza ngamagama abo akhethekileyo, iinkqubo, kunye nezakhiwo ezinokubonakala zisothusa xa ulukele kuqala. Esi sichazi-magama sicacileyo, esilulayo, inkcazelo ecacileyo yamagama oza kudibana nawo xa ufunda amaxwebhu karhulumente, ukulandela iingxoxo zomthetho, ukuya kwiintlanganiso zikarhulumente, okanye ukuzama nje ukuqonda indlela urhulumente wakho asebenza ngayo. Ukuba ungumfundi oxhalabileyo, umfundi wezezezakhono zikarhulumente, okanye uthile ofuna ukwazi ngakumbi ngezopolitiko, esi sisikhokelo siya kukunceda ulungelelashe urhulumente ontluntsonqo lwesizwe ngezo zikarhulumente.
Ukuqonda Amasebe Amathathu Karhulumente
Phambi kokuntywila kumagama akhethekileyo, kubalulekile ukuqonda ukuba oorhulumente bavavanya isakhiwo sorhulumente ngamasebe amathathu ahlukeneyo, ngalinye elineembopheleleko namandla alo. Oku kwahlula amagunya kuqinisekisa ukuba akukho sebe linamandla kakhulu nokuba kukho uvavanyo nomlinganiselo kwindawo ukukhusela amalungelo abemi.
Isebe loMthetho
Indlu yowiso-mthetho yi-bidamaral, okuthetha ukuba inamasebe amabini, amagumbi, okanye izindlu ngokuqhelekileyo zibizwa ngokuba yiBhunga kunye neNdlu yabameli (nangona amanye amazwe asebenzisa amagama awahlukeneyo njengeNdibano okanye iNdlu yeeNdlu zabathunywa). Isebe lowiso-mthetho linembopheleleko yokuyila, ukuphikisana, nokudlulisa imithetho elawula urhulumente. Abameli batyunjwa ngabahlali bemimandla ethile ukuze bamela izilangazelelo nenkxalabo zabo kumgangatho karhulumente.
Isebe eliphethe i-Advice
Isebe elilawulayo linembopheleleko yokuzalisekisa nokuqinisekisa ukuba imithetho ewiswe yindlu yowiso-mthetho. Igosa eliyintloko elinyulweyo koorhulumente belizwe liyirhuluneli, elikhonza njengentloko yesebe elilawulayo. Isebe elilawulayo likwaquka amasebe ahlukeneyo karhulumente, amasebe, neeofisi eziqhuba yonke into ukususela kwizothutho ukuya kwimfundo ukuya kwimpilo kawonke-wonke. La masebe amiselwe akhokela amagosa amiselweyo anikela ingxelo kwirhuluneli.
Isebe Lejaji
Isebe eligwebayo lichaza imithetho lize licombulule iimpikiswano. Liquka iinkundla zezorhulumente kwimigangatho eyahlukeneyo, ukusuka kwiinkundla zamatyala zasekuhlaleni ukuya kwinkundla ephakamileyo yephondo. Abagwebi banganyulwa okanye bamiselwe ngokuxhomekeke kumgaqo-siseko wesizwe nemithetho. Isebe eligwebayo liqinisekisa ukuba imithetho isetyenziswa ngokusesikweni nangokungaguqukiyo, kwaye linamandla okugqiba enoba imithetho edluliselwa yindlu yowiso-mthetho iyavumelana na nomgaqo-siseko wesizwe.
Imithetho engundoqo
Iqumrhu lowiso-mthetho
Indlu yowiso-mthetho liqumrhu lorhulumente karhulumente. Kumaphondo amaninzi, linamagumbi amabini: iCathenal (indlu ephezulu) neNdlu yeNdlu yabameli okanye iNdibano (indlu esezantsi). INebraska inguwodwa, ine-un-gameral (i-cambre). indlu yowiso-mthetho idibana kwiintlanganiso ezithe rhoqo, ngokuqhelekileyo minyaka le, ukuqwalasela umthetho ocetyiswayo, imibandela yengxoxo, ukuvuma uqingqo-mali, nokulungiselela isebe eliphetheyo.
Bill
Umthetho wesivumelwano umiselwe ngokusemthethweni, otyunjwe njengeH.R. (Indlu yabameli) okanye iS. (Senate), kuxhomekeke kwiNdlu abaziswa kuyo, kwaye udweliswe ngendlela abaziswa ngayo ngexesha leNgqungquthela nganye. Isivumelwano sisisindululo esisisiseko somthetho omtsha okanye ukutshintshelwa kumthetho okhoyo. IiBhili zingathetha phantse nasiphi na isihloko esingaphakathi kulawulo lorhulumente, ukusuka kwimfundo exhasa utshintsho lomthetho wolwaphulo-mthetho kwimimiselo yokusingqongileyo. IiBhili-wonke ziqhubana nemibuzo eqhelekileyo kwaye zibe yiMithetho kaRhulumente, okanye iZenzo, ukuba zivunywa yiBhunga loMongameli, ngoxa kumgangatho wezwe, iziko-mali ziba ngumthetho xa zidluliswa ngamagumbi oonorhulumente kunye nesayinayorhulu.
Umsebenzi
Isenzo simiselwe kumthetho ngezantsi kwephepha elidlulise zombini izindlu zendlu yowiso-mthetho, elibhalisiweyo, eligunyazisiweyo, elityikitywe yirhuluneli okanye elidluliselwe kwiofisi yerhuluneli, lize lishicilelwe. Xa umthetho uthe waba sisenzo, unegunya lomthetho kwaye kufuneka ulandelwe ngabemi, amashishini, kunye namaqumrhu karhulumente. IZenzo zilungiselelwa ngokwemibango yemibandela yephondo okanye yemimiselo.
Uhlaziyo
Isindululo sisicelo selungu (ekomitini okanye kwiseko yomgangatho yeCandelo) ukutshintsha ulwimi okanye amalungiselelo emali okanye isenzo, kwaye kuvotelwa ngendlela efanayo nomthetho. Izigungqi zingacetywa kwimigangatho eyahlukeneyo yenkqubo yemithetho yokulungisa, ukuphucula, okanye ukutshintsha ngokupheleleyo okuqulethwe ngumthetho. Ezinye izilungiso ziziko lobugcisa obuncinane, lo gama ezinye zingaguqula injongo okanye iziphumo zemali.
IKomiti
Ikomiti liqela labamisi-mthetho abakhethwe ngamagosa awongamelayo ukwenza imisebenzi ethile. IiKomiti zilapho umsebenzi omninzi onkcubeko wendlu yowiso-mthetho wenzeka khona. Uninzi lobuchule benkqubo obuhlala kwiikomiti ezimileyo ._panel zamalungu aphuma kuwo omabini afumana isikhokelo ekuphuhliseni nasekuhloleni umthetho, namalungu asebenza kwiqela elincinane leekomiti, ngokufuthi kangangeminyaka emininzi, ewavumela ukuba abe nolwazi oluphezulu kwimimandla ethile yemigaqo-siseko. Iintlobo ezininzi zekomiti eqhelekileyo ziquka imfundo, izimali, imicimbi yezezimali, iingcali zezempilo, kunye neekomiti zezothutho.
Ukuva
Intlanganiso esesikweni yekomiti yequmrhu (okanye ikomiti engaphantsi) yokuqokelela inkcazelo kumangqina ukuze asebenzise imisebenzi yayo, enjengokuphuhlisa umthetho okanye ukukhokela. Ngexesha lokuviwa, amalungu ekomiti anokubuza imibuzo yeengcali, abagcini-matyala, amagosa karhulumente, namalungu abantu ngokubanzi ukuze ayiqonde kakuhle imibandela enxulumene nomthetho ocetyiswayo. Iindlebe zivulekele uwonke wonke kwaye zinika ithuba elibalulekileyo lokuba abe nenxaxheba kubemi.
Iplesor neCosponsor
Ummeli okanye i-Senator owasungula ityala lomthetho ntlandlolo ngumxhasi, ngelinye ixesha amanye amalungu atyobelayo ebizwa ngokuba yikhospons. Umxhasi ngumphathi oyintloko womthetho kwaye unoxanduva lokuwukhokela kwinkqubo yowiso-mthetho. Abaxhasi babonisa inkxaso yemali kwaye banokunceda ukwakha inkqubela-phambili yokuhamba kwayo. Inani kunye nolwahluko lwezopolitiko lwamakhoponslathisi lungabonisa ukuba ungenelela njani umlomo.
_Ukufunda:
IiBhili zidla ngokufunda kathathu "ufundo" ngexesha lenkqubo yowiso-mthetho. Ufundo lokuqala sisenzo sokuqala esithatyathwa kumthetho osenokuba ukho, xa ityala liziswa lize lifundwe kumgangatho weNdlu yeOrigin, emva kwayo ukhokelo lubhekisela kwikomiti. Ufundo lwesibini lixesha lesibini umthetho ufundwa phantsi, xa igumbi lixubusha ngemisebenzi yomthetho, amalungu anokunikela ukubuyiselwa kwemali. Ufundo lwesithathu ludla ngokubhalwa phambi kwevoti yokugqibela yomthetho.
Umgangatho
"floor" ibhekisela kwigumbi eliyintloko apho iNdlu yeNdlu yeMali epheleleyo okanye iNdlu yeMikhosi idibana khona ukuze ithethe impikiswano kunye nokuvota ngokomthetho. Xa ityala lifikelela "kumgangatho," kuthetha ukuba livunyiwe yikomiti kwaye lilungele ukuqwalaselwa ngamalungu onke aloo gumbi lowiso-mthetho. Iingxoxo ze-flore zingaba shushu kwaye zibe nengxabano, namalungu aphikisana okanye aphikisana nomthetho ocetyiswayo kunye nokulungisa.
IKomiti yeNgqungquthela
Ikomiti yenkomfa enamalungu asuka kuwo omabini amagumbi ingamiswa ukuze isebenzele ukuvumelana xa igumbi lesibini lidlulisa uhlobo lomthetho olungisiweyo, kwaye umthetho wokugqibela, ofanayo kufuneka udluliswe kwakhona ngawo omabini amagumbi. Iikomiti zeNgqungquthela zenzelwe ukucombulula ukungavisisani phakathi kweenguqulelo zendlu neBhunga elinye. inguqulelo yonikezelo oluye lwavela kufuneka ivunywe ngawo omabini amagumbi ngaphambi kokuba ithunyelwe kwirhuluneli.
Engumbutho
Umbindi ngummi kwisithili esinyuliweyo segosa. Abameli bakhethwa ukuba bamele izilangazelelo nenkxalabo yabantu abangoorhulumente babo. Abami bangaqhagamshelana nabamisi-mthetho babo ukuze bachaze izimvo ngomthetho obekiweyo, bacele uncedo ngeenkonzo zikarhulumente, okanye baphakamise inkxalabo ngemibandela echaphazela uluntu lwabo. Ukuqonda ukuba unguMphathiswa weSizwe ukukunika ithuba lokunxibelelana nabameli bakho abanyuliweyo.
i_Seshoni
Yiseshoni yowiso-mthetho ngexesha indlu yowiso-mthetho edibana ngalo ukuqhuba ishishini. Kukho iindidi ezimbini zeentlanganiso zemithetho: iintlanganiso ezithe rhoqo kunye neentlanganiso ezingaqhelekanga, okanye ezikhethekileyo, kunye neentlanganiso, ezithe rhoqo ezigunyaziswe ngumGaqo-siseko weSizwe kwaye ziqalisa uMvulo wesibini ngoJanuwari ngonyaka. Iintlanganiso ezithe rhoqo zimise ubude obuthi bahluka-hluka ngokwemeko yesizwe, lo gama iintlanganiso ezikhethekileyo zibizwa yirhuluneli okanye i-constativement ukuphendula imicimbi ethile engxamisekileyo, ngokufuthi inkxalabo enxulumene noqingqo-mali.
Amanyathelo esebe eliphetheyo
Irula
Irhuluneli yeyona iphezulu ekunyulweni kwegosa elingurhulumente kwaye isebenza njengentloko yesigqeba esiphetheyo. Irhuluneli ineembopheleleko ezininzi ezibalulekileyo: ukumisela umthetho, ukulungiselela nokunika uqingqo-mali lukarhulumente, ukumisela amagosa kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo zikarhulumente, ukuyalela urhulumente ukuba asayine amatyala kumthetho okanye awafake. Irhuluneli ligunya eliyintloko lesizwe elinokumisela umthetho, kodwa amandla awo abalulekileyo owisomthetho nguveto·] ukulwa kwemithetho edluliselwe yindlu yowiso-mthetho. IRhuluneli isebenza imiba eqhele ukusukela kwiminyaka emibini ukuya kwemine, kuxhomekeke kwilizwe.
VetoName
Iveto sisichasi seRhuluneli sokwenza isenzo esidluliswa yindlu yowiso-mthetho, esisichasileyo sibulala isenzo ngaphandle kokuba sidla ngokuboniswa kamva ngevoti ezimbini ezithathu zezindlu zombini. I-veto igunya linika irhuluneli impembelelo ebalulekileyo kumthetho, nangona irhuluneli ingelilo ilungu lendlu yowiso-mthetho. Xa irhuluneli ikhupha umthetho, ibuyela kwindlu yowiso-mthetho ngengcaciso yokuchasa. Indlu yowiso-mthetho ingazama ukurhoxisa i-vetoto, nangona ifuna ivoti enkulu kumazwe amaninzi.
I-Line - Ilette-Vieto
Umxholo-nto ngumandla eRhuluneli kwizinto ezikhethekayo kwisenzo jikelele sokucazulula okanye nasiphi na isenzo esikhethekileyo esikwisenzo esingaphantsi kwento esetyenziswayo esiqulathe ukuphefumlela. Eli gunya, elikhona kumazwe amaninzi kodwa kungekhona kumgangatho wesizwe, livumela abalawuli ukuba baphelise uthelekelelo oluthile kwimali yoqingqo-mali ngaphandle kokunika uqingqo-mali lonke. Oku kunika abalawuli ulawulo olubalulekileyo kulawulo lwendawo echitha izinto eziphambili.
Veto Engasinanziyo
I-veto ukukhutshwa yinkqubo yendlu yowiso-mthetho yokubeka ecaleni ukungavumi kweRhuluneli ukwenza isenzo, kwaye kufuneka ii-3 ezimbini zamalungu avota kwindlu nganye ukuqhuba i-veto. I-Vito inqabile ngokwentelekiso kuba ifuna inkxaso enkulu ye-bipartisan. Xa isenzeka, imela ukuthethelelwa okubalulekileyo kwamandla owiso-mthetho kwaye isoloko ibonisa ukungavumelani okunamandla phakathi kwerhuluneli nendlu yowiso-mthetho kwimicimbi ebalulekileyo.
Ngokubanzi
I-Attorney General yigqwetha eliphezulu likarhulumente wephondo, elijongene nokunyanzeliswa komthetho nokukhuselwa kwetyala, kwaye uninzi lwamazwe akhetha igqwetha lawo. Iofisi ye-Attorney isingatha imicimbi engokwasemthethweni ebandakanya urhulumente, inika icebiso elingokwasemthethweni kumasebe karhulumente, inyanzelisa imithetho yokhuseleko lwabathengi, kwaye ingaphengulula ize imangalise iintlobo ezithile zolwaphulo-mthetho. Kwamanye amazwe, iAttorney Jikelele ibeka imibango esemthethweni yokuchaza imithetho yorhulumente.
Ulungelelwaniso lwegosa
Umyalelo olawulayo ngumyalelo okhutshwa yirhuluneli enegunya elilawulayo. Imiyalelo elawulayo isetyenziselwa ukwalathisa amaqumrhu karhulumente ngendlela yokuzalisekisa imithetho, ukuseka imikhosi okanye imikhosi yemisebenzi, ukuvakalisa amatyala ongxamiseko, okanye ukwenza eminye imisebenzi yolawulo. Ngoxa imiyalelo yegunya linamandla, ayinakuphikisana nemithetho ekhoyo edluliswa yindlu yowiso-mthetho kwaye inokucelw'imbambano enkundla ukuba iyalidlula igunya lerhuluneli.
Amandla Edinga
Igunya lerhuluneli elimiselayo ligunya lokukhetha abantu abaza kugcwalisa iindawo ezahlukeneyo kurhulumente wezwe, kuquka iintloko zomasebe, amalungu ebhodi, kunye namalungu othunyelo. Izibonelelo ezininzi zequmrhu zifuna ukuqinisekiswa yiBhunga lephondo, linika uvavanyo kumandla erhuluneli. Eli gunya limisela abalawuli ukuba balungise inkqubo ngokukhetha amagosa anokubona izinto eziza kuqala kunye nabo.
Imigaqo yohlahlo-lwabiwo-mali
Uhlahlo-lwabiwo-mali
Isicwangciso sokuchitha esinenkcukacha esinikelwa nguRhulumente kwindlu yowiso-mthetho sincomela izabelo zemali kwisebe ngalinye lorhulumente kunyaka wemali olandelayo. Uqingqo-mali luyenye yezona ngxelo zibalulekileyo eziveliswe ngurhulumente kuba lumisela indlela imali yokuhlawula irhafu eza kusetyenziswa ngayo kwimfundo, kwezonyango, kwizibonelelo zempilo, kwimigaqo-siseko soluntu, nezinye iinkonzo ezibalulekileyo. Inkqubo yoqingqo-mali iqala ngoqingqo-mali olucetyiweyo lwerhulu, oluthi ngoko indlu yowiso yendlu yowiso-mthetho ihlaziso, ihlaziywe, iphinde ifumane, ize ekugqibeleni ivume.
Unyaka ophakathi
Unyaka wemali osetyenziswa ekuqingqeni uqingqo-mali kunye nobalo-mali, kwaye kurhulumente waseFlorida, eli lixesha elisusela kuJulayi 1 wonyaka omnye wekhalenda ukuya kuJuni 30 wonyaka olandelayo wekhalenda. Amaphondo ahlukeneyo asebenzisa amaxesha onyaka onyaka onyaka owahlukeneyo, nangona amaninzi elandela umjikelo wexesha kaJulayi 1 ukuya kuJuni 30. Ukuqonda unyaka woqingqo-mali kubalulekile ngenxa yokuba uqingqo-mali lwexesha, iingxelo zemali, kunye nokuchitha imvume zonke zibotshelelwe kule khalenda kunokuba kube ngunyaka wekhalenda.
Ukwenziwa
Isicelo yimali ebekwe bucala liqumrhu lowiso-mthetho kwinkcitho ethile karhulumente. Iizicelo zigunyazisa ngokusemthethweni ukuba abameli bakarhulumente bachithe imali ngeenjongo ezithile. Indlu yowiso-mthetho mayidlulise iindleko zokuhlawula iindleko zoorhulumente, kwaye la matyala achaza ngokuthe ngqo ukuba lingakanani ixabiso lombutho ngamnye okanye inkqubo enokulisebenzisa. Ngaphandle kwenkqubo yorhulumente, amaziko asekuhlaleni akakwazi ukusebenzisa imali, kwanokuba ucwangciso lugunyaziwe ngumthetho.
Ingeniso
Ingeniso ibhekisela kwimali urhulumente wesizwe ayifumana kwimithombo eyahlukeneyo, kuquka iirhafu, iimali zemali, iminikelo yorhulumente, kunye nezinye ingeniso. Imithombo ephambili yengeniso karhulumente yirhafu efumaneka ngokwesiqhelo, irhafu yerhafu, kunye nerhafu yeshishini, nangona umxube okhethekileyo utshintsha-tshintsha kakhulu ngokolawulo lwezwe. Ukuqonda imithombo yengeniso kubalulekile ekuhloleni izicelo zoqingqo-mali nokuqonda iintengiso ezibandakanyekileyo kwiinkonzo zemali zikarhulumente.
Uhlahlo-lwabiwo-mali olulungeleleneyo
Uqingqo-mali olulungeleleneyo luxa inkcitho karhulumente ilingana nengeniso. Amaphondo amaninzi aneemfuno zomGaqo-siseko okanye zomthetho zokugqithisa uqingqo-mali olulungeleleneyo, oko kukuthi akanakuchitha imali engaphezu kweyokuba athe ayisebenzisa ebudeni bonyaka wemali. Le mfuneko ingurhulumente worhulumente ukwenza ukhetho olunzima ngezinto eziza kuqala kwaye ayithintele ekuqhubeni iindleko ezifana norhulumente wesizwe. Noko ke, amaphondo angaboleka imali ngamaqhina emisebenzi yokwakha okanye kwiindlela zoobhishophu.
Inqaku le Fiscal
Iphetshana elichazayo elingeyonxalenye yemali liyilwa ngokusetyenziswa kweziphumo zemali zeminyaka emithandathu zegalelo lomthetho, nangona ngamanye amaxesha ixesha lempembelelo inyuselwa kwiminyaka elishumi. IFiscal iphawula ukuba abalawuli bayazi ukuba iziphumo zoqingqo-mali zingakanani, kuquka ukuba baza kubiza malini ukuzalisekisa nokuba baza kuvelisa ingeniso kusini na. Le nkcazelo ibaluleke kakhulu ekwenzeni izigqibo zolwazi ngomthetho nokuqinisekisa ukuba urhulumente unako ukuhlawula iinkqubo ezintsha okanye imigaqo.
IGratya yoGama oluGcini
Imali enikelwa ngenjongo ethile enxulumene nendlela imali emayisetyenziswe ngayo, kwaye kukho iintlobo ezimbini zezibonelelo ezipheleleyo: iminikelo yeprojekthi nemigaqo-nkqubo. Amazwe afumana intlawulo yemali evela kurhulumente wesizwe kwiinkqubo ezithile ezifana noMedicaid, ulwakhiwo lohola wendlela, okanye imfundo. Ezi zibonelelo ziza nezihlanu ezidityanisiweyo, ezifuna amaphondo ahlangabezane neemeko ezithile okanye imigangatho ethile ukuze afumane inkxaso-mali.
UGrant
Izibonelelo zezibonelelo ezibanzi kwimisebenzi ethile .Iimali ze-ofisi zivuleka kwimisebenzi ethile, ukunyamekela umntwana, imfundo, iinkonzo zentlalo, ukukhusela impilo, kunye neenkonzo zempilo. Ngokungafaniyo nezibonelelo zemali ezikhoyo, zinika ulungelelwano olungakumbi kwindlela ezisebenzisa ngayo imali kumaziko ahlukeneyo odweliso lweemfuno neemfuno zawo ezikhethekileyo, nangona kukwathetha ukuba amazwe anembopheleleko engakumbi kwinkqubo kunye neziphumo.
IMithetho engokwasemgwebeni neyoMgaqo-siseko
Impinda yezeejaji
Uhlolo lwezeejaji ngamandla eenkundla okuhlola imithetho nezenzo zikarhulumente zokugqiba enoba ziyawuthobela kusini na umgaqo-siseko. Ukuba inkundla ifumanise ukuba umthetho waphula umthetho, ungayivakalisa ingasebenzi umthetho. Eli gunya linika uvavanyo olubalulekileyo kumasebe owiso-mthetho nakwezolawulo oluphezulu lize likhusele amalungelo omntu ngamnye. Iinkundla eziphakamileyo zikarhulumente zingabaxhasi bokugqibela bemibuzo yomgaqo-siseko, nangona imibango yomthetho-siseko karhulumente inokubhenele kwiinkundla zikarhulumente.
Inkonzo
Ilixanduva libhekisela kwigunya lenkundla okanye igosa likarhulumente lokuphulaphula amatyala okanye ukwenza izigqibo kwindawo ethile okanye kwiintlobo ezithile zemicimbi. Iinkundla ezahlukeneyo zinegunya kwiimeko ezahlukeneyo.)Ngokomzekelo, iinkundla zentsapho zisingatha uqhawulo-mtshato nemicimbi yokugcina umntwana, ngoxa iinkundla zolwaphulo-mthetho zisingatha amatyala ngenxa yokwaphula umthetho. Ukuqonda kunceda abemi bazi ukuba yiyiphi inkundla okanye iqumrhu elifanele lifikelele kwiimbambano ezithile.
Umdaniso
Umthetho ngamnye osungulwe yindlu yowiso-mthetho yasekuhlaleni. Izivumelwano zidluliselwa ngamabhunga esixeko, amabhunga ephondo, namanye amaqumrhu alawulayo asekuhlaleni ukucombulula imicimbi yasekuhlaleni enjengendawo yokwakha, imimiselo yengxolo, imithetho yokupaka, kunye nokukhupha izithuba zoshishino. Imikhosi ye-ordinance inomthetho olawula ummandla kodwa ayinakungqubana norhulumente okanye nomthetho wesizwe.
Imithetho yolawulo
Imithetho yolawulo yimithetho kunye nemimiselo ekhutshwa ngamasebe alawulayo karhulumente. Xa indlu yowiso-mthetho idlulisa umthetho, idla ngokuthumela igunya kumasebe aphetheyo ukwenza imimiselo enkcubeko yokuzalisekisa loo mthetho. Le mithetho yolawulo ilawula inamandla omthetho kwaye ichaphazela indlela amashishini nabemi abamele bathobele ngayo imithetho yowiso-mthetho. Inkqubo yokumiselwa komthetho iquka amathuba okugqabaza kuwonke wonke.
Imigaqo-nkqubo yomgaqo-siseko kunye noLawulo
UmGaqo-siseko weRhulumente
Umgaqo-siseko sisixhobo esibhaliweyo esinemigaqo esisiseko yesizwe esimisa amandla nemisebenzi karhulumente nesiqinisekisa amalungelo athile kubantu. Urhulumente ngamnye unamalungelo akhe asebenza njengomthetho-siseko omkhulu welo lizwe. Umgaqo-siseko welizwe udla ngokubande kakhulu kwaye uninzi ngakumbi kune-U.S. umGaqo-siseko kwaye ulungiswa rhoqo. Ziseka isakhiwo sikarhulumente, zichaza amagunya esebe ngalinye, zize zikhusele amalungelo omntu ngamnye.
Ukuhlaziywa koMgaqo-siseko
Ulungiso lomgaqo-siseko sisigqibo esidityanisiweyo esicebisa ukulungiswa okanye ukuhlaziywa komGaqo-siseko weSizwe, nasemva kokudlula kokugqibela nokuququzelelwa noNobhala woRhulumente, utshintsho lomgaqo-siseko olucetyiswayo lunikwa abavoti kunyulo-siseko olulandelayo oluqhelekileyo. Ukuququzelela umgaqo-siseko wesizwe ngokuqhelekileyo kufuna uvumo-mvume ngobuchule obuphezulu bendlu yowiso-mthetho kunye nokhuthulo-mthetho. Amanye amazwe avumela abemi ukuba bacelele ukupheka ukupheliswa komgaqo-siseko ngenkqubo yokuqala.
Ulawulo Lwasekhaya
Ulawulo lwasekhaya lunelungelo negunya loorhulumente basekuhlaleni (ngokufuthi, izixeko) lokuzilawula, kunokuba urhulumente abalawule ngqo okanye ngesandla esinzima. Imigaqo yolawulo lwasekhaya kwimimiselo yorhulumente okanye imimiselo inika oorhulumente basekuhlaleni inkululeko engakumbi yokucombulula imicimbi yasekuhlaleni ngaphandle kokuba bafuna ugunyazo olukhethekileyo kwindlu yowiso-mthetho yesizwe kuzo zonke izenzo. Umlinganiselo wegunya lokulawula kwamakhaya uyahluka ngokuphawulekayo phakathi kwamazwe.
Isicatshulwa
I-tractogram ngumgaqo-siseko wasekuhlaleni, umisela isakhiwo sikarhulumente (umz. isixeko) kunye namagunya nenkqubo yaso. Izixeko kunye nemithetho-siseko yephondo isebenza njengemithetho-siseko kumgangatho wasekuhlaleni, imisela indlela urhulumente wasekuhlaleni aya kulungelelaniswa ngayo, ukuba unawaphi amagunya, nendlela amagosa aya kunyulwa okanye amiselwe ngayo. Izixeko zamatshati zinenkululeko engakumbi kunamadolobha aqhelekileyo asebenza phantsi kwemimiselo karhulumente.
Okuqala
Inyathelo lokuqala kukutshintshwa komGaqo-siseko weSizwe ocetyiswa liqela labanyuli. Inkqubo yokuthatha amanyathelo, efumaneka malunga nesiqingatha samazwe ase-U.S., ivumela abemi ukuba bamisele imithetho okanye utshintsho lomgaqo-siseko ngokuqokelela inani elifunekayo lezicelo zotyikityo. Ukuba utyikityo olusebenzayo luqokelelwe, umlinganiselo uvela kwiqela labavoti ukuba bavume okanye balale. Le nkqubo inika uhlobo olungqalileyo lwedemokhrasi oludlula kwindlu yowiso-mthetho.
Referendem
I-arhenteendum yivoti evotiweyo ngesicelo esithile esikhethekileyo, ngokufuthi iinguqu zomGaqo-siseko okanye umthetho odluliswa yindlu yowiso-mthetho. Ezinye ii-arhenteum zifunwa ngumgaqo-siseko (njengokulungisa okanye ukudityaniswa komGaqo-siseko), ngoxa ezinye zinokubekwa kwindlu yowiso-mthetho okanye ngesicelo sabemi. Ii-Referendendum zinika abavoti izifungo ezithe ngqo kwizigqibo ezibalulekileyo zemigaqo.
Iimithetho zikarhulumente wangaphakathi
Iphondo
I-Ounion lolona hlobo ludala kakhulu lukarhulumente wasekuhlaleni eUnited States, ngokufuthi egubungela ummandla obanzi wemimandla, okunokufikelela okubanzi kwiindawo ezininzi zenkqubo (umz., ukhuseleko lukawonke-wonke, impilo kawonke-wonke, iindlela), nangona zingasoloko zinamagunya awomeleleyo). Izakhiwo zisebenza njengamacandelo aphantsi okulawula esizwe kwaye zinikela iinkonzo ezifana nokunyanzelwa komthetho, iinkundla, iingxelo zempahla, ulawulo lonyulo, kunye neenkonzo zentlalo.
IBhunga leSixeko
Ibhunga lesixeko liqumrhu lowiso-mthetho wesixeko. Amabhunga eziXeko abunjwe ngabameli abanyuliweyo abaphumeza imithetho yasekuhlaleni, abavumela uqingqo-mali lwezixeko, baze benze izigqibo zemigaqo-nkqubo kumasipala. Amalungu eBhunga anokunyulwa ngokuphangaleleyo (ngabo bonke abavoti abakwisixeko) okanye kwimimandla ethile phakathi kwesixeko. Ubukhulu nesakhiwo sezixeko siyahluka ngokobukhulu nomgaqo-siseko wesixeko.
I-Mayor
Usodolophu usisikhulu esinyulwe njengegosa lesixeko. Amandla odolophu kunye neembopheleleko zakhe ziyahluka kuxhomekeke kuhlobo lorhulumente wesixeko. Kwinkqubo "yomphathi-dolophu onamandla", usodolophu unegunya elibalulekileyo eliquka ukumisela iintloko zesebe kunye nokumisela imicimbi yebhunga. Kumlawuli "osodolophu obuthathaka" okanye kwinkqubo yebhunga, indima yomphathi-mikhosi isenokuba yenziwa ngokwesithethe, ngokulawulwa kwemihla yonke ngumphathi wesixeko onobuchule.
Umphathi Wesixeko
Umphathi wesixeko ngumphathi-mikhosi ongoyena uphambili, oqeshwe libhunga lesixeko ukuba aqhube imisebenzi yemihla ngemihla yesixeko. Kuhlobo lwebhunga lomphathi-makhareji, ibhunga elinyuliweyo limisela inkqubo ngelixa umphathi wesixeko omiselweyo ephethe ulawulo kunye nokuzalisekisa. Le nkqubo yenzelwe ukuzisa ubuchule bolawulo lweziko kurhulumente wasekuhlaleni ngoxa igcina igunya elipheleleyo kumagosa anyuliweyo.
i-Sheriff
Igosa lomkhosi lingumphathi-mikhosi onyuliweyo okhonza njengegosa eliyintloko lomthetho kwingingqi ethile. Amagosa asebenza ngokuqhelekileyo kwintolongo yengingqi, anikela ukhuseleko kwinkundla yephondo, asebenza amaphepha asemthethweni, kwaye alinda iindawo ezingamiselwanga. Kumaphondo amaninzi, amagosa asemthethweni anyulwa ngokungqalileyo, ewenza abe nelungelo lokuvota kunokuba amiselwe ngabanye amagosa karhulumente.
I-Attorney yeSithili
Igqwetha lesithili lingumtshutshisi wasekuhlaleni, odla ngokunyulwa. Amagqwetha eSithili (akwabizwa ngokuba ngamagqwetha karhulumente, amagqwetha ephondo, okanye amagqwetha amangalela kumaphondo awahlukeneyo) ajongene netyala lolwaphulo-mthetho kumatyala karhulumente. Banengqiqo ephawulekayo ekugqibeni ukuba ngawaphi amatyala afanele amangalelwe, bewenza abe namanani anamandla kwinkqubo yolwaphulo-mthetho.
Inkqubo Yomthetho: Indlela Ibhiliphu Eba Ngumthetho Ngayo
Ukuqonda indlela imithetho ehamba ngayo kwinkqubo karhulumente kuyimfuneko kuye nabani na ofuna ukuphembelela inkqubo okanye nje aqonde indlela ekwenziwa ngayo imithetho. Ngoxa iinkqubo ezichaziweyo zingafani ngokwesizwe, inkqubo jikelele ilandela inkqubo efanayo kumazwe amaninzi.
Ukwazisa Nokufunda Okokuqala
Wonke umthetho uqala njengengcamango enokuthi ivele kuye nabani na, kwaye inkqubo iqala xa umntu okanye iqela licenga ilungu loMthetho ukuba libhale umthetho, emva kwalo ilungu lithumela ingcamango nolwimi lwemali kwi-Ofisi yeSiluleko seLegislative Application, apho ibhaliswe kwityala lokwenene. Xa ibhalisiwe, ityala liveliswa ngokusemthethweni kwindlu okanye kwindlu yendlu, kuxhomekeke kwigumbi lomxhasi asebenza kulo. Imali ifumana inani kwaye ifundwa okwesihlandlo sokuqala, apho idla ngokufunda nje imixholo ngokuvakalayo.
ICandelo neNjongo yeKomiti
Emva kwentshayelelo, ityala linikwa ikomiti enye okanye engaphezulu esekelwe kumbandela wayo. Ityala linikwa ikomiti yokufundisisa, yaye ukuba ikhululwe yikomiti, ityala libekwa kwikhalenda eza kuvotelwa, iphikiswana okanye ilungiswe. Iikomiti zinezindululo apho iingcali, abagcini-matyala, kunye nabemi bangangqina khona ukuba ityala likhona. Ikomiti ingawulungisa, iyawuvumela, okanye iwubulale ngokungavumi ukulihambisela phambili.
Ingxoxo yeNkcubeko noLuvo
IiBhili ezidlulisa ikomiti zihamba ukuya kumgangatho wegumbi elipheleleyo ukuze kuqhutywe ingxoxo. Xa isibhangi sifundwa okwesithathu xa umbhali esicacisa, kuxutyushwa ngamalungu kwaye kuvotelwa ngevoti eqengqelekayo, kunye neendleko ezifuna ukukhutshelwa kwesicelo okanye ezithatha isiphumo ngoko nangoko zifuna amavoti angama-77 kwiBhunga kunye namavoti akwiNdibano azakudluliswa, ngoxa amanye amatyala edla ngokufuna amavoti angama-21 kwiBhunga elikwiNdibano. Amalungu anokucebisa ukuba kulungiswe ukurhoxiswa phakathi nengxoxo yomgangatho, kwaye ingxubuliso ebanzi ingenzeka phambi kokuvota kokugqibela.
ICandelo leSibini
Ukuba uthe uthe ugqithisa, uthunyelwa kwelinye igumbi legumbi, apho kufuneka iphinde yonke inkqubo: isabelo sekomiti, isenzo sekomiti, kunye novoti yomgangatho. Igumbi lesibini lingadlula njengoko lifunyenwe, lisithumele, okanye lisilahle ngokupheleleyo. Ukuba igumbi lesibini lenza utshintsho, irejista kufuneka ibuyele kwigumbi lokuqala ukuze ivunywe ezo nguqu.
Isenzo Serula
Xa igqithisiwe ngala magumbi mabini afanayo, ityala lithunyelwa kwirhuluneli, eneenketho ezininzi: isayina (umthetho uba ngumthetho), i-veto (umthetho uyalahlwa kwaye awuthunyelwa kwindlu yowiso-mthetho), okanye angenzi nto (kwimimandla emininzi, ukuba irhuluneli yenza nto ngexesha elithile, umthetho ngokuzenzekelayo uba ngumthetho). Isigqibo serhuluneli simela inyathelo lokugqibela kwinkqubo yowiso-mthetho, ngaphandle kokuba indlu yowiso-mthetho ikhetha ukuzama ukuqhuba umthetho.
Ummi Uba Nenxaxheba Kurhulumente Karhulumente
Ukuqonda amagama karhulumente linyathelo lokuqala lokuzibophelela kwilizwe. Inginginya inamathuba amaninzi okuba nenxaxheba kurhulumente wephondo yaye iphembelela izigqibo ezichaphazela ubomi babo.
Ukunxibelelana Nabameli Bakho
Enye yeendlela ezithe ngqo zokuthabatha inxaxheba kukuqhagamshelana nabamisi-mthetho besizwe sakho. Ungafowunela, ubhale i-imeyili, okanye ubhale iileta ukuze uchaze iimbono zakho ngokubeka umthetho okanye kwimibandela exhalabisayo. Abameli banikela ingqalelo kunxibelelwano oluququzelekileyo, ingakumbi xa abantu abaninzi beqhagamshelana nabo ngombandela omnye. Xa beqhagamshelana nabalawuli bemithetho, bacace ngesikhundla sakho, chaza indlela lo mba ochaphazela ngayo wena okanye uluntu lwakho, kwaye bahlonele naxa ungavumelani.
Ukungqina Ezindlebeni
Iikomiti ezininzi zivulel'ekuchongeni abantu kwaye zinika abemi amathuba okuba banikele ubungqina phambi kwekomiti, okokuqala bachaze igama lakho kunye nentlangano oyimeleyo okanye uyibonise ukuba ungummi oxhalabileyo kwaye ukwimeko ohlala kuyo, kwaye amalungu ekomiti ayakunomdla ukuva oko umele ukukuthethe kwaye ngokuqhelekileyo angabi nabemi abagcumayo abanikela ubungqina ngendlela efanayo nabo baphembelelayo, ngoko gcina ubungqina bakho bufutshane kwaye ngokokude kumbandela. Ukuvavanya kuyakuvumela ukuba wabelane nobuchule bakho, amava obuqu, okanye ukujongana ngqo nabaququlunqi besigqibo.
Ukuya Kwiintlanganiso Zasesidlangalaleni
Iintlanganiso zikarhulumente nezorhulumente wasekuhlaleni zivulekelelwa uwonke wonke phantsi kwemithetho evulwayo. Ukubakho kweentlanganiso zowiso-mthetho, ukuchotshelwa kweekomiti, iintlanganiso zebhunga lesixeko, okanye ukuchotshelwa kwetyala kukuvumela ukuba uqwalasele urhulumente usebenza kwaye uhlale wazi ngemicimbi echaphazela uluntu lwakho. Ngoku oorhulumente abaninzi bahlala kwimisinga ephakamileyo okanye kwiintlanganiso zerekhodi, nto leyo ekwenza kube lula ukuba nenxaxheba kude.
Ukhetho
Ukuncoma yeyona ndlela isisiseko yokuthabatha inxaxheba kwezentlalo-ntle. Urhulumente nonyulo lwasekuhlaleni bagqiba ukuba ngubani oya kukumela kwindlu yowiso-mthetho, oza kuba yirhuluneli, kwaye ngawaphi amanyathelo okuchola ayakuba ngumthetho. Ukuhlala waziwa ngabathathi-nxaxheba, ukubhalisa, nokufaka ivoti yakho kunyulo ngalunye kuqinisekisa ukuba ilizwi lakho liyaviwa kwinkqubo yedemokhrasi.
Ukusebenzisa Iingxelo Zasekuhlaleni
Imithetho yengxelo karhulumente inika abemi ilungelo lokufumana amaxwebhu amaninzi orhulumente nolwazi. Ungacela iikopi zamatyala, iingxelo zeekomiti, amaxwebhu oqingqo-mali, iingxelo zemibutho nezinye izinto ukuze baqonde bhetele izenzo zikarhulumente baze bagcine amagosa ephendule. Ngoxa ezinye iingxelo zingakhululwa ekutyhileni iingxelo ngenxa yezizathu zobuqu okanye zokhuseleko, intelekelelo idla ngokuxhasa ukubonakala nokufikelela koluntu.
Amagama awongezelelweyo abalulekileyo
I-Caucus
Icaucus ingabunjwa ngamalungu eqela lezobupolitika, amalungu asuka kwindawo yelizwe, okanye amalungu ahlangeneyo ngenjongo ethile yokwexeshana, namagosa owiso-mthetho kunye neenkokeli ezityunjwe zaza zabekwa ngaphakathi kwamaqela ezobupolitika ecaucus, kunye nesikhundla seqela kumthetho othe wabekwa kwintlanganiso zecaucus. Abaququzeleli bavumela abalawuli bemithetho kunye nezilangazelelo okanye amaqela ukuba balungelelanise amacebo kunye nenkxaso kwizinto eziza kuqala.
Quorum
I-demoram linani elincinane lamalungu amele abekho ukuze iqumrhu lowiso-mthetho liqhube ishishini elisemthethweni. Ngaphandle kwe-quoreum, indlu yowiso-mthetho ayinakuvota ematyalani okanye ithathe ezinye izenzo ezisesikweni. Iimfuno zeQuorum zithintela iqaqobana ekugqibeni izigqibo xa amalungu amaninzi engekho. Imfuno ye-carmorum iyahluka ngokwemeko kodwa iqhele ukuba luninzi lwamalungu.
I-Engrossed Bill
I-Engrossed ligama elibonisa umthetho apho kufakwe khona isilungiso esinye okanye ezininzi. Xa uxwebhu lulungiswa ngexesha lenkqubo yowiso-mthetho, uhlobo oludibeneyo lulungiselelwa ukuba kufakwe zonke iindibaniselwano ezivunyiweyo kuxwebhu olunye. Oku kuqinisekisa ukuba wonke umntu usebenza kuhlobo olunye lomthetho kwaye kuthintela ukudideka malunga nokuba luluphi ulwimi oluqwalaselwa ngokwenene.
Ibhili egotyiweyo
Iphepha-mvume elibhalisiweyo luhlobo lokugqibela lwencwadi yetyala edlulise amagumbi omabini owiso-mthetho ngendlela efanayo kwaye ilungele ukuthunyelwa kwirhuluneli. Imali yephepha elibhalisiweyo ishicilelwa kwiphepha elikhethekileyo kwaye iqinisekisiwe njengengxelo esemthethweni evunyiweyo yindlu yowiso-mthetho. Xa irhuluneli ityikitya ityala elibhalisiweyo, iba ngumthetho.
Umhla Osebenzayo
Umhla osebenzayo nguxa umthetho omtsha usebenza kwaye kufuneka ulandelwe. Eminye imithetho isebenza ngoko nangoko kutyikityo lwerhuluneli, lo gama eminye iye yazikisa umhla osebenzayo ukunika abantu ixesha lokulungiselela ukuthobela. Amaphondo amaninzi anomhla osebenzayo wemithetho edluliselwe kwintlanganiso, njengeentsuku ezingama-90 emva kwesiphelo sentlanganiso okanye ukuqala konyaka olandelayo.
Ilungiselelo lokutshona kwelanga
Isicwangciso sokutshona kwelanga singumthetho obangela ukuba iphelelwe ngokuzenzekelayo emva komhla othile ngaphandle kokuba indlu yowiso-mthetho ithathe inyathelo lokwandisa. Amalungiselelo okucwangcisa ilanga asoloko equkwa kwiinkqubo ezintsha okanye zovavanyo ukuqinisekisa ukuba indlu yowiso-mthetho ihlola impumelelo yayo phambi kokuba yenze ibe yeyokugcina ixesha. Ingasetyenziswa ukunyanzelisa uhlolo lwexesha ngalinye lwamaqumrhu okanye imimiselo.
UNombolo weCandelo
Umgaqo womthetho wexesha likaxakeka ulilungiselelo elivumela ukuba usebenze ngoko nangoko kutyikityo lwerhuluneli kunokuba ulinde umhla ofanelekileyo. Iingxelo zexesha likaxakeka zisetyenziswa xa kuyimfuneko ukwenza into ekhawulezileyo ukukhusela impilo kawonke-wonke, ukhuseleko, okanye intlalo-ntle. IiBhili ezineengxelo zongxamiseko zifuna umqobo ophezulu wokuvota, njengobuninzi obuyi2-3 kunokuba ulindele uninzi olulula.
Pocket Veto
Iveto yepokotho iyenzeka xa irhuluneli ikhupha imvume ngokunempumelelo ngokungenzi nto kuyo kwaye intlanganiso yemithetho iphela phambi kwexesha lokutyikitya okanye lokuphelisa ixesha. Kule meko, ityala lifa ngaphandle kokuba irhuluneli inike iveto esemthethweni. Ukufumaneka kwemali kunye nemithetho yengxowa yevetoes iyahluka ngokomgaqo-siseko worhulumente.
Sine
I-adjourn sinee ifa (igama elithi SEE-nee DIE) lithetha ukumisa intlanganiso ngaphandle kokumisela umhla wokuhlanganisa kwakhona. Xa indlu yowiso-mthetho i-sonka ifa, iphawula ukuphela kwentlanganiso yemithetho. IiBhili ezingayigqibanga inkqubo yowiso-mthetho kweli xesha zidla ngokufa kwaye kufuneka ziphinde zifakwe kwintlanganiso elandelayo ukuba abaxhasi bafuna ukuqhubeka bezisukela.
Ukuqonda Amaxwebhu Karhulumente
Oorhulumente bavelisa iindidi zeencwadi ezinokusetyenziswa ngabemi ukuze bahlale benolwazi ngemisebenzi nezigqibo zikarhulumente.
Uhlalutyo lweBhili
Uhlalutyo lwemali lulungiselelwe ngaphambi kokuvakala kwemali echaza umthetho wangoku, oko ityala licetywe ukukwenza, ulwazi oluthile olungokwemvelaphi, kunye nohlalutyo luphinda ludwelise imibutho exhasayo okanye echasayo. Uhlaziyo lwemali luzibonelelo oluxabisekileyo lokuqonda umthetho oluntsonkothileyo kunye neziphumo zawo. Zidla ngokulungiselelwa ngabasebenzi bemithetho yezomthetho abangeyonxalenye yecawa, nokunika ulwazi olunenjongo ukunceda abaqulunqenelo lwemithetho kunye nemithetho kawonke-wonke.
Imbali yoMthetho
Imbali yomthetho yingxelo yezenzo ezithatyathwe kwisivumelwano njengoko sihamba kwinkqubo yowiso-mthetho. Oku kuquka ukuchonga kweekomiti, iingxoxo zomgangatho, ukulungisa, iivoti, kunye nezinye iinkcukacha ezifanelekileyo. Imbali yomthetho inokuba luncedo ekuqondeni injongo ephambili yomthetho nendlela ovela ngayo ngexesha lenkqubo yowiso-mthetho. Ngamanye amaxesha iinkundla zijongana nembali yemithetho xa zitolika ulwimi oludidayo.
Imithetho kaRhulumente kunye neMimiselo
IiBhili zesahluko (ezikwabhekiselwa kuzo njengeMithetho yonyaka owamiselwa ngawo) ziba yinxalenye yemithetho yaseKhalifoniya, eyingqokelela ebanzi yemithetho edityaniswe ngumbandela. Imithetho yelizwe icwangcisa yonke imithetho ekhoyo ngesihloko, eyenza kube lula ukufumana imimiselo enxulumene nemibandela ethile. Amaphondo amaninzi enza ukuba imigaqo yawo ifumaneke kwi-intanethi ukuze ufikelele uwonke wonke.
Imimiselo
Imithetho yeseshoni yingqokelela esemthethweni yayo yonke imithetho edluliselwe ebudeni bentlanganiso ethile yowiso-mthetho, epapashwe ngolandelelwano lobalo-maxesha. Ngoxa imigaqo-nkqubo ibonisa ubume bomthetho obukhoyo kunye nazo zonke izilungiso eziqulunqweyo, imithetho yeseshini ibonisa okuthe ngqo okugqithisiweyo ebudeni bentlanganiso nganye. Oku kunokuba balulekileyo ekuqondeni xa amalungiselelo athile ongezelelwe okanye etshintshwa.
Oovimba Bokufunda Okungakumbi
Kukho oovimba abaninzi abanceda abemi balapho bafunde okungakumbi ngorhulumente welizwe baze bahlale benolwazi ngemibandela nangomthetho okhoyo.
IiWebhsayithi zoMthetho kaRhulumente
Indlu yowiso-mthetho nganye yesizwe igcina i-website enenkcazelo emalunga nemithetho, iirhafu, iikomiti, ucwangciso, kunye nenkqubo yowiso-mthetho. Ezi webhsayithi zisoloko zikuvumela ukuba ufune amatyala, umthetho wendlela yokufumana iirekhodi, ukufumana abameli bakho, kunye nemithetho yeekomiti kunye namaxwebhu okufikelela. Kwakhona ezininzi zinikela ubuncwane bemfundo obuchaza indlela urhulumente asebenza ngayo.
IiNkonzo zoNcedo zoMgaqo-siseko
Amaphondo amaninzi aneengxelo zemithetho okanye amathala eencwadi anikela iinkonzo zophando nolwazi kwimimiselo kunye noluntu. Ezi ofisi zinokukunceda ufumane inkcazelo ngemibandela ethile, ingqiqo yeenkqubo zowiso-mthetho, okanye ukufumana amaxwebhu afanelekileyo. Ezinye zinikela iinkqubo zokufundisa okanye iindwendwe zecapitol karhulumente.
Imibutho yemfundo yePhondo
Imibutho emininzi engafumani ngeniso igxininisa kwimfundo yoluntu nokuganana. Amaqela afana noManyano lwaManyano lwaMasipala, iziko lemfundo karhulumente, kunye neziseko zemfundo yezentlalo zinika ubuncwane, uqeqesho, kunye namathuba okufunda nokuthabatha inxaxheba kurhulumente wesizwe. Le mibutho idla ngokunikela inkcazelo engeyonxalenye yecawa kunye nohlalutyo ngemibandela ebalulekileyo yenkqubo.
Ukugqunywa kwamaphepha-ndaba
Amaphephandaba asekuhlaleni, izitishi zikamabonwakude, kunye nee-intanethi ezigquma urhulumente nezobupolitika. Ukulandela iindaba zikarhulumente kukunceda uhlale wazi ngemibandela ekhoyo, iingxoxo zowiso-mthetho, kunye nezigqibo zikarhulumente. Iingingqi ezininzi zineendaba ezingoononkcubeko ekugqumeni i-capitol yephondo kwaye zingakubonelela ngokucokisekileyo ukuhlaziywa kwemiba enzima yenkqubo.
IMibutho yeSizwe
Imibutho enjengeNgqungquthela yeSizwe yoMgaqo-siseko (NCSL) inikela ubuncwane nolwazi ngorhulumente welizwe lonke. Le mibutho ilandelela imikhwa yenkqubo yorhulumente, inike ugcino-lwazi oluthelekisayo, kwaye inike izinto zokufundisa ngendlela oorhulumente belizwe abasebenza ngayo. Ii-website zayo zinokuba zizibonelelo ezixabisekileyo zokuqonda urhulumente kubume borhulumente
Isiphelo: Zinike Amandla Ngolwazi
Ukuqonda ulwimi lukarhulumente kubalulekile ukuze ungenelele inxaxheba yoluntu ngokubandakanyeka. Xa usazi ukuba ngawaphi amagama afana "lokusetyenziswa kwezixhobo," "ukuqhuba," "ukuva," kunye "uphawu olubalulekileyo" okuthetha ukuba, ungalandela kakuhle iingxoxo zowiso-mthetho, uqonde inkcazo yeendaba, kwaye ube nenxaxheba ngokunentsingiselo kwinkqubo yedemokhrasi. Izigqibo zikarhulumente zichaphazela phantse zonke iinkalo zobomi bemihla ngemihla, ukusuka kumgangatho wezikolo kunye neendlela zokufikelela ekukhuseleni koluntu kunye nokufikelela kwezempilo. Ngokufunda la mazwi nokuqonda indlela urhulumente asebenza ngayo, uyakwazi ukuzinika amandla okuziqonda, ummi onyuliweyo onokuthi afune ukuphendula nokuxhasa izilangazelelo
Amagama achazwe kule sikhokelo amele isiqalo nje solwazi lwakho ngorhulumente wesizwe. Njengoko usiya uqhelana nala magama neengcamango, uyakukufumanisa kulula ukukhangela iiwebhsayithi zikarhulumente, ukuqonda amaxwebhu owiso-mthetho, kwaye ube nenxaxheba kwingxubusho kawonke-wonke malunga nemibandela yenkqubo. Musa ukoyikiswa kukuntsonkotha kweenkqubo zikarhulumente.
Khumbula ukuba idemokhrasi ifuna ukuba nenxaxheba ngokukhutheleyo kubemi abanolwazi. Ilizwi lakho lifuna utshintsho, uqonde ulwimi kunye neenkqubo zikarhulumente ukunika izixhobo zokuva elo lizwi. Nokuba uxhalabele inkqubo yemfundo, ukhuseleko lwemekobume, ukuhlaziywa komthetho wolwaphulo-mthetho, okanye nawuphi na omnye umcimbi, ukwazi indlela yokulawula inkqubo karhulumente kukuvumela ukuba uthethele utshintsho kwaye uqinisekise ukuba abameli bakho abanyuliweyo banetyala. Yiba luncedo kubuncwane obukhoyo, hlala usazi ngemibandela engombandela okuko, kwaye ungathandabuzi ukuqhagamshelana nabalawuli bakho, ukuya kwiintlanganiso zikawonkewonke, okanye ukungqina ukuva kwakho. Ukuthatha kwakho inxaxheba kuqinisa ulawulo-demokhrasi nokuqinisekisa ukuba urhulumente ulungiselele abantu.
Ukuze ufumane ulwazi olungakumbi malunga nokuganana kwasekuhlaleni kunye neenkqubo zikarhulumente, tyelela iNgqungquthela yesizwe yoMgaqo-siseko wesizwe wesizwe , hlola eyakho i-website yendlu yowiso-mthetho yesizwe [, okanye nxulumana nemibutho yoluntu yasekuhlaleni kuluntu lwakho. Okukhona ufunda uze uthabathe inxaxheba, okukhona uyakuba nempumelelo ngakumbi njengommi kwaye amaziko ethu edemokhrasi anamandla ayakuba njalo.